| Preface |
|
xiii | |
| Notes: Units, Terminology, Abbreviations |
|
xv | |
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1 | (14) |
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Nutrient Elements Essential for Plants and Animals |
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1 | (2) |
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Types of Grassland in Temperate Regions |
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3 | (2) |
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The Significance of Legume Species |
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5 | (2) |
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Nutrient Deficiencies in Temperate Grassland Systems |
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7 | (1) |
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Nutrient Cycling in Grassland Systems |
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8 | (3) |
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Problems of Sampling and Analysis |
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11 | (2) |
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Mass Balances of Nutrient Elements in Grassland Systems |
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13 | (2) |
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Nutrient Elements in Soils |
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15 | (26) |
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Origin of Major Soil Constituents |
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15 | (4) |
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Influence of Parent Material on Nutrient Elements in Soils |
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19 | (2) |
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Inputs from the Atmosphere |
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21 | (2) |
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Inputs from Fertilizers and Liming Materials |
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23 | (1) |
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Recycling through the Decomposition of Plant Material |
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23 | (4) |
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Recycling through the Excreta of Grazing Animals |
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27 | (3) |
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Inputs from the Disposal of Sewage Sludges |
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30 | (3) |
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Availability of Nutrient Elements to Plants in Relation to Chemical Form and Soil Processes |
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33 | (1) |
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Influence of Cation Exchange Capacity of the Soil on Availability |
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34 | (1) |
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Influence of Soil pH on Availability |
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35 | (1) |
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Influence of Soil Organic Matter on Availability |
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36 | (1) |
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Influence of Soil Redox Conditions on Availability |
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37 | (1) |
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Assessment of Nutrient Availability in Soils |
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38 | (1) |
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Losses of Nutrient Elements from Grassland Soils |
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39 | (2) |
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Uptake and Concentrations of Nutrient Elements in Grassland Herbage |
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41 | (29) |
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Growth and Characteristics of Roots in Grassland Plants |
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41 | (3) |
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Contact between Nutrient Ions and the Root Surface |
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44 | (1) |
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Processes of Nutrient Uptake by Plant Roots |
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45 | (3) |
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The Importance of the Rhizosphere and of Mycorrhizal Associations |
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48 | (2) |
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Uptake of Nutrient Elements through Leaves |
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50 | (1) |
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Transport and Metabolism of Nutrient Elements in Plants |
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51 | (1) |
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Distribution of Nutrient Elements in Grasses and Legumes |
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52 | (1) |
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Ranges of Concentration of Nutrient Elements in Grassland Herbage |
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53 | (1) |
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Removal of Nutrient Elements in Harvested Herbage |
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54 | (1) |
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Plant: Soil Concentration Ratios |
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55 | (1) |
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The Concept of the Critical Concentration |
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55 | (3) |
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Influence of Plant Species and Variety on Herbage Concentrations of Nutrient Elements |
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58 | (2) |
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Influence of Stage of Maturity on Herbage Concentrations of Nutrient Elements |
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60 | (3) |
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Influence of Weather and Seasonal Factors on Herbage Concentrations of Nutrient Elements |
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63 | (1) |
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Changes in the Herbage Concentrations of Nutrient Elements during Conversion to Hay or Silage |
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64 | (1) |
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Influence of Soil Type on Herbage Concentrations of Nutrient Elements |
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65 | (1) |
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Influence of Fertilizers, Lime and Sewage Sludge on Herbage Concentrations of Nutrient Elements |
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66 | (1) |
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Influence of Livestock Excreta on Herbage Concentrations of Nutrient Elements |
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67 | (1) |
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Chemical Forms of Nutrient Elements in Herbage |
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68 | (2) |
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Nutrient Elements in Ruminant Animals |
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70 | (25) |
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Outline of Digestive Physiology in Ruminant Animals |
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70 | (2) |
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Metabolic Requirements for Nutrient Elements |
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72 | (2) |
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Homeostatic Control of Nutrient Elements in Animal Tissues |
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74 | (3) |
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Concentrations of Nutrient Elements in Animal Tissues and Milk |
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77 | (2) |
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Animal: Plant Concentration Ratios |
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79 | (1) |
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Absorption of Nutrient Elements from the Diet |
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80 | (1) |
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Factors Influencing the Availability of Nutrient Elements in the Diet |
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81 | (2) |
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Assessment of the Dietary Requirements of Nutrient Elements |
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83 | (2) |
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Occurrence and Diagnosis of Deficiencies in Ruminant Animals |
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85 | (3) |
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Soil Ingestion by Ruminant Animals |
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88 | (2) |
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Nutrient Elements Supplied by Drinking-water |
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90 | (1) |
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Excretion of Nutrient Elements |
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90 | (3) |
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Partitioning of Ingested Nutrients to Animal Products and Excreta |
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93 | (2) |
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95 | (31) |
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Natural Sources and Amounts of N in Soils |
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95 | (1) |
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Agricultural and Atmospheric Inputs of N |
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96 | (2) |
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Recycling of N through the Decomposition of Organic Residues |
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98 | (2) |
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Forms and Availability of N in Soils |
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100 | (1) |
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101 | (3) |
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Assessment of Plant-available N in Soils |
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104 | (1) |
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Uptake of N by Herbage Plants |
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105 | (2) |
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107 | (1) |
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Influence of Fertilizer N on Herbage Yield and on Milk Production |
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108 | (3) |
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Distribution of N within Herbage Plants |
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111 | (1) |
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Ranges of Concentration and Critical Concentrations of N in Herbage Plants |
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112 | (1) |
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Influence of N Supply from Soil and Fertilizer on Concentrations of N in Herbage |
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113 | (1) |
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Influence of Plant Species and Variety on Concentrations of N in Herbage |
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113 | (2) |
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Influence of Stage of Maturity on Concentrations of N in Herbage |
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115 | (1) |
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Influence of Season of the Year and Weather Factors on Concentrations of N in Herbage |
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115 | (2) |
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Influence of Fertilizer P, K and S and Lime on Concentrations of N in Herbage |
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117 | (1) |
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Influence of Livestock Excreta on Concentrations of N in Herbage |
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117 | (1) |
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Chemical Forms and Availability of Herbage N to Ruminant Animals |
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118 | (1) |
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Metabolic Functions of N in Ruminant Animals |
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119 | (1) |
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Absorption of Dietary N by Ruminant Animals |
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119 | (2) |
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Nutritional Requirements for N in Ruminant Animals |
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121 | (1) |
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Excretion of N by Ruminant Animals |
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121 | (2) |
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Transformations of N in Grassland Systems |
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123 | (1) |
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Quantitative Balances of N in Grassland Systems |
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124 | (2) |
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126 | (28) |
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Natural Sources and Concentrations of P in Soils |
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126 | (1) |
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Agricultural and Atmospheric Inputs of P to Soils |
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127 | (1) |
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Recycling of P through the Decomposition of Organic Residues |
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128 | (2) |
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Forms and Availability of P in Soils |
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130 | (2) |
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132 | (1) |
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Assessment of Plant-available P in Soils |
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133 | (1) |
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Uptake of P by Herbage Plants |
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134 | (1) |
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Functions of P in Herbage Plants |
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135 | (1) |
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Influence of Fertilizer P on Yields of Grassland Herbage |
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135 | (2) |
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Distribution of P within Herbage Plants |
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137 | (1) |
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Range of Concentrations and Critical Concentrations of P in Herbage Plants |
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138 | (2) |
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Influence of Plant Species and Variety on Concentrations of P in Herbage |
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140 | (1) |
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Influence of Stage of Maturity on Concentrations of P in Herbage |
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141 | (2) |
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Influence of Season of the Year and Weather Factors on Concentrations of P in Herbage |
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143 | (1) |
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Influence of Fertilizer N on Concentrations of P in Herbage |
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143 | (1) |
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Influence of Fertilizer P and K and of Lime on Concentrations of P in Herbage |
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144 | (1) |
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Influence of Livestock Excreta on Concentrations of P in Herbage |
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145 | (1) |
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Chemical Forms of Herbage P |
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146 | (1) |
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Occurrence and Metabolic Functions of P in Ruminant Animals |
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146 | (1) |
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Absorption of Dietary P by Ruminant Animals |
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147 | (1) |
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Nutritional Requirements for P in Ruminant Animals |
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148 | (1) |
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Effects of P Deficiency on Ruminant Animals |
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149 | (1) |
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Excretion of P by Ruminant Animals |
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150 | (1) |
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Transformations of P in Grassland Systems |
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151 | (1) |
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Quantitative Balances of P in Grassland Systems |
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152 | (2) |
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154 | (27) |
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Natural Sources and Concentrations of S in Soils |
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154 | (1) |
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Atmospheric and Agricultural Inputs of S to Soils |
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155 | (2) |
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Recycling of S through the Decomposition of Organic Residues |
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157 | (2) |
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Forms and Availability of S in Soils |
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159 | (2) |
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161 | (1) |
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Assessment of Plant-available S in Soils |
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162 | (1) |
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Uptake of S by Herbage Plants |
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163 | (1) |
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Functions of S in Herbage Plants |
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164 | (1) |
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Influence of Fertilizer S on Yields of Grassland Herbage |
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165 | (1) |
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Distribution of S within Herbage Plants |
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166 | (2) |
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Range of Concentrations and Critical Concentrations of S in Herbage Plants |
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168 | (2) |
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Influence of Plant Species and Variety on Concentrations of S in Herbage |
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170 | (1) |
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Influence of Stage of Maturity on Concentrations of S in Herbage |
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171 | (1) |
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Influence of Season of the Year and Weather Factors on Concentrations of S in Herbage |
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172 | (1) |
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Influence of Fertilizer N on Concentrations of S in Herbags |
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172 | (1) |
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Influence of Fertilizer P, K and S on Concentrations of S in Herbage |
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173 | (1) |
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Influence of Livestock Excreta on Concentrations of S in Herbage |
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173 | (1) |
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Chemical Forms of Herbage S |
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173 | (1) |
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Occurrence and Metabolic Functions of S in Ruminant Animals |
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174 | (1) |
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Absorption of Dietary S by Ruminant Animals |
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175 | (1) |
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Nutritional Requirements for S in Ruminant Animals |
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175 | (1) |
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Effects of S Deficiency and Excess on Ruminant Animals |
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176 | (1) |
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Excretion of S by Ruminant Animals |
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177 | (2) |
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Transformations of S in Grassland Systems |
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179 | (1) |
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Quantitative Balances of S in Grassland Systems |
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180 | (1) |
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Macronutrient Cations: Potassium, Sodium, Calcium and Magnesium |
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181 | (39) |
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Sources and Concentrations of K, Na, Ca and Mg in Soils |
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181 | (1) |
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Agricultural and Atmospheric Inputs of K, Na, Ca and Mg |
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182 | (1) |
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Recycling of K, Na, Ca and Mg through the Decomposition of Organic Residues |
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183 | (2) |
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Losses of K, Na, Ca and Mg from Soils |
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185 | (1) |
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Forms and Availability of K, Na, Ca and Mg in Soils |
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186 | (1) |
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Assessment of Plant-available K, Na, Ca and Mg in Soils |
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187 | (1) |
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Uptake of K, Na, Ca and Mg by Herbage Plants |
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188 | (1) |
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Functions of K, Na, Ca and Mg in Herbage Plants |
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189 | (1) |
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Distribution of K, Na, Ca and Mg in Herbage Plants |
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189 | (2) |
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Ranges of Concentration and Critical Concentrations of K, Na, Ca and Mg in Herbage Plants |
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191 | (3) |
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Influence of Fertilization with K, Na, Ca and Mg on Yields of Grassland Herbage |
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194 | (2) |
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Influence of Species and Variety on Concentrations of K, Na, Ca and Mg in Herbage |
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196 | (3) |
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Influence of Stage of Maturity on Concentrations of K, Na, Ca and Mg in Herbage |
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199 | (1) |
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Influence of Season of the Year and Weather Factors on Concentrations of K, Na, Ca and Mg in Herbage |
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200 | (1) |
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Influence of Soil Type on Concentrations of K, Na, Ca and Mg in Herbage |
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201 | (1) |
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Influence of Fertilizer N on Concentrations of K, Na, Ca and Mg in Herbage |
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202 | (2) |
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Influence of Fertilizer P on Concentrations of K, Na, Ca and Mg in Herbage |
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204 | (1) |
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Influence of Fertilizer K on Concentrations of K, Na, Ca and Mg in Herbage |
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204 | (1) |
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Influence of the Application of Na, Mg and Lime on Concentrations of K, Na, Ca and Mg in Herbage |
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205 | (1) |
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Influence of Livestock Excreta on Concentrations of K, Na, Ca and Mg in Herbage |
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206 | (1) |
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Chemical Forms and Availability of K, Na, Ca and Mg in Herbage |
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207 | (1) |
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Occurrence and Metabolic Functions of K, Na, Ca and Mg in Ruminant Animals |
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208 | (2) |
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Absorption of Dietary K, Na, Ca and Mg by Ruminant Animals |
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210 | (2) |
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Nutritional Requirements for K, Na, Ca and Mg in Ruminant Animals |
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212 | (2) |
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Effects of Deficiencies of K, Na, Ca and Mg on Ruminant Animals |
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214 | (1) |
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Excretion of K, Na, Ca and Mg by Ruminant Animals |
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215 | (1) |
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Transformations of K, Na, Ca and Mg in Grassland Systems |
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216 | (2) |
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Quantitative Balances of K, Na, Ca and Mg in Grassland Systems |
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218 | (2) |
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Micronutrient Cations: Iron, Manganese, Zinc, Copper and Cobalt |
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220 | (35) |
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Sources and Concentrations of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu and Co in Soils |
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220 | (2) |
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Agricultural and Atmospheric Inputs of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu and Co to Soils |
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222 | (1) |
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Recycling of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu and Co through the Decomposition of Organic Residues |
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223 | (2) |
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Forms and Availability of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu and Co in Soils |
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225 | (3) |
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Losses of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu and Co from Soils |
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228 | (1) |
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Assessment of Plant-available Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu and Co in Soils |
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228 | (1) |
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Uptake of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu and Co by Herbage Plants |
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228 | (2) |
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Functions of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu and Co in Herbage Plants |
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230 | (2) |
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Distribution of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu and Co within Herbage Plants |
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232 | (1) |
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Ranges of Concentration and Critical Concentrations of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu and Co in Herbage Plants |
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233 | (1) |
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Toxic Concentrations of Mn, Zn and Cu in Herbage Plants |
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234 | (1) |
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Influence of Plant Species and Variety on Concentrations of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu and Co in Herbage |
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235 | (2) |
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Influence of Stage of Maturity on Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu and Co in Herbage |
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237 | (2) |
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Influence of Season of the Year and Weather Factors on Concentrations of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu and Co in Herbage |
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239 | (1) |
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Influence of Soil Type on Concentrations of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu and Co in Herbage |
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240 | (1) |
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Influence of Fertilizer N on Concentrations of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu and Co in Herbage |
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240 | (1) |
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Influence of Fertilizer P and K and Lime on Concentrations of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu and Co in Herbage |
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241 | (1) |
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Influence of Livestock Excreta on Concentrations of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu and Co in Herbage |
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242 | (1) |
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Influence of the Addition of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu or Co on the Concentrations of these Elements in Herbage |
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242 | (1) |
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Chemical Forms of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu and Co in Herbage |
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243 | (1) |
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Occurrence and Metabolic Functions of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu and Co in Ruminant Animals |
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244 | (2) |
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Absorption of Dietary Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu and Co by Ruminant Animals |
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246 | (3) |
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Nutritional Requirements for Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu and Co in Ruminant Animals |
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249 | (1) |
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Effects of Deficiencies of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu and Co on Ruminant Animals |
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250 | (2) |
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Excretion of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu and Co by Ruminant Animals |
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252 | (1) |
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Transformations of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu and Co in Grassland Systems |
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252 | (1) |
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Quantitative Balances of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu and Co in Grassland Systems |
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252 | (3) |
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The Nutrient Halogens: Chlorine and Iodine |
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255 | (20) |
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Sources and Concentrations of Cl and I in Soils |
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255 | (2) |
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Atmospheric and Agricultural Inputs of Cl and I to Soils |
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257 | (2) |
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Recycling of Cl and I through the Decomposition of Organic Residues |
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259 | (1) |
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Forms and Availability of Cl and I in Soils |
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259 | (1) |
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Losses of Cl and I from Soils |
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260 | (1) |
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Uptake of Cl and I by Herbage Plants |
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261 | (1) |
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Functions of Cl and I in Herbage Plants |
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261 | (1) |
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Distribution of Cl and I in Herbage Plants |
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262 | (1) |
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Ranges of Concentration of Cl and I and Critical Concentrations of Cl in Herbage Plants |
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262 | (1) |
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Influence of Plant Species and Variety on Concentrations of Cl and I in Herbage |
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263 | (1) |
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Influence of Stage of Maturity on Concentrations of Cl and I in Herbage |
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264 | (1) |
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Influence of Season of the Year and Weather Factors on Concentrations of Cl and I in Herbage |
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264 | (1) |
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Influence of Soil Type on Concentrations of Cl and I in Herbage |
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265 | (1) |
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Influence of Fertilizer N on Concentrations of Cl and I in Herbage |
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266 | (1) |
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Influence of Fertilizer P and K, of Lime and of Kl on Concentrations of Cl and I in Herbage |
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266 | (1) |
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Influence of Livestock Excreta on Concentrations of Cl in Herbage |
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267 | (1) |
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Chemical Forms of Cl and I in Herbage |
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267 | (1) |
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Occurrence and Metabolic Functions of Cl and I in Ruminant Animals |
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267 | (2) |
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Absorption of Dietary Cl and I by Ruminant Animals |
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269 | (1) |
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Nutritional Requirements for Cl and I in Ruminant Animals |
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270 | (1) |
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Effects of Deficiencies of Cl and I, and Toxicity of I, on Ruminant Animals |
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271 | (1) |
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Excretion of Cl and I by Ruminant Animals |
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272 | (2) |
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Transformations of Cl and I in Grassland Systems |
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274 | (1) |
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Quantitative Balances of Cl and I in Grassland Systems |
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274 | (1) |
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Boron, Molybdenum and Selenium |
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275 | (26) |
|
Sources and Concentrations of B, Mo and Se in Soils |
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275 | (1) |
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Agricultural and Atmospheric Inputs of B, Mo and Se to Soils |
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276 | (1) |
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Forms and Availability of B, Mo and Se in Soils |
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277 | (2) |
|
Losses of B, Mo and Se from Soils |
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279 | (1) |
|
Assessment of Plant-available B, Mo and Se in Soils |
|
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280 | (1) |
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Uptake of B, Mo and Se by Herbage Plants |
|
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280 | (1) |
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Functions of B, Mo and Se in Herbage Plants |
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281 | (1) |
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Distribution of B, Mo and Se within Herbage Plants |
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282 | (1) |
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Ranges of Concentration and Critical Concentrations of B, Mo and Se in Herbage Plants |
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283 | (1) |
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Influence of Plant Species and Variety on Concentrations of B, Mo and Se in Herbage |
|
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284 | (2) |
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Influence of Stage of Maturity of Concentrations of B, Mo and Se in Herbage |
|
|
286 | (1) |
|
Influence of Season of the Year and Weather Factors on Concentrations of B, Mo and Se in Herbage |
|
|
287 | (1) |
|
Influence of Soil Type on Concentrations of B, Mo and Se in Herbage |
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287 | (2) |
|
Influence of Fertilizers and Lime on Concentrations of B, Mo and Se in Herbage |
|
|
289 | (1) |
|
Influence of the Addition of B, Mo and Se on Concentrations of these Elements in Herbage |
|
|
290 | (1) |
|
Influence of Livestock Excreta on Concentrations of B, Mo and Se in Herbage |
|
|
291 | (1) |
|
Chemical Forms and Availability of B, Mo and Se in Herbage |
|
|
292 | (1) |
|
Occurrence and Metabolic Functions of B, Mo and Se in Ruminant Animals |
|
|
292 | (1) |
|
Absorption of Dietary B, Mo and Se by Ruminant Animals |
|
|
293 | (1) |
|
Nutritional Requirements for Mo and Se in Ruminant Animals |
|
|
294 | (1) |
|
Effects of Deficiencies and Toxicities of B, Mo and Se on Ruminant Animals |
|
|
295 | (1) |
|
Excretion of B, Mo and Se by Ruminant Animals |
|
|
296 | (2) |
|
Transformations of B, Mo and Se in Grassland Systems |
|
|
298 | (1) |
|
Quantitative Balances of B, Mo and Se in Grassland Systems |
|
|
299 | (2) |
| Glossary |
|
301 | (3) |
| References |
|
304 | (57) |
| Appendix |
|
361 | (2) |
| Index |
|
363 | |
