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Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle: Eighth Revised Edition 8th Revised edition [Kõva köide]

  • Formaat: Hardback, 494 pages, kõrgus x laius: 279x216 mm
  • Ilmumisaeg: 16-Jun-2016
  • Kirjastus: National Academies Press
  • ISBN-10: 0309317029
  • ISBN-13: 9780309317023
Teised raamatud teemal:
  • Formaat: Hardback, 494 pages, kõrgus x laius: 279x216 mm
  • Ilmumisaeg: 16-Jun-2016
  • Kirjastus: National Academies Press
  • ISBN-10: 0309317029
  • ISBN-13: 9780309317023
Teised raamatud teemal:
Since 1944, the National Research Council (NRC) has published seven editions of the Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle. This reference has guided nutritionists and other professionals in academia and the cattle and feed industries in developing and implementing nutritional and feeding programs for beef cattle. The cattle industry has undergone considerable changes since the seventh revised edition was published in 2000 and some of the requirements and recommendations set forth at that time are no longer relevant or appropriate.



The eighth revised edition of the Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle builds on the previous editions. A great deal of new research has been published during the past 14 years and there is a large amount of new information for many nutrients. In addition to a thorough and current evaluation of the literature on the energy and nutrient requirements of beef in all stages of life, this volume includes new information about phosphorus and sulfur contents; a review of nutritional and feeding strategies to minimize nutrient losses in manure and reduce greenhouse gas production; a discussion of the effect of feeding on the nutritional quality and food safety of beef; new information about nutrient metabolism and utilization; new information on feed additives that alter rumen metabolism and postabsorptive metabolism; and future areas of needed research. The tables of feed ingredient composition are significantly updated.



Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle represents a comprehensive review of the most recent information available on beef cattle nutrition and ingredient composition that will allow efficient, profitable, and environmentally conscious beef production.

Table of Contents



Front Matter Summary
Preface xvi
Acknowledgments xvii
Summary 1(3)
1 Beef Production: Systems, Quality, And Safety 4(21)
Introduction
4(1)
Beef Breeds
5(1)
Production Systems
5(6)
Food Safety
11(4)
Nutritional Profiles
15(3)
Taste and Tenderness
18(1)
Animal Well-Being
18(1)
Feed Additives and Growth Modifiers
19(1)
Environmental Impact of Production Systems
19(1)
References
19(6)
2 Anatomy, Digestion, And Nutrient Utilization 25(31)
Introduction
25(1)
Mechanics and Role of Eating
26(1)
Anatomy and Physiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract
26(6)
The Ruminal Environment and Microbiome
32(2)
Digestion Kinetics
34(3)
Fermentative Processes
37(2)
Ruminal pH and Acidosis
39(2)
Ruminal Nitrogen Metabolism
41(3)
Postruminal Digestion and Absorption of Nutrients
44(3)
References
47(9)
3 Energy Terms And Concepts 56(6)
Energy Units
56(1)
Expressing Energy Values of Feeds
56(4)
Summary Recommendations Regarding Energy Terms and Concepts
60(1)
References
60(2)
4 Carbohydrates 62(22)
Introduction
62(1)
Non-Neutral Detergent Fiber Carbohydrates
63(6)
Neutral Detergent Fiber (Fractions CB3 and CC)
69(4)
Forages and Their Utilization
73(2)
Fiber and Prediction of Ruminal pH
75(3)
References
78(6)
5 Lipids 84(9)
Introduction
84(1)
Digestion and Absorption
84(2)
Digestibility and Energy Value
86(1)
Essential Fatty Acids
87(1)
Fat Supplementation
88(2)
References
90(3)
6 Protein And Amino Acids 93(16)
Introduction
93(1)
Metabolizable Protein System
93(1)
Microbial Protein Synthesis
94(2)
Urea Recycling
96(2)
Synchrony of Energy and Protein
98(1)
Ruminal Outflow of Intact Dietary Protein
99(1)
Protein Supply to the Small Intestine
100(1)
Amino Acid Absorption
100(1)
Metabolic Protein Requirements
101(3)
Amino Acid Requirements
104(1)
Empirical and Mechanistic Levels of Solution
104(1)
Summary of Recommended Adjustments for Protein
105(1)
References
105(4)
7 Minerals 109(31)
Introduction
109(1)
Macrominerals
110(9)
Microminerals
119(11)
References
130(10)
8 Vitamins 140(13)
Introduction
140(1)
Fat-Soluble Vitamins
140(5)
Water-Soluble Vitamins
145(4)
References
149(4)
9 Water 153(7)
Introduction
153(1)
Body Water Distribution
153(1)
Requirements
153(4)
Summary
157(1)
References
157(3)
10 Feed Intake 160(11)
Introduction
160(1)
Factors Affecting Feed Intake by Beef Cattle
161(2)
Prediction of Feed Intake by Beef Cattle
163(6)
References
169(2)
11 Maintenance Consideration: Energy And Protein 171(16)
Requirements for Energy
171(9)
Maintenance Requirements for Protein
180(1)
References
181(6)
12 Growth 187(12)
Introduction
187(1)
Energy and Protein Requirements for Growing and Finishing Cattle
187(5)
Previous Plane of Nutrition Effects
192(1)
Effects of Special Dietary Factors
193(1)
Unique Breed Effects
193(1)
Evaluation of the Energy System
194(2)
References
196(3)
13 Reproduction 199(36)
Introduction
199(1)
Body Condition Score
200(6)
Puberty and Heifer Development
206(3)
Postpartum Interval
209(1)
Pregnancy
210(8)
Lactation
218(1)
Bulls
219(1)
Energy and Protein Requirements
220(3)
Significant Changes
223(1)
References
224(11)
14 Compounds That Modify Digestion And Metabolism 235(16)
Introduction
235(1)
Additives That Alter Ruminal Fermentation
235(4)
Additives That Alter Ruminal Fermentation and Other Aspects of Gastrointestinal Tract Function
239(2)
Metabolic Modifiers That Affect Postabsorptive Metabolism
241(5)
Summary of Recommended Adjustments for Inclusion of Modifiers
246(1)
References
247(4)
15 Effects Of Stress On Beef Cattle Nutrient Requirements 251(15)
Overview
251(4)
Dietary Energy
255(2)
Dietary Protein
257(1)
Minerals
258(2)
Vitamins
260(1)
Feed Additives
260(1)
Summary
260(1)
References
260(6)
16 Environment 266(21)
Background
266(1)
Dietary Effects on Nutrient Excretion
267(3)
Greenhouse Gas Emissions
270(6)
Ammonia Emissions
276(3)
Hydrogen Sulfide and Reduced Sulfur
279(1)
Particulate Matter and Dust
279(1)
Odors/Volatile Organic Compounds
279(1)
References
279(8)
17 Utilization Of Byproduct Feeds By Beef Cattle 287(19)
Availability and Overview
287(1)
Corn Byproducts
287(11)
Soybean Byproducts
298(2)
References
300(6)
18 Composition Of Selected Feeds For Beef Cattle 306(47)
Introduction
306(1)
Data Background
306(1)
Use of the Data
306(30)
Grazed Forages
336(7)
Effects of Processing Treatment
343(4)
Minerals
347(2)
References
349(4)
19 Model Equations And Sensitivity Analyses 353(43)
Introduction
353(1)
Requirements for Energy and Protein
354(7)
Requirements for Minerals and Vitamins
361(1)
Requirements for Amino Acids
361(1)
Predicting Dry Matter Intake
362(2)
Predicting Water Intake
364(1)
Supply of Energy and Nutrients
365(14)
Nutrient Balances
379(1)
Feed Library
379(4)
Model Comparison
383(1)
Sensitivity Analyses
384(9)
References
393(3)
20 Tables Of Nutrient Requirements 396(8)
Introduction
396(1)
Table for Growing and Finishing Cattle
397(3)
Table for Breeding Bulls
400(1)
Table for Pregnant Replacement Heifers
400(1)
Table for Beef Cows
401(2)
Table of Energy Reserves for Beef Cows
403(1)
References
403(1)
21 Research Needs 404(3)
Introduction
404(1)
General
404(1)
Beef Production Systems Beef Quality and Safety
404(1)
Energy, Carbohydrates, and Lipids
404(1)
Protein
405(1)
Minerals, Vitamins, and Water
405(1)
Feed Intake
405(1)
Maintenance, Growth, Reproduction, and Stress
405(1)
Compounds That Modify Digestion and Metabolism
405(1)
Environment
406(1)
Byproduct Feeds and Feed Composition
406(1)
Computer Models for Nutrient Requirements
406(1)
Reference
406(1)
Appendixes
A A User's Guide For The Application Of The Beef Cattle Nutrient Requirements Model
407(34)
B Committee Statement Of Task
441(1)
C Abbreviations And Acronyms
442(15)
D Committee Member Biographies
457(4)
E Recent Publications Of The Board On Agriculture And Natural Resources
461(2)
Index 463