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Operational Amplifiers: Theory and Design [Kõva köide]

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Operational Amplifiers: Theory and DesignSuurem pilt
Teised raamatud teemal:
Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9780792372844.html
Märksõnad:
For circuit designers, presents a systematic circuit design of operational amplifiers. The work classifies operational amplifiers into a periodic system of nine overall configurations, ranging from one gain stage up to four or more gain stages. It covers high-frequency compensation techniques for all nine configurations, with an emphasis on low-power, low-voltage architectures with rail-to-rail input and output ranges. Also discusses the design of fully differential operation amplifiers and operational floating amplifiers, as well as the characterization of operational amplifiers by macromodels and error matrices. The author (Delft U. of Technology, the Netherlands) is co-chair of the international Workshop on Advances in Analog Circuit Design. Annotation c. Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)

Operational Amplifiers - Theory and Design is the first book to present a systematic circuit design of operational amplifiers. Containing state-of-the-art material as well as the essentials, the book is written to appeal to both the experienced practitioner and the less initiated circuit designer. It is shown that the topology of all operational amplifiers can be divided into nine main overall configurations. These configurations range from one gain stage up to four or more gain stages. Many famous designs are evaluated in depth. High-frequency compensation techniques are presented for all nine configurations. Special emphasis is placed on low-power low-voltage architectures with rail-to-rail input and output ranges. Operational Amplifiers - Theory and Design also develops on the theme of the design of fully differential operational amplifiers and operational floating amplifiers. In addition, the characterization of operational amplifiers by macromodels and error matrices is presented, together with measurement techniques for their parameters. Carefully structured and enriched by numerous figures, problems and simulation exercises the book is ideal for the purposes of self-study and self-evaluation.
Summary xix
Introduction xxi
Notation xxiii
Definition of Operational Amplifiers
1(14)
Nullor Concept
1(1)
Classification based on number of floating ports
2(1)
Operational Inverting Amplifier (OIA)
3(1)
Current-to-Voltage Converter
3(1)
Operational Voltage Amplifier (OVA)
4(2)
Non-inverting Voltage Amplifier
4(1)
Voltage Follower (VF)
5(1)
Operational Current Amplifier (OCA)
6(2)
Current Amplifier
6(1)
Current Followers (CF)
7(1)
Operational Floating Amplifier (OFA)
8(2)
Voltage-to-Current Converter
9(1)
Voltage and Current Follower (VCF)
10(1)
Conclusion
10(2)
References
12(3)
Macromodels
15(60)
Operational Inverting Amplifier (OIA)
15(2)
Definition of: offset voltage and current, input and output impedance, gain
16(1)
Operational Voltage Amplifier (OVA)
17(2)
Definition of: input bias current, input common-mode rejection ratio
17(2)
Operational Current Amplifier (OCA)
19(1)
Definition of: output bias current, output common-mode current rejection ratio
19(1)
Operational Floating Amplifier (OFA)
20(2)
Using all definitions
21(1)
Macromodels in Spice
22(4)
Macromodel mathematical
22(1)
Macromodel Miller-compensated
23(1)
Macromodel nested-Miller-compensated
24(2)
Conclusion
26(1)
Measurement Techniques for Operational Amplifiers
26(7)
Gain measurement of an OTA
26(2)
Gain measurement of an OpAmp
28(1)
Gain and offset measurements of an OpAmp
29(1)
General measurement setup for an OpAmp
30(3)
Problems and Simulation Exercises
33(5)
References
38(1)
Applications
Operational Inverting Amplifier
39(3)
Current-to-Voltage Converter
40(1)
Inverting Voltage Amplifier
41(1)
Operational Voltage Amplifier
42(4)
Non-Inverting Voltage Amplifier
42(2)
Voltage Follower
44(1)
Bridge Instrumentation Amplifier
44(2)
Operational Current Amplifier
46(2)
Current Amplifier
46(2)
Operational Floating Amplifier
48(8)
Voltage-to-Current Converter
48(1)
Inverting Current Amplifier
49(1)
Differential Voltage-to-Current Converter
50(2)
Instrumentation Voltage Amplifier
52(1)
Instrumentation Current Amplifier
53(1)
Gyrator Floating
54(2)
Conclusion
56(1)
Dynamic range
56(11)
Dynamic range over supply-power ratio
56(2)
Voltage-to-Current Converter
58(1)
Inverting Voltage Amplifier
59(1)
Non-Inverting Voltage Amplifier
60(1)
Inverting Voltage Integrator
61(1)
Current Mirror
62(1)
Conclusion Current Mirror
63(1)
Non-Ideal Operational Amplifiers
64(2)
Conclusion
66(1)
Problems
67(5)
References
72(3)
Input Stages
75(56)
Offset, Bias, and Drift
75(9)
Isolation techniques
76(1)
Balancing techniques
77(7)
Noise
84(4)
Isolation techniques
84(2)
Balancing techniques
86(2)
Conclusion
88(1)
Common-Mode Rejection
88(12)
Isolation techniques
89(1)
Balancing techniques
90(1)
Combination of isolation and balancing
90(1)
Common-mode cross-talk ratios (CMCR)
91(1)
Parallel input impedance
92(2)
Collector or drain impedance
94(1)
Tail impedance
95(1)
Collector-base impedance
95(1)
Base impedance
96(1)
Back-gate influence
96(2)
Total CMCR
98(1)
Conclusion
99(1)
Rail-to-rail Input Stages
100(19)
Constant gm by constant sum of tail-currents
102(3)
Constant gm by constant sum of roots of tail currents
105(1)
Constant gm by spill-over control
106(6)
Constant gm in CMOS by saturation control
112(2)
Constant gm in CMOS by multiple input stages
114(1)
Constant gm in CMOS by constant sum of VGS
114(4)
Rail-to-rail in CMOS by back-gate driving
118(1)
Extension of the common-mode input range
118(1)
Conclusion
118(1)
Problems and Simulation Exercises
119(9)
References
128(3)
Output Stages
131(66)
Power Efficiency of Output Stages
131(6)
Classification of Output Stages
137(3)
Feedforward Class-AB Biasing (FFB)
140(21)
FFB Voltage Follower Output Stages
140(6)
FFB Compound Output Stages
146(3)
FFB Rail-to-Rail General Amplifier Output Stages
149(11)
Conclusion
160(1)
Feedback Class-AB Biasing (FBB)
161(15)
FBB Voltage-Follower Output Stages
162(1)
FBB Compound Output Stages
163(6)
FBB Rail-to-Rail General Amplifier Output Stages
169(7)
Conclusion
176(1)
Saturation Protection and Current Limitation
176(7)
Output Saturation Protection Circuits
177(2)
Output Current Limitation Circuits
179(4)
Problems and Simulation Exercises
183(8)
References
191(6)
Overall Design
197(64)
Classification of Overall Topologies
197(8)
Nine overall Topologies
198(5)
Voltage and current gain boosting
203(1)
Input voltage and current compensation
204(1)
Frequency Compensation
205(34)
One-GA-Stage Frequency Compensation
207(3)
No internal poles
210(1)
Two-GA-Stage Frequency Compensation
211(1)
Two-GA-stage Parallel Compensation (PC)
212(3)
Two-GA-stage Miller Compensation (MC)
215(9)
Three-GA-Stage Frequency Compensation
224(1)
Three-GA-Stage Nested Miller Compensation (NMC)
225(3)
Three-GA-Stage Multipath Nested Miller Compensation (MNMC)
228(4)
Four-GA-Stage Frequency Compensation
232(1)
Four-GA-Stage Hybrid Nested Miller Compensation (HNMC)
232(3)
Four-GA-Stage Multipath Hybrid Nested Miller Compensation (MHNMC)
235(2)
Four-GA-Stage conditionally stable MHNMC
237(1)
Multi-GA-Stage compensations
238(1)
Reverse Nested Miller Compensation (RNMC)
238(1)
Conclusion
238(1)
Slew Rate
239(3)
Non-Linear Distortion
242(7)
Conclusion
249(1)
Problems and Simulation Exercises
249(9)
References
258(3)
Design Examples
261(104)
Nine overall topologies
261(1)
GA-CF Configuration
262(15)
Operational Transconductance Amplifier (OTA)
262(3)
Folded-Cascode Operational Amplifier
265(3)
Telescopic-Cascode Operational Amplifier
268(2)
Feedforward HF compensation
270(1)
Input voltage compensation
271(2)
Input class-AB boosting
273(2)
Voltage-gain boosting
275(1)
Conclusion
276(1)
GA-GA Configuration
277(6)
Basic bipolar R-R-out class-A Operational Amplifier
277(2)
Improved basic bipolar R-R-out class-A Operational Amplifier
279(1)
Basic CMOS R-R-out class-A Operational Amplifier
280(1)
Improved basic CMOS R-R-out class-A Operational Amplifier
281(1)
Conclusion
282(1)
GA-CF-VF Configuration
283(5)
High-Speed bipolar class-AB Operational Amplifier
283(4)
High-slew-rate bipolar class-AB Voltage-Follower Buffer
287(1)
Conclusion
288(1)
GA-GA-VF Configuration
288(6)
General bipolar class-AB Operational Amplifier with Miller Compensation
289(3)
μA741 Operational Amplifier with Miller Compensation (MC)
292(1)
Cmpensation (MC)
292(1)
Conclusion
293(1)
GA-CF-VF/GA Configuration
294(4)
High-Frequency all-NPN Operational Amplifier with mixed PC and MC
294(3)
Conclusion
297(1)
GA-GA-VF/GA Configuration
298(13)
LM101 class-AB all-NPN Operational Amplifier with MC
298(2)
NE5534 class-AB Operational Amplifier with bypassed NMC
300(2)
Precision all-NPN class-AB Operational Amplifier with NMC
302(3)
Precision HF all-NPN class-AB Operational Amplifier with MNMC
305(3)
1GHz, all-NPN class-AB Operational Amplifier with MNMC
308(1)
2Volt Power-efficient all-NPN class-AB Operational Amplifier with MDNMC
308(2)
Conclusion
310(1)
GA-CF-GA Configuration
311(13)
Compact 1.2 Volt R-R-out CMOS class-A OpAmp with MC
311(4)
Compact 2 Volt R-R-out CMOS class-AB OpAmp with MC
315(3)
Compact 2 Volt R-R-in/out CMOS class-AB OpAmp with MC
318(4)
Compact 1.2 Volt R-R-out CMOS class-AB OpAmp with MC
322(2)
Conclusion
324(1)
GA-GA-GA Configuration
324(13)
1 Volt R-R-out CMOS class-AB OpAmp with MNMC
324(5)
Compact 1.2 Volt R-R-out BiCMOS class-AB OpAmp with MNMC
329(3)
ESD Protection
332(1)
1.8 Volt R-R-in/out bipolar Class-AB OpAmp (NE5234) with NMC
332(5)
Conclusion
337(1)
GA-GA-GA-GA Configuration
337(11)
1 Volt R-R-in/out Bipolar class-AB OpAmp with MNMC
338(6)
1.2 Volt R-R-out CMOS class-AB OpAmp with MHNMC
344(4)
Conclusion
348(1)
Problems and Simulation Exercises
348(10)
References
358(7)
Fully Differential Operational Amplifiers
365(22)
Fully Differential GA-CF Configuration
365(10)
Fully differential CMOS OpAmp with linear-mode CM-out control
366(2)
Fully differential telescopic CMOS OpAmp with linear-mode CM-out control
368(1)
Fully differential CMOS OpAmp with LTP CM-out control
369(2)
Fully differential GA-CF CMOS OpAmp with input-CM feedback CM-out control
371(1)
Fully differential CMOS OpAmp with R-R buffered resistive CM-out control
372(3)
Fully Differential GA-CF-GA Configuration
375(3)
Fully differential CMOS OpAmp with R-R resistive CM-out control
375(2)
Conclusion
377(1)
Fully Differential GA-GA-GA-GA Configuration
378(2)
Fully differential CMOS OpAmp with switched-capacitor CM-out control
378(1)
Conclusion
379(1)
Problems and Simulation Exercises
380(5)
References
385(2)
Operational Floating Amplifiers (OFA)
387(56)
Introduction
387(2)
Unipolar Voltage-to-Current converter
389(7)
Unipolar single-transistor V-I converter
391(1)
Unipolar OpAmp-gain-boosted accurate V-I converter
392(1)
Unipolar CMOS accurate V-I converter
393(1)
Unipolar bipolar accurate V-I converter
394(1)
Unipolar OpAmp accurate V-I converter
395(1)
Conclusion
396(1)
Differential Voltage-to-Current converters
396(4)
Differential simple V-I converter
396(1)
Differential accurate V-I converter
397(1)
Differential CMOS accurate V-I converter
398(2)
Instrumentation Amplifiers
400(11)
Instrumentation Amplifier (semi) with three OpAmps
400(1)
Instrumentation Amplifier with a differential V-I converter for input sensing
401(2)
Instrumentation Amplifier with differential V-I converters for input and output sensing
403(1)
Instrumentation Amplifier with simple differential V-I converters for input and output sensing
404(2)
Instrumentation Amplifier (Bipolar) with common-mode voltage range including negative rail voltage
406(2)
Instrumentation Amplifier CMOS with common-mode voltage range including negative rail voltage
408(1)
Instrumentation Amplifier simplified diagram and general symbol
409(1)
Conclusion
410(1)
Universal class-AB voltage-to-current converter design using an Instrumentation Amplifier
411(3)
Universal V-I converter design with semi-Instrumentation Amplifier
411(1)
Universal V-I converter design with real instrumentation amplifier
412(2)
Conclusion
414(1)
Universal class-A OFA design
414(9)
Universal class-A OFA design with floating zenerdiode supply
414(1)
Universal class-A OFA design with supply current followers
415(2)
Universal class-A OFA design with long-tailed-pairs
417(5)
Conclusion
422(1)
Universal class-AB OFA realization with power-supply isolation
423(2)
Universal floating power supply design
424(1)
Conclusion
424(1)
Universal Class-AB OFA design
425(8)
Universal class-AB OFA design with total-output-supply-current equalization
426(3)
Universal class-AB OFA design with current mirrors
429(1)
Universal Class-AB OFA design with output-current equalization
430(2)
Universal class-AB voltage-to-current converter with instrumentation amplifier
432(1)
Conclusion
433(1)
Problems
433(6)
References
439(4)
Biography 443