From the Authors |
|
v | |
Making Operations Management Personal |
|
vi | |
Changes To This Edition |
|
viii | |
Improved Learning Outcomes With Wileyplus |
|
x | |
Acknowledgments |
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xii | |
About the Authors |
|
xiv | |
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1 Introduction to Operations Management |
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1 | (24) |
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1 | (1) |
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What Is Operations Management? |
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2 | (2) |
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Differences between Manufacturing and Service Organizations |
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4 | (2) |
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Operations Management Decisions |
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6 | (3) |
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9 | (1) |
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9 | (1) |
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9 | (1) |
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The Industrial Revolution |
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10 | (1) |
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11 | (1) |
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The Human Relations Movement |
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11 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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13 | (1) |
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Business Process Reengineering |
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13 | (1) |
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13 | (1) |
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13 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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Sustainability and Green Operations |
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15 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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Outsourcing and Flattening of the World |
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16 | (1) |
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16 | (1) |
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17 | (1) |
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Operations Management in Practice |
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17 | (1) |
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Within OM: How It All Fits Together |
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18 | (1) |
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OM across the Organization |
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18 | (2) |
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20 | (1) |
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20 | (1) |
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Case: Hightone Electronics, Inc. |
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21 | (1) |
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Case: Creature Care Animal Clinic (A) |
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21 | (1) |
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Case: Analytics in Decision Making |
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22 | (1) |
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Interactive Case: Virtual Company |
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22 | (1) |
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Internet Challenge: Demonstrating Your Knowledge of OM |
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23 | (2) |
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Chapter Highlights / Key Terms / Discussion Questions / Selected Bibliography |
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2 Operations Strategy and Competitiveness |
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25 | (24) |
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25 | (1) |
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The Role of Operations Strategy |
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26 | (1) |
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The Importance of Operations |
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27 | (1) |
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Developing a Business Strategy |
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27 | (1) |
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27 | (1) |
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28 | (1) |
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29 | (1) |
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30 | (1) |
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Developing an Operations Strategy |
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31 | (1) |
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31 | (3) |
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34 | (1) |
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Order Winners and Qualifiers |
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34 | (1) |
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Translating Competitive Priorities into Production Requirements |
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35 | (1) |
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Strategic Role of Technology |
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36 | (1) |
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36 | (1) |
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Technology as a Tool for Competitive Advantage |
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36 | (1) |
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37 | (1) |
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37 | (2) |
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Interpreting Productivity Measures |
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39 | (1) |
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Productivity and Competitiveness |
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39 | (1) |
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Productivity and the Service Sector |
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40 | (1) |
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Operations Strategy within OM: How It All Fits Together |
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40 | (1) |
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Operations Strategy across the Organization |
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41 | (1) |
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41 | (1) |
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42 | (1) |
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42 | (1) |
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Case: Prime Bank of Massachusetts |
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43 | (1) |
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Case: Boseman Oil and Petroleum (BOP) |
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44 | (1) |
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Case: Analytics in Decision Making |
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45 | (1) |
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Interactive Case: Virtual Company |
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45 | (1) |
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Internet Challenge: Understanding Strategic Differences |
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46 | (3) |
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Chapter Highlights / Key Terms / Formula Review / Discussion Questions / Problems / Selected Bibliography |
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3 Product Design and Process Selection |
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49 | (40) |
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49 | (1) |
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50 | (1) |
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Design of Services versus Goods |
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51 | (1) |
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The Product Design Process |
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51 | (1) |
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51 | (1) |
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52 | (3) |
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Preliminary Design and Testing |
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55 | (1) |
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55 | (1) |
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Factors Impacting Product Design |
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55 | (1) |
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55 | (1) |
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56 | (1) |
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57 | (1) |
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58 | (1) |
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58 | (1) |
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58 | (3) |
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61 | (3) |
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Process Performance Metrics |
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64 | (1) |
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Linking Product Design and Process Selection |
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65 | (1) |
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66 | (1) |
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67 | (1) |
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67 | (1) |
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Product and Service Strategy |
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68 | (1) |
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Degree of Vertical Integration |
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69 | (1) |
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70 | (1) |
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70 | (1) |
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71 | (2) |
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73 | (1) |
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74 | (1) |
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How Are Services Different from Manufacturing? |
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75 | (1) |
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How Are Services Classified? |
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75 | (1) |
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76 | (1) |
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Differing Service Designs |
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77 | (2) |
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Product Design and Process Selection within OM: How It All Fits Together |
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79 | (1) |
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Product Design and Process Selection Across the Organization |
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79 | (1) |
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80 | (1) |
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80 | (1) |
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81 | (2) |
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Case: Biddy's Bakery (BB) |
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83 | (1) |
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Case: Creature Care Animal Clinic (B) |
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83 | (1) |
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Case: Analytics in Decision Making |
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84 | (1) |
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Interactive Case: Virtual Company |
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84 | (1) |
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Internet Challenge: Country Comfort Furniture |
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85 | (4) |
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Chapter Highlights / Key Terms / Formula Review / Discussion Questions / Problems / Selected Bibliography |
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4 Supply Chain Management |
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89 | (46) |
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89 | (1) |
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90 | (1) |
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Components of a Supply Chain for a Manufacturer |
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91 | (2) |
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A Supply Chain for a Service Organization |
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93 | (1) |
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94 | (2) |
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Issues Affecting Supply Chain Management |
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96 | (1) |
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E-commerce and Supply Chains |
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96 | (2) |
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Consumer Expectations and Competition Resulting from E-commerce |
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98 | (1) |
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99 | (2) |
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101 | (1) |
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Government Regulation and E-commerce |
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102 | (1) |
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Green Supply Chain Management |
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102 | (3) |
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105 | (1) |
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Traditional Purchasing and E-purchasing |
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105 | (3) |
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108 | (1) |
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Insourcing versus Outsourcing Decisions |
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109 | (2) |
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Developing Supplier Relationships |
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111 | (1) |
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111 | (1) |
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112 | (3) |
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Supplier Management Ethics |
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115 | (1) |
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116 | (2) |
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118 | (1) |
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Radio Frequency Identification Technology (RFID) |
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119 | (1) |
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Third-Party Service Providers |
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120 | (1) |
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Implementing Supply Chain Management |
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121 | (1) |
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Strategies for Leveraging Supply Chain |
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122 | (1) |
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Supply Chain Performance Metrics |
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123 | (1) |
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Supply Chain Management within OM: How It All Fits Together |
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124 | (1) |
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SCM Across the Organization |
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125 | (1) |
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125 | (1) |
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125 | (1) |
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126 | (1) |
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Case: Electronic Personal Heart Rate Monitors Supply Chain Management Game |
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127 | (2) |
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Case: Supply Chain Management at Durham International Manufacturing Company (DIMCO) |
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129 | (1) |
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Case: Analytics in Decision Making |
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130 | (1) |
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Interactive Case: Virtual Company |
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130 | (1) |
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Internet Challenge: Global Shopping |
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131 | (4) |
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Chapter Highlights / Key Terms / Formula Review / Discussion Questions / Problems / Selected Bibliography |
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5 Total Quality Management |
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135 | (32) |
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135 | (1) |
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136 | (1) |
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Differences between Manufacturing and Service Organizations |
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137 | (1) |
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138 | (1) |
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The Evolution of Total Quality Management (TQM) |
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139 | (1) |
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140 | (3) |
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143 | (1) |
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144 | (1) |
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144 | (1) |
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145 | (1) |
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146 | (3) |
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149 | (4) |
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153 | (1) |
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Managing Supplier Quality |
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153 | (1) |
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Quality Awards and Standards |
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154 | (1) |
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The Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award (MBNQA) |
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154 | (1) |
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155 | (1) |
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155 | (1) |
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ISO Standards for Sustainability Reporting |
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156 | (1) |
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156 | (1) |
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Total Quality Management (TQM) within OM: How It All Fits Together |
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157 | (1) |
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Total Quality Management (TQM) across the Organization |
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157 | (1) |
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158 | (1) |
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159 | (1) |
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159 | (1) |
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Case: Gold Coast Advertising (GCA) |
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160 | (1) |
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Case: Delta Plastics, Inc. (A) |
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160 | (2) |
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Case: Analytics in Decision Making |
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162 | (1) |
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Interactive Case: Virtual Company |
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162 | (1) |
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Internet Challenge: Snyder Bakeries |
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163 | (4) |
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Chapter Highlights / Key Terms / Formula Review / Discussion Questions / Problems / Selected Bibliography |
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6 Statistical Quality Control |
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167 | (47) |
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167 | (1) |
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What Is Statistical Quality Control? |
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168 | (1) |
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Sources of Variation: Common and Assignable Causes |
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169 | (1) |
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169 | (1) |
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170 | (1) |
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The Range and Standard Deviation |
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170 | (1) |
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170 | (1) |
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Statistical Process Control Methods |
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171 | (1) |
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Developing Control Charts |
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171 | (1) |
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172 | (1) |
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Control Charts for Variables |
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173 | (1) |
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173 | (3) |
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176 | (2) |
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Using Mean and Range Charts Together |
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178 | (1) |
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Control Charts for Attributes |
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179 | (1) |
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180 | (1) |
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180 | (5) |
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185 | (1) |
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Measuring Process Capability |
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185 | (4) |
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189 | (1) |
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190 | (1) |
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191 | (1) |
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Operating Characteristic (OC) Curves |
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192 | (1) |
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193 | (1) |
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194 | (2) |
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Implications for Managers |
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196 | (1) |
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How Much and How Often to Inspect |
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196 | (1) |
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197 | (1) |
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197 | (1) |
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Statistical Quality Control in Services |
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198 | (1) |
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Statistical Quality Control (SQC) within OM: How It All Fits Together |
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199 | (1) |
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Statistical Quality Control (SQC) Across the Organization |
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199 | (1) |
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200 | (1) |
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200 | (1) |
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201 | (5) |
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206 | (1) |
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Case: Delta Plastics, Inc. (B) |
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207 | (1) |
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Case: Analytics in Decision Making |
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207 | (1) |
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Interactive Case: Virtual Company |
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208 | (1) |
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Internet Challenge: Safe-Air |
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208 | (6) |
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Chapter Highlights / Key Terms / Formula Review / Discussion Questions / Problems / Selected Bibliography |
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7 Just-in-Time and Lean Systems |
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214 | (31) |
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214 | (1) |
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215 | (1) |
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215 | (1) |
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A Broad View of Operations |
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216 | (1) |
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216 | (1) |
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216 | (1) |
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216 | (1) |
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217 | (1) |
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217 | (1) |
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Just-in-Time Manufacturing |
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218 | (1) |
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Total Quality Management (TQM) |
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219 | (1) |
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219 | (1) |
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Just-in-Time Manufacturing |
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220 | (1) |
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220 | (1) |
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221 | (2) |
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Variations of Kanban Production |
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223 | (1) |
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Small Lot Sizes and Quick Setups |
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224 | (1) |
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225 | (1) |
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226 | (1) |
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226 | (1) |
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227 | (1) |
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228 | (1) |
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228 | (1) |
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229 | (1) |
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229 | (1) |
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230 | (1) |
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The Role of Production Employees |
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230 | (1) |
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231 | (1) |
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231 | (1) |
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232 | (1) |
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233 | (1) |
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234 | (2) |
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236 | (1) |
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236 | (1) |
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236 | (1) |
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Use of Multifunction Workers |
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236 | (1) |
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236 | (1) |
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Minimizing Setup Times and Parallel Processing |
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236 | (1) |
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237 | (1) |
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JIT and Lean Systems within OM: How It All Fits Together |
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237 | (1) |
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JIT and Lean Systems across the Organization |
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237 | (1) |
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238 | (1) |
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238 | (1) |
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239 | (1) |
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239 | (1) |
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Case: Dixon Audio Systems |
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240 | (1) |
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Case: Analytics in Decision Making |
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241 | (1) |
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Interactive Case: Virtual Company |
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241 | (1) |
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Internet Challenge: Truck-Fleet, Inc. |
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242 | (3) |
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Chapter Highlights / Key Terms / Formula Review / Discussion Questions / Problems / Selected Bibliography |
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245 | (48) |
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245 | (1) |
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Principles of Forecasting |
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246 | (1) |
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Steps in the Forecasting Process |
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246 | (1) |
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Types of Forecasting Methods |
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247 | (1) |
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248 | (1) |
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249 | (2) |
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251 | (1) |
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Forecasting Level or Horizontal Pattern |
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252 | (8) |
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260 | (3) |
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263 | (3) |
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266 | (1) |
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266 | (3) |
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269 | (1) |
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Measuring Forecast Accuracy |
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270 | (1) |
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Forecast Accuracy Measures |
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270 | (2) |
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272 | (1) |
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Selecting the Right Forecasting Model |
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273 | (1) |
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274 | (1) |
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Predictive Analytics and Forecasting |
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275 | (1) |
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276 | (1) |
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Collaborative Planning, Forecasting, and Replenishment (CPFR) |
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276 | (1) |
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Forecasting within OM: How It All Fits Together |
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277 | (1) |
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Forecasting across the Organization |
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278 | (1) |
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278 | (1) |
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278 | (1) |
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279 | (5) |
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284 | (1) |
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Case: The Emergency Room (ER) at Northwest General (A) |
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285 | (1) |
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Case: Analytics in Decision Making |
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286 | (1) |
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Interactive Case: Virtual Company |
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286 | (1) |
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Internet Challenge: Online Data Access |
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286 | (7) |
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Chapter Highlights / Key Terms / Formula Review / Discussion Questions / Problems / Selected Bibliography |
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9 Capacity Planning and Facility Location |
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|
293 | (36) |
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293 | (1) |
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294 | (1) |
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Why is Capacity Planning Important? |
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294 | (1) |
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295 | (1) |
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|
296 | (3) |
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Making Capacity Planning Decisions |
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299 | (1) |
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Identify Capacity Requirements |
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300 | (1) |
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Develop Capacity Alternatives |
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300 | (1) |
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Evaluate Capacity Alternatives |
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301 | (1) |
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301 | (3) |
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304 | (1) |
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What is Facility Location? |
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304 | (1) |
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Factors Affecting Location Decisions |
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304 | (2) |
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306 | (2) |
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Making Location Decisions |
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308 | (1) |
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Procedure for Making Location Decisions |
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308 | (1) |
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Procedures for Evaluating Location Alternatives |
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|
308 | (10) |
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Capacity Planning and Facility Location within OM: How It All Fits Together |
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318 | (1) |
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Capacity Planning and Facility Location across the Organization |
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318 | (1) |
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318 | (1) |
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319 | (1) |
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319 | (3) |
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322 | (1) |
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Case: The Emergency Room (ER) at Northwest General (B) |
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323 | (1) |
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Case: Analytics in Decision Making |
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323 | (1) |
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Interactive Case: Virtual Company |
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323 | (1) |
|
Internet Challenge: EDS Office Supplies, Inc. |
|
|
324 | (5) |
|
Chapter Highlights / Key Terms / Formula Review / Discussion Questions / Problems / Selected Bibliography |
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|
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329 | (34) |
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329 | (1) |
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330 | (1) |
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330 | (1) |
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330 | (1) |
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331 | (2) |
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333 | (1) |
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333 | (1) |
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Designing Process Layouts |
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333 | (6) |
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Step 1 Gather Information |
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|
334 | (2) |
|
Step 2 Develop a Block Plan |
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|
336 | (3) |
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Step 3 Develop a Detailed Layout |
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|
339 | (1) |
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Special Cases of Process Layout |
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339 | (1) |
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340 | (2) |
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342 | (1) |
|
Designing Product Layouts |
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343 | (5) |
|
Step 1 Identify Tasks and Their Immediate Predecessors |
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|
344 | (1) |
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Step 2 Determine Output Rate |
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|
345 | (1) |
|
Step 3 Determine Cycle Time |
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|
345 | (2) |
|
Step 4 Compute the Theoretical Minimum Number of Stations |
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|
347 | (1) |
|
Step 5 Assign Tasks to Workstations (Balance the Line) |
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|
347 | (1) |
|
Step 6 Compute Efficiency, Idle Time, and Balance Delay |
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|
348 | (1) |
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|
348 | (1) |
|
Group Technology (Cell) Layouts |
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|
349 | (1) |
|
Facility Layout within OM: How It All Fits Together |
|
|
350 | (1) |
|
Facility Layout across the Organization |
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|
350 | (1) |
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|
351 | (1) |
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|
351 | (1) |
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|
352 | (2) |
|
Case: Sawhill Athletic Club (A) |
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|
354 | (1) |
|
Case: Sawhill Athletic Club (B) |
|
|
355 | (1) |
|
Case: Analytics in Decision Making |
|
|
356 | (1) |
|
Interactive Case: Virtual Company |
|
|
356 | (1) |
|
Internet Challenge: DJ and Associates, Inc. |
|
|
356 | (7) |
|
Chapter Highlights / Key Terms / Formula Review / Discussion Questions / Problems / Selected Bibliography |
|
|
|
|
363 | (36) |
|
|
363 | (1) |
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|
364 | (1) |
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|
364 | (1) |
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|
364 | (1) |
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|
365 | (1) |
|
Level of Labor Specialization |
|
|
366 | (1) |
|
Eliminating Employee Boredom |
|
|
366 | (1) |
|
Team Approaches to Job Design |
|
|
367 | (1) |
|
The Alternative Workplace |
|
|
368 | (2) |
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|
370 | (1) |
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|
370 | (2) |
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|
372 | (2) |
|
|
374 | (7) |
|
Developing a Standard Work Sampling |
|
|
381 | (1) |
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382 | (3) |
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385 | (1) |
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385 | (1) |
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386 | (1) |
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Work System Design within OM: How It All Fits Together |
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386 | (1) |
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Work System Design across the Organization |
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387 | (1) |
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387 | (1) |
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388 | (1) |
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388 | (3) |
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391 | (1) |
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Case: Northeast State University |
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391 | (1) |
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Case: Analytics in Decision Making |
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392 | (1) |
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Interactive Case: Virtual Company |
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392 | (1) |
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Internet Challenge: E-commerce Job Design |
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393 | (6) |
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Chapter Highlights / Key Terms / Formula Review / Discussion Questions / Problems / Selected Bibliography |
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399 | (48) |
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399 | (1) |
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Basic Inventory Principles |
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400 | (1) |
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How Manufacturers Use Inventory |
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400 | (1) |
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Inventory in Service Organizations |
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401 | (1) |
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Inventory Management Objectives |
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402 | (1) |
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403 | (1) |
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Cost-Efficient Operations |
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404 | (1) |
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Minimum Inventory Investment |
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404 | (2) |
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406 | (2) |
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ABC Inventory Classification |
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|
408 | (3) |
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Inventory Record Accuracy |
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411 | (2) |
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Determining Order Quantities |
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413 | (1) |
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Nonmathematical Techniques for Determining Order Quantity |
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|
413 | (1) |
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Mathematical Models for Determining Order Quantity |
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414 | (10) |
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The Single-Period Inventory Model |
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424 | (2) |
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Why Companies Don't Always Use the Optimal Order Quantity |
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426 | (1) |
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How a Company Justifies Smaller Order Quantities |
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426 | (2) |
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Determining Safety Stock Levels |
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428 | (2) |
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The Periodic Review System |
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|
430 | (2) |
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Comparing Continuous Review Systems and Periodic Review Systems |
|
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432 | (1) |
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Inventory Management within OM: How It All Fits Together |
|
|
433 | (1) |
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Inventory Management across the Organization |
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433 | (1) |
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434 | (1) |
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434 | (1) |
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434 | (4) |
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438 | (1) |
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Case: Kayaksllncorporated |
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|
438 | (1) |
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Case: Analytics in Decision Making |
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|
439 | (1) |
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Interactive Case: Virtual Company |
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|
440 | (1) |
|
Internet Challenge: Community Fundraiser (A) |
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|
440 | (7) |
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Chapter Highlights / Key Terms / Formula Review / Discussion Questions / Problems / Selected Bibliography |
|
|
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447 | (33) |
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|
447 | (1) |
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448 | (2) |
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Aggregate Planning Options |
|
|
450 | (1) |
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|
450 | (1) |
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|
451 | (1) |
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Evaluating the Current Situation |
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|
452 | (2) |
|
Aggregate Plan Strategies |
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|
454 | (1) |
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454 | (1) |
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455 | (1) |
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|
455 | (1) |
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Developing the Aggregate Plan |
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456 | (1) |
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Aggregate Plans for Companies with Tangible Products |
|
|
457 | (4) |
|
Aggregate Plans for Companies with Nontangible Products |
|
|
461 | (4) |
|
Aggregate Planning within OM: How It All Fits Together |
|
|
465 | (1) |
|
Aggregate Planning across the Organization |
|
|
465 | (1) |
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|
466 | (1) |
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|
466 | (1) |
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|
467 | (6) |
|
Case: Newmarket International Manufacturing Company (A) |
|
|
473 | (1) |
|
Case: JPC, Inc.: Kitchen Countertops Manufacturer |
|
|
474 | (1) |
|
Interactive Case: Virtual Company |
|
|
474 | (1) |
|
Case: Analytics in Decision Making |
|
|
475 | (1) |
|
Internet Challenge: Cruising |
|
|
475 | (5) |
|
Chapter Highlights / Key Terms / Discussion Questions / Problems /Selected Bibliography |
|
|
|
|
480 | (37) |
|
|
480 | (1) |
|
Enterprise Resource Planning |
|
|
481 | (1) |
|
The Evolution of ERP Systems |
|
|
482 | (2) |
|
The Benefits and Costs of ERP |
|
|
484 | (1) |
|
The Benefits of ERP Systems |
|
|
484 | (1) |
|
|
485 | (1) |
|
Material Planning Systems |
|
|
486 | (1) |
|
An Overview of Material Planning Systems |
|
|
487 | (1) |
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|
487 | (1) |
|
|
488 | (1) |
|
The Operating Logic of MRP |
|
|
489 | (5) |
|
|
494 | (4) |
|
|
498 | (1) |
|
Comparing Different Lot Size Rules |
|
|
499 | (1) |
|
Capacity Requirements Planning (CRP) |
|
|
500 | (2) |
|
Resource Planning within OM: How It All Fits Together |
|
|
502 | (1) |
|
Resource Planning across the Organization |
|
|
503 | (1) |
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|
504 | (1) |
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|
504 | (1) |
|
|
504 | (4) |
|
Case: Newmarket International Manufacturing Company (B) |
|
|
508 | (2) |
|
|
510 | (1) |
|
Case: Analytics in Decision Making |
|
|
510 | (1) |
|
Interactive Case: Virtual Company |
|
|
511 | (1) |
|
Internet Challenge: The Gourmet Dinner |
|
|
512 | (5) |
|
Chapter Highlights / Key Terms / Formula Review / Discussion Questions / Problems / Selected Bibliography |
|
|
|
|
517 | (33) |
|
|
517 | (1) |
|
Basic Scheduling Concepts |
|
|
518 | (1) |
|
Scheduling High-Volume Operations |
|
|
518 | (1) |
|
Scheduling Low-Volume Operations |
|
|
519 | (1) |
|
|
520 | (3) |
|
Developing a Schedule of Operations |
|
|
523 | (2) |
|
Scheduling Performance Measures |
|
|
525 | (2) |
|
Using Different Priority Rules |
|
|
527 | (3) |
|
Sequencing Jobs through Two Work Centers |
|
|
530 | (2) |
|
Optimized Production Technology |
|
|
532 | (1) |
|
|
532 | (2) |
|
|
534 | (1) |
|
Scheduling Issues for Service Organizations |
|
|
534 | (1) |
|
Scheduling Techniques for Service Organizations |
|
|
535 | (1) |
|
|
535 | (1) |
|
Developing a Workforce Schedule |
|
|
536 | (2) |
|
Scheduling within OM: Putting It All Together |
|
|
538 | (1) |
|
Scheduling across the Organization |
|
|
538 | (1) |
|
|
539 | (1) |
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|
539 | (1) |
|
|
539 | (4) |
|
Case: Air Traffic Controller School (ATCS) |
|
|
543 | (1) |
|
Case: Scheduling at Red, White, and Blue Fireworks Company |
|
|
544 | (1) |
|
Interactive Case: Virtual Company |
|
|
544 | (1) |
|
Case: Analytics in Decision Making |
|
|
545 | (1) |
|
Internet Challenge: Batter Up |
|
|
545 | (5) |
|
Chapter Highlights / Key Terms / Formula Review / Discussion Questions / Problems / Selected Bibliography |
|
|
|
|
550 | (34) |
|
|
550 | (1) |
|
|
551 | (1) |
|
Project Management Concepts |
|
|
552 | (12) |
|
Step 1 Describe the Project |
|
|
553 | (1) |
|
Step 2 Diagram the Network |
|
|
553 | (2) |
|
Step 3 Estimate the Project's Completion Time |
|
|
555 | (1) |
|
Step 3 (a) Deterministic Time Estimates |
|
|
555 | (3) |
|
Step 3 (b) Probabilistic Time Estimates |
|
|
558 | (5) |
|
Step 4 Monitor the Project's Progression |
|
|
563 | (1) |
|
Estimating the Probability of Completion Dates |
|
|
564 | (2) |
|
Reducing Project Completion Time |
|
|
566 | (1) |
|
|
567 | (2) |
|
The Critical Chain Approach |
|
|
569 | (1) |
|
|
569 | (1) |
|
|
569 | (1) |
|
Project Management within OM: How It All Fits Together |
|
|
570 | (1) |
|
Project Management OM Across the Organization |
|
|
571 | (1) |
|
|
571 | (1) |
|
|
572 | (1) |
|
|
572 | (4) |
|
Case: The Research Office Moves |
|
|
576 | (1) |
|
|
576 | (1) |
|
Case: Analytics in Decision Making |
|
|
577 | (1) |
|
Interactive Case: Virtual Company |
|
|
578 | (1) |
|
Internet Challenge: Creating Memories |
|
|
578 | (6) |
|
Chapter Highlights / Key Terms / Formula Review / Discussion Questions / Problems / Selected Bibliography |
|
|
Appendix A Solutions to Odd Problems |
|
584 | (24) |
Appendix B The Standard Normal Distribution |
|
608 | (1) |
Appendix C p-Chart |
|
609 | (4) |
Company Index |
|
613 | (2) |
Subject Index |
|
615 | |