Preface |
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xiii | |
0 The Triangle Game |
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1 | (10) |
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Practice Problem Solutions and Hints |
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6 | (1) |
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7 | (4) |
1 The Beginnings of Number Theory |
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11 | (34) |
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1.1 Setting the Table: Numbers, Sets, and Functions |
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11 | (9) |
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Numbers and Number Systems |
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11 | (1) |
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12 | (3) |
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15 | (2) |
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17 | (3) |
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20 | (2) |
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22 | (1) |
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1.4 One's Digit Arithmetic |
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23 | (9) |
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Practice Problem Solutions and Hints |
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32 | (2) |
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34 | (11) |
2 Axioms in Number Theory |
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45 | (22) |
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2.1 Consequences of the Rules of Arithmetic |
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46 | (8) |
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46 | (1) |
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47 | (4) |
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Cancelation for Multiplication |
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51 | (2) |
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53 | (1) |
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2.2 Inequalities and Order |
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54 | (6) |
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Order and Other Number Systems |
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58 | (1) |
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58 | (2) |
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Practice Problem Solutions and Hints |
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60 | (1) |
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60 | (7) |
3 Divisibility and Primes |
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67 | (20) |
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67 | (4) |
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3.2 Greatest Common Divisor |
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71 | (1) |
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72 | (9) |
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77 | (2) |
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Twin Primes and Triple Primes |
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79 | (1) |
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Other Conjectures about Primes |
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80 | (1) |
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Practice Problem Solutions and Hints |
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81 | (2) |
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83 | (4) |
4 The Division and Euclidean Algorithms |
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87 | (20) |
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4.1 The Division Algorithm |
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87 | (5) |
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The Division Algorithm with a Negative Dividend |
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91 | (1) |
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4.2 The Euclidean Algorithm and the Greatest Common Divisor |
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92 | (4) |
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4.3 The Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic |
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96 | (3) |
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Why We Don't Call 1 a Prime |
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98 | (1) |
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Prime Factorization and the GCD |
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98 | (1) |
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Practice Problem Solutions and Hints |
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99 | (1) |
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100 | (7) |
5 Variations on a Theme |
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107 | (22) |
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5.1 Applications of Divisibility |
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107 | (9) |
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107 | (1) |
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Sum and Number of Divisors |
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108 | (5) |
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113 | (3) |
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116 | (6) |
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Rational Arithmetic and Least Common Multiples |
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116 | (3) |
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119 | (3) |
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Practice Problem Solutions and Hints |
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122 | (2) |
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124 | (5) |
6 Congruences and Groups |
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129 | (26) |
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6.1 Congruences and Arithmetic of Residue Classes |
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129 | (8) |
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6.2 Groups and Other Structures |
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137 | (9) |
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142 | (2) |
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144 | (1) |
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144 | (2) |
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Practice Problem Solutions and Hints |
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146 | (2) |
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148 | (7) |
7 Applications of Congruences |
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155 | (16) |
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155 | (4) |
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Divisibility by Powers of 2 |
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155 | (2) |
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Divisibility by Powers of 5 |
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157 | (1) |
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157 | (1) |
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158 | (1) |
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Divisibility by 7, 11, and 13 |
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159 | (1) |
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159 | (4) |
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Calculating from the First Date of Any Year |
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160 | (1) |
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How to Find the Day of the Week |
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161 | (2) |
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163 | (2) |
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164 | (1) |
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Practice Problem Solutions and Hints |
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165 | (2) |
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167 | (4) |
8 Rational Numbers and Real Numbers |
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171 | (16) |
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8.1 Fractions to Decimals |
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171 | (3) |
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8.2 Decimals to Fractions |
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174 | (1) |
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175 | (2) |
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177 | (2) |
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179 | (2) |
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8.6 How Many Real Numbers? |
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181 | (2) |
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Practice Problem Solutions and Hints |
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183 | (1) |
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183 | (4) |
9 Introduction to Geometry and Symmetry |
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187 | (8) |
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Practice Problem Solutions and Hints |
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191 | (1) |
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192 | (3) |
10 Polygons and Their Construction |
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195 | (16) |
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10.1 Polygons and Their Angles |
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195 | (5) |
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195 | (1) |
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196 | (2) |
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198 | (2) |
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200 | (5) |
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Practice Problem Solutions and Hints |
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205 | (1) |
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206 | (5) |
11 Symmetry Groups |
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211 | (24) |
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11.1 Symmetric Motions of the Triangle |
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212 | (11) |
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11.2 Symmetric Motions of the Square |
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223 | (5) |
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Reflections and Rotations |
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226 | (1) |
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227 | (1) |
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Economy of Notation Revisited |
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228 | (1) |
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11.3 Symmetries of Regular n-gons |
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228 | (1) |
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Practice Problem Solutions and Hints |
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228 | (3) |
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231 | (4) |
12 Permutations |
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235 | (16) |
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12.1 Symmetric Motions as Permutations |
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235 | (6) |
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Permutations and the Motions of the Square |
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239 | (2) |
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12.2 Counting Permutations and Symmetric Groups |
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241 | (1) |
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12.3 Even More Economy of Notation |
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242 | (5) |
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245 | (2) |
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Practice Problem Solutions and Hints |
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247 | (2) |
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249 | (2) |
13 Polyhedra |
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251 | (46) |
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251 | (7) |
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258 | (4) |
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13.3 Symmetries of Regular Polyhedra |
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262 | (10) |
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Rotations of the Tetrahedron |
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262 | (2) |
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Tetrahedron "Flips," or Reflections |
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264 | (1) |
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265 | (2) |
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267 | (3) |
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Cube "Flips," or Reflections |
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270 | (2) |
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13.4 Reflections and Rotations |
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272 | (4) |
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Symmetries of the Octahedron |
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273 | (1) |
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The Dodecahedron and the Icosahedron |
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274 | (2) |
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13.5 Variations on a Theme: Other Polyhedra |
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276 | (10) |
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281 | (1) |
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Other Convex and Nonconvex Polyhedra |
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282 | (3) |
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Diagrams (Nets) for Making Polyhedra |
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285 | (1) |
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Practice Problem Solutions and Hints |
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286 | (6) |
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292 | (5) |
14 Graph Theory |
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297 | (32) |
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297 | (5) |
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14.2 The K6nigsberg Bridge Problem |
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302 | (5) |
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14.3 Colorability and Planarity |
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307 | (7) |
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14.4 Graphs and Their Complements |
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314 | (4) |
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318 | (5) |
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Practice Problems Solutions and Hints |
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323 | (1) |
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324 | (5) |
15 Tessellations |
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329 | (44) |
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15.1 Tessellating with a Single Shape |
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330 | (9) |
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15.2 Tessellations with Multiple Shapes |
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339 | (2) |
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15.3 Variations on a Theme: Polyominoes |
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341 | (3) |
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344 | (16) |
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349 | (1) |
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The Four Symmetric Motions |
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350 | (3) |
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Classification of Friezes |
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353 | (2) |
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355 | (5) |
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15.5 Infinite Patterns in Two and Three Dimensions |
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360 | (2) |
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Practice Problem Solutions and Hints |
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362 | (5) |
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367 | (6) |
16 Connections |
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373 | (20) |
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16.1 The Golden Ratio and Fibonacci Numbers |
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373 | (5) |
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The Golden Ratio and Geometry |
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373 | (1) |
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Constructing the Golden Ratio |
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374 | (2) |
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376 | (2) |
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16.2 Constructible Numbers and Polygons |
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378 | (10) |
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Constructing Square root of α |
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380 | (1) |
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381 | (3) |
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Gauss's Construction of a Regular Pentagon |
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384 | (2) |
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Constructing Other Regular n-gons |
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386 | (2) |
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Practice Problem Solutions and Hints |
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388 | (2) |
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390 | (3) |
A Euclidean Geometry Review |
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393 | (8) |
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393 | (6) |
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399 | (2) |
Glossary |
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401 | (12) |
Bibliography |
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413 | (2) |
Index |
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415 | |