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Number, Shape, & Symmetry: An Introduction to Number Theory, Geometry, and Group Theory [Kõva köide]

(University of Chicago, Illinois, USA), (University of Chicago, Illinois, USA)
  • Formaat: Hardback, 444 pages, kõrgus x laius: 235x191 mm, kaal: 914 g, 71 Tables, black and white; 319 Illustrations, black and white
  • Ilmumisaeg: 18-Oct-2012
  • Kirjastus: A K Peters
  • ISBN-10: 1466554649
  • ISBN-13: 9781466554641
Teised raamatud teemal:
  • Formaat: Hardback, 444 pages, kõrgus x laius: 235x191 mm, kaal: 914 g, 71 Tables, black and white; 319 Illustrations, black and white
  • Ilmumisaeg: 18-Oct-2012
  • Kirjastus: A K Peters
  • ISBN-10: 1466554649
  • ISBN-13: 9781466554641
Teised raamatud teemal:
Through a careful treatment of number theory and geometry, Number, Shape, & Symmetry: An Introduction to Number Theory, Geometry, and Group Theory helps readers understand serious mathematical ideas and proofs. Classroom-tested, the book draws on the authors successful work with undergraduate students at the University of Chicago, seventh to tenth grade mathematically talented students in the University of Chicagos Young Scholars Program, and elementary public school teachers in the Seminars for Endorsement in Science and Mathematics Education (SESAME).

The first half of the book focuses on number theory, beginning with the rules of arithmetic (axioms for the integers). The authors then present all the basic ideas and applications of divisibility, primes, and modular arithmetic. They also introduce the abstract notion of a group and include numerous examples. The final topics on number theory consist of rational numbers, real numbers, and ideas about infinity.

Moving on to geometry, the text covers polygons and polyhedra, including the construction of regular polygons and regular polyhedra. It studies tessellation by looking at patterns in the plane, especially those made by regular polygons or sets of regular polygons. The text also determines the symmetry groups of these figures and patterns, demonstrating how groups arise in both geometry and number theory.

The book is suitable for pre-service or in-service training for elementary school teachers, general education mathematics or math for liberal arts undergraduate-level courses, and enrichment activities for high school students or math clubs.

Arvustused

"This beautifully produced book shows how number theory and geometry are essential components to understanding mathematics, with emphasis on teaching and learning such topics. The presentation is excellent and the approach to logic and proofs exemplary. The book accomplishes the rare feat of presenting some real mathematics in a clear and accessible manner, thereby showing some of the most fundamental ideas of mathematics. It is an engaging text offering the opportunity to a beginner to learn and savor the many ideas involved, and it is also a good resource for readers interested in exploring such ideas. It is suitable for school teachers and their more able students, particularly those who want enrichment activities for school mathematical societies. It is also an excellent text for liberal arts students at university, and perhaps even for students in science and engineering. Thus, students already familiar with topics such as calculus and differential equations will find the book an enjoyable read to complement what they are used to." Mathematical Gazette

"Well-rounded approaches to logic and proofs have been achieved in Number, Shape, & Symmetry. The proofs in this book guide the student from simple ideas to more advanced ventures It is good to see the arithmetic developed in detail from the fundamental axioms so that students have a clear understanding of each consequence. It is also good that the authors do not take for granted how to solve equations The text has a nice, natural build-up in difficulty of problems. Diane L. Herrmann and Paul J. Sally, Jr., have dedicated a great deal of time to writing the text. Each section is written to be manageable for students to learn, with just the correct amount of content. When I was reading the text, I thought it was my own personal professor who was not only teaching and presenting material, but was guiding me through each step of the lesson through clear examples, as if presented in a face-to-face class. On the college level, this is a great book to use as either a primary or supplementary book for a number theory class." Peter Olszewski, MAA Reviews, August 2013

"All budding mathematicians should have the opportunity to savour this marvelously engaging book. The authors bring to the text an extensive background working with students and have mastered the fine art of both motivating and delighting them with mathematics. Their experience is evident on every page: creative practice problems draw the reader into the discussion, while frequent examples and detailed diagrams keep each section lively and appealing. Herrmann and Sally have carefully charted a course that takes the reader through number theory, introductory group theory, and geometry, with an emphasis on symmetries in the latter two subjects. The result is a labour of love that should inspire young minds for years to come." Sam Vandervelde, author of Bridge to Higher Mathematics and coordinator of the Mandelbrot Competition

"Number, Shape, & Symmetry accomplishes the rare feat of presenting real and deep mathematics in a clear and accessible manner. This book distills the beauty of some of the most fundamental ideas of mathematics and is a terrific resource for anyone interested in exploring these subjects." Bridget Tenner, Associate Professor of Mathematics, DePaul University

Preface xiii
0 The Triangle Game 1(10)
Practice Problem Solutions and Hints
6(1)
Exercises
7(4)
1 The Beginnings of Number Theory 11(34)
1.1 Setting the Table: Numbers, Sets, and Functions
11(9)
Numbers and Number Systems
11(1)
Sets
12(3)
Functions
15(2)
Math Words
17(3)
1.2 Rules of Arithmetic
20(2)
1.3 A New System
22(1)
1.4 One's Digit Arithmetic
23(9)
Practice Problem Solutions and Hints
32(2)
Exercises
34(11)
2 Axioms in Number Theory 45(22)
2.1 Consequences of the Rules of Arithmetic
46(8)
Cancelation for Addition
46(1)
Properties of -1 and 0
47(4)
Cancelation for Multiplication
51(2)
Subtraction and Division
53(1)
2.2 Inequalities and Order
54(6)
Order and Other Number Systems
58(1)
Well-Ordering
58(2)
Practice Problem Solutions and Hints
60(1)
Exercises
60(7)
3 Divisibility and Primes 67(20)
3.1 Divisibility
67(4)
3.2 Greatest Common Divisor
71(1)
3.3 Primes
72(9)
Formulas for Primes
77(2)
Twin Primes and Triple Primes
79(1)
Other Conjectures about Primes
80(1)
Practice Problem Solutions and Hints
81(2)
Exercises
83(4)
4 The Division and Euclidean Algorithms 87(20)
4.1 The Division Algorithm
87(5)
The Division Algorithm with a Negative Dividend
91(1)
4.2 The Euclidean Algorithm and the Greatest Common Divisor
92(4)
4.3 The Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic
96(3)
Why We Don't Call 1 a Prime
98(1)
Prime Factorization and the GCD
98(1)
Practice Problem Solutions and Hints
99(1)
Exercises
100(7)
5 Variations on a Theme 107(22)
5.1 Applications of Divisibility
107(9)
Fibonacci Numbers
107(1)
Sum and Number of Divisors
108(5)
Perfect Numbers
113(3)
5.2 More Algorithms
116(6)
Rational Arithmetic and Least Common Multiples
116(3)
Egyptian Fractions
119(3)
Practice Problem Solutions and Hints
122(2)
Exercises
124(5)
6 Congruences and Groups 129(26)
6.1 Congruences and Arithmetic of Residue Classes
129(8)
6.2 Groups and Other Structures
137(9)
Cyclic Groups
142(2)
Rings
144(1)
Zero Divisors and Fields
144(2)
Practice Problem Solutions and Hints
146(2)
Exercises
148(7)
7 Applications of Congruences 155(16)
7.1 Divisibility Tests
155(4)
Divisibility by Powers of 2
155(2)
Divisibility by Powers of 5
157(1)
Divisibility by 3 and 9
157(1)
Divisibility by 11
158(1)
Divisibility by 7, 11, and 13
159(1)
7.2 Days of the Week
159(4)
Calculating from the First Date of Any Year
160(1)
How to Find the Day of the Week
161(2)
7.3 Check Digits
163(2)
ISBNs and UPC Numbers
164(1)
Practice Problem Solutions and Hints
165(2)
Exercises
167(4)
8 Rational Numbers and Real Numbers 171(16)
8.1 Fractions to Decimals
171(3)
8.2 Decimals to Fractions
174(1)
8.3 Infinity
175(2)
8.4 Rational Numbers
177(2)
8.5 Irrational Numbers
179(2)
8.6 How Many Real Numbers?
181(2)
Practice Problem Solutions and Hints
183(1)
Exercises
183(4)
9 Introduction to Geometry and Symmetry 187(8)
Practice Problem Solutions and Hints
191(1)
Exercises
192(3)
10 Polygons and Their Construction 195(16)
10.1 Polygons and Their Angles
195(5)
Triangles
195(1)
Quadrilaterals
196(2)
n-gons
198(2)
10.2 Constructions
200(5)
Practice Problem Solutions and Hints
205(1)
Exercises
206(5)
11 Symmetry Groups 211(24)
11.1 Symmetric Motions of the Triangle
212(11)
11.2 Symmetric Motions of the Square
223(5)
Reflections and Rotations
226(1)
Impossible Motions
227(1)
Economy of Notation Revisited
228(1)
11.3 Symmetries of Regular n-gons
228(1)
Practice Problem Solutions and Hints
228(3)
Exercises
231(4)
12 Permutations 235(16)
12.1 Symmetric Motions as Permutations
235(6)
Permutations and the Motions of the Square
239(2)
12.2 Counting Permutations and Symmetric Groups
241(1)
12.3 Even More Economy of Notation
242(5)
Transpositions
245(2)
Practice Problem Solutions and Hints
247(2)
Exercises
249(2)
13 Polyhedra 251(46)
13.1 Regular Polyhedra
251(7)
13.2 Euler's Formula
258(4)
13.3 Symmetries of Regular Polyhedra
262(10)
Rotations of the Tetrahedron
262(2)
Tetrahedron "Flips," or Reflections
264(1)
Economy of Notation
265(2)
Rotations of the Cube
267(3)
Cube "Flips," or Reflections
270(2)
13.4 Reflections and Rotations
272(4)
Symmetries of the Octahedron
273(1)
The Dodecahedron and the Icosahedron
274(2)
13.5 Variations on a Theme: Other Polyhedra
276(10)
Prisms and Pyramids
281(1)
Other Convex and Nonconvex Polyhedra
282(3)
Diagrams (Nets) for Making Polyhedra
285(1)
Practice Problem Solutions and Hints
286(6)
Exercises
292(5)
14 Graph Theory 297(32)
14.1 Introduction
297(5)
14.2 The K6nigsberg Bridge Problem
302(5)
14.3 Colorability and Planarity
307(7)
14.4 Graphs and Their Complements
314(4)
14.5 Trees
318(5)
Practice Problems Solutions and Hints
323(1)
Exercises
324(5)
15 Tessellations 329(44)
15.1 Tessellating with a Single Shape
330(9)
15.2 Tessellations with Multiple Shapes
339(2)
15.3 Variations on a Theme: Polyominoes
341(3)
15.4 Frieze Patterns
344(16)
Symmetry Groups
349(1)
The Four Symmetric Motions
350(3)
Classification of Friezes
353(2)
The Seven Symmetries
355(5)
15.5 Infinite Patterns in Two and Three Dimensions
360(2)
Practice Problem Solutions and Hints
362(5)
Exercises
367(6)
16 Connections 373(20)
16.1 The Golden Ratio and Fibonacci Numbers
373(5)
The Golden Ratio and Geometry
373(1)
Constructing the Golden Ratio
374(2)
Fibonacci Numbers
376(2)
16.2 Constructible Numbers and Polygons
378(10)
Constructing Square root of α
380(1)
Constructible Polygons
381(3)
Gauss's Construction of a Regular Pentagon
384(2)
Constructing Other Regular n-gons
386(2)
Practice Problem Solutions and Hints
388(2)
Exercises
390(3)
A Euclidean Geometry Review 393(8)
Part 1
393(6)
Part 2
399(2)
Glossary 401(12)
Bibliography 413(2)
Index 415
Diane L. Herrmann is a senior lecturer and associate director of undergraduate studies in mathematics at the University of Chicago. Dr. Herrmann is a member of the American Mathematical Society, Mathematical Association of America, Association for Women in Mathematics, Physical Sciences Collegiate Division Governing Committee, and Society for Values in Higher Education. She is also involved with the University of Chicagos Young Scholars Program, Summer Research Opportunity Program (SROP), and Seminars for Elementary Specialists and Mathematics Educators (SESAME).

Paul J. Sally, Jr. is a professor and director of undergraduate studies in mathematics at the University of Chicago, where he has directed the Young Scholars Program for mathematically talented 7-12 grade students. Dr. Sally also founded SESAME, a staff development program for elementary public school teachers in Chicago. He is a member of the U.S. Steering Committee for the Third International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) and has served as Chairman of the Board of Trustees for the American Mathematical Society.