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1 Introduction to the Nervous System |
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1 | (38) |
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The Nervous System Has Central and Peripheral Parts |
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1 | (1) |
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The Principal Cellular Elements of the Nervous System Are Neurons and Glial Cells |
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2 | (37) |
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2 Development of the Nervous System |
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39 | (17) |
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The Neural Tube Gives Rise to the Central Nervous System |
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39 | (9) |
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The Neural Crest and Cranial Placodes Give Rise to the Peripheral Nervous System |
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48 | (1) |
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Adverse Events During Development Can Cause Congenital Malformations of the Nervous System |
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49 | (7) |
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3 Gross Anatomy and General Organization of the Central Nervous System |
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56 | (28) |
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The Long Axis of the CNS Bends at the Cephalic Flexure |
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57 | (1) |
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Hemisecting a Brain Reveals Parts of the Diencephalon, Brainstem, and Ventricular System |
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58 | (1) |
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Humans, Relative to Other Animals, Have Large Brains and Many Neurons |
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59 | (1) |
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Named Sulci and Gyri Cover the Cerebral Surface |
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59 | (7) |
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The Diencephalon Includes the Thalamus and Hypothalamus |
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66 | (2) |
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Most Cranial Nerves Are Attached to the Brainstem |
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68 | (2) |
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The Cerebellum Includes a Vermis and Two Hemispheres |
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70 | (1) |
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Sections of the Forebrain Reveal the Basal Nuclei and Limbic Structures |
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70 | (2) |
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Parts of the Nervous System Are Interconnected in Systematic Ways (Generalizations) |
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72 | (12) |
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4 Meningeal Coverings of the Brain and Spinal Cord |
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84 | (19) |
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There Are Three Meningeal Layers: The Dura Mater, Arachnoid, and Pia Mater |
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84 | (2) |
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The Dura Mater Provides Mechanical Strength |
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86 | (4) |
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90 | (3) |
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Pia Mater Covers the Surface of the CNS |
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93 | (1) |
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The Vertebral Canal Contains a Spinal Epidural Space |
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94 | (2) |
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Bleeding Can Open Up Potential Meningeal Spaces |
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96 | (1) |
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Parts of the CNS Can Herniate from One Intracranial Compartment Into Another |
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97 | (6) |
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5 Ventricles and Cerebrospinal Fluid |
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103 | (23) |
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The Brain Contains Four Ventricles |
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103 | (4) |
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Choroid Plexus Is the Source of Most CSF |
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107 | (4) |
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Imaging Techniques Allow Noninvasive Visualization of the CNS |
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111 | (10) |
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Disruption of CSF Circulation Can Cause Hydrocephalus |
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121 | (5) |
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6 Blood Supply of the Brain |
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126 | (28) |
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The Internal Carotid Arteries and Vertebral Arteries Supply the Brain |
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126 | (10) |
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Imaging Techniques Allow Arteries and Veins to Be Visualized |
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136 | (1) |
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Blood Flow to the CNS Is Closely Controlled |
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136 | (8) |
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A System of Barriers Partially Separates the Nervous System From the Rest of the Body |
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144 | (2) |
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Superficial and Deep Veins Drain the Brain |
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146 | (8) |
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7 Electrical Signaling by Neurons |
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154 | (28) |
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A Lipid-Protein Membrane Separates Intracellular and Extracellular Fluids |
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155 | (6) |
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Inputs to Neurons Cause Slow, Local Potential Changes |
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161 | (3) |
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Action Potentials Convey Information Over Long Distances |
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164 | (13) |
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Resistors, Capacitors, and Neuronal Membranes |
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177 | (2) |
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Calculating the Membrane Potential |
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179 | (3) |
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8 Synaptic Transmission Between Neurons |
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182 | (25) |
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There Are Five Steps in Conventional Chemical Synaptic Transmission |
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183 | (5) |
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Synaptic Transmission Can Be Rapid and Point-to-Point, or Slow and Often Diffuse |
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188 | (5) |
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Synaptic Strength Can Be Facilitated or Depressed |
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193 | (3) |
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Most Neurotransmitters Are Small Amine Molecules, Amino Acids, or Neuropeptides |
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196 | (5) |
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Gap Junctions Mediate Direct Current Flow From One Neuron to Another |
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201 | (6) |
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9 Sensory Receptors and the Peripheral Nervous System |
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207 | (26) |
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Receptors Encode the Nature, Location, Intensity, and Duration of Stimuli |
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208 | (4) |
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Somatosensory Receptors Detect Mechanical, Chemical, or Thermal Changes |
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212 | (15) |
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Peripheral Nerves Convey Information To and From the CNS |
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227 | (6) |
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233 | (39) |
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The Spinal Cord Is Segmented |
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234 | (4) |
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All Levels of the Spinal Cord Have a Similar Cross-Sectional Structure |
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238 | (1) |
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The Spinal Cord Is Involved in Sensory Processing, Motor Outflow, and Reflexes |
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239 | (1) |
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Spinal Gray Matter Is Regionally Specialized |
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240 | (4) |
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Reflex Circuitry Is Built Into the Spinal Cord |
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244 | (4) |
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Ascending and Descending Pathways Have Defined Locations in the Spinal White Matter |
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248 | (12) |
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The Autonomic Nervous System Monitors and Controls Visceral Activity |
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260 | (4) |
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A Longitudinal Network of Arteries Supplies the Spinal Cord |
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264 | (3) |
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Spinal Cord Damage Causes Predictable Deficits |
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267 | (5) |
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11 Organization of the Brainstem |
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272 | (29) |
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The Brainstem Has Conduit, Cranial Nerve and Integrative Functions |
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273 | (1) |
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The Medulla, Pons, and Midbrain Have Characteristic Gross Anatomical Features |
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274 | (3) |
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The Internal Structure of the Brainstem Reflects Surface Features and the Position of Long Tracts |
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277 | (9) |
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The Reticular Core of the Brainstem Is Involved in Multiple Functions |
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286 | (4) |
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Some Brainstem Nuclei Have Distinctive Neurochemical Signatures |
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290 | (5) |
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The Brainstem Is Supplied by the Vertebral-Basilar System |
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295 | (6) |
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12 Cranial Nerves and Their Nuclei |
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301 | (28) |
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Cranial Nerve Nuclei Have a Generally Predictable Arrangement |
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301 | (4) |
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Cranial Nerves III, IV, VI, XI, and XII Contain Somatic Motor Fibers |
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305 | (7) |
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Branchiomeric Nerves Contain Axons From Multiple Categories |
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312 | (13) |
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Brainstem Damage Commonly Causes Deficits on One Side of the Head and the Opposite Side of the Body |
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325 | (4) |
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13 The Chemical Senses of Taste and Smell |
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329 | (19) |
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The Perception of Flavor Involves Gustatory, Olfactory, Trigeminal, and Other Inputs |
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330 | (1) |
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Taste Is Mediated by Receptors in Taste Buds Innervated by Cranial Nerves VII, IX, and X |
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330 | (6) |
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Olfaction Is Mediated by Receptors That Project Directly to the Telencephalon |
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336 | (12) |
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14 Hearing and Balance: The Eighth Cranial Nerve |
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348 | (35) |
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Auditory and Vestibular Receptor Cells Are Located in the Walls of the Membranous Labyrinth |
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349 | (5) |
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The Cochlear Division of the Eighth Nerve Conveys Information About Sound |
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354 | (15) |
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The Vestibular Division of the Eighth Nerve Conveys Information About Linear and Angular Acceleration of the Head |
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369 | (14) |
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15 Atlas of the Human Brainstem |
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383 | (11) |
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16 The Thalamus and Internal Capsule: Getting to and from the Cerebral Cortex |
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394 | (25) |
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The Diencephalon Includes the Epithalamus, Subthalamus, Hypothalamus, and Thalamus |
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395 | (3) |
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The Thalamus Is the Gateway to the Cerebral Cortex |
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398 | (13) |
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Interconnections Between the Cerebral Cortex and Subcortical Structures Travel Through the Internal Capsule |
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411 | (8) |
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419 | (40) |
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The Eye Has Three Concentric Tissue Layers and a Lens |
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420 | (4) |
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The Retina Contains Five Major Neuronal Cell Types |
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424 | (5) |
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Retinal Neurons Translate Patterns of Light Into Patterns of Contrast |
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429 | (12) |
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Half of the Visual Field of Each Eye Is Mapped Systematically in the Contralateral Cerebral Hemisphere |
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441 | (9) |
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Primary Visual Cortex Sorts Visual Information and Distributes It to Other Cortical Areas |
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450 | (4) |
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Early Experience Has Permanent Effects on the Visual System |
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454 | (1) |
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Reflex Circuits Adjust the Size of the Pupil and the Focal Length of the Lens |
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454 | (5) |
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18 Overview of Motor Systems |
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459 | (16) |
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Each Lower Motor Neuron Innervates a Group of Muscle Fibers, Forming a Motor Unit |
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459 | (4) |
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Motor Control Systems Involve Both Hierarchical and Parallel Connections |
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463 | (2) |
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The Corticospinal Tract Has Multiple Origins and Terminations |
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465 | (10) |
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475 | (20) |
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The Basal Nuclei Include Five Major Nuclei |
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476 | (4) |
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Basal Nuclei Circuitry Involves Multiple Parallel Loops That Modulate Cortical Output |
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480 | (1) |
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Interconnections of the Basal Nuclei Determine the Pattern of Their Outputs |
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481 | (6) |
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Perforating Branches From the Cerebral Arterial Circle (of Willis) Supply the Basal Nuclei |
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487 | (1) |
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Many Basal Nuclei Disorders Result in Abnormalities of Movement |
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488 | (7) |
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495 | (29) |
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The Cerebellum Can Be Divided Into Both Transverse and Longitudinal Zones |
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496 | (11) |
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Cerebellar Cortex Receives Multiple Inputs |
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507 | (6) |
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Each Longitudinal Zone Has a Distinctive Output |
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513 | (5) |
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Clinical Syndromes Correspond to Functional Zones |
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518 | (6) |
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524 | (17) |
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Six Extraocular Muscles Move the Eye in the Orbit |
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526 | (3) |
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There Are Fast and Slow Conjugate Eye Movements |
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529 | (6) |
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Changes in Object Distance Require Vergence Movements |
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535 | (1) |
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The Basal Nuclei and Cerebellum Participate in Eye Movement Control |
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536 | (5) |
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541 | (38) |
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Most Cerebral Cortex Is Neocortex |
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542 | (7) |
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Neocortical Areas Are Specialized for Different Functions |
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549 | (19) |
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The Corpus Callosum Unites the Two Cerebral Hemispheres |
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568 | (2) |
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Consciousness and Sleep Are Active Processes |
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570 | (9) |
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23 Drives and Emotions: The Hypothalamus and Limbic System |
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579 | (26) |
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The Hypothalamus Coordinates Drive-Related Behaviors |
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580 | (13) |
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Limbic Structures Are Interposed Between the Hypothalamus and Neocortex |
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593 | (12) |
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24 Formation, Modification, and Repair of Neuronal Connections |
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605 | (27) |
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Both Neurons and Connections Are Produced in Excess During Development |
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606 | (6) |
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Synaptic Connections Are Adjusted Throughout Life |
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612 | (13) |
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PNS Repair Is More Effective Than CNS Repair |
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625 | (7) |
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25 Atlas of the Human Forebrain |
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632 | (20) |
| Glossary |
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652 | (27) |
| Index |
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679 | |
