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Optical Wireless Communications: System and Channel Modelling with MATLAB®, Second Edition 2nd edition [Kõva köide]

(The University of Edinburgh, Institute for Digital Communications, School of Engineering, United Kingdom), (University of Oxford, Department of Engineering Science, United ), (Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom)
  • Formaat: Hardback, 502 pages, kõrgus x laius: 254x178 mm, kaal: 1260 g, 56 Tables, black and white; 38 Illustrations, color; 266 Illustrations, black and white
  • Ilmumisaeg: 02-May-2019
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 1498742696
  • ISBN-13: 9781498742696
Teised raamatud teemal:
Optical Wireless Communications: System and Channel Modelling with MATLAB®, Second Edition 2nd editionSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: Hardback, 502 pages, kõrgus x laius: 254x178 mm, kaal: 1260 g, 56 Tables, black and white; 38 Illustrations, color; 266 Illustrations, black and white
  • Ilmumisaeg: 02-May-2019
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 1498742696
  • ISBN-13: 9781498742696
Teised raamatud teemal:
Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9781498742696.html
Märksõnad:
The 2nd Edition of Optical Wireless Communications: System and Channel Modelling with MATLAB® with additional new materials, is a self-contained volume that provides a concise and comprehensive coverage of the theory and technology of optical wireless communication systems (OWC). The delivery method makes the book appropriate for students studying at undergraduate and graduate levels as well as researchers and professional engineers working in the field of OWC.

The book gives a detailed description of OWC, focusing mainly on the infrared and visible bands, for indoor and outdoor applications. A major attraction of the book is the inclusion of Matlab codes and simulations results as well as experimental test-beds for free space optics and visible light communication systems. This valuable resource will aid the readers in understanding the concept, carrying out extensive analysis, simulations, implementation and evaluation of OWC links.

This 2nd edition is structured into nine compact chapters that cover the main aspects of OWC systems:











History, current state of the art and challenges





Fundamental principles





Optical source and detector and noise sources





Modulation, equalization, diversity techniques





Channel models and system performance analysis





Visible light communications





Terrestrial free space optics communications





Relay-based free space optics communications





Matlab codes.

A number of Matlab based simulation codes are included in this 2nd edition to assist the readers in mastering the subject and most importantly to encourage them to write their own simulation codes and enhance their knowledge.

Arvustused

'As the radio frequency spectrum becomes crowded for local and personal area networks, optical wireless communications becomes a more and more necessary technology to meet increasing bandwidth needs. With this second, updated version, this bookwhich is in a field with only a handful of similar titlescontinues to provide a wide and deep coverage of the topic.

The book starts with the very basics of device and channel issues, and moves on to modulation technologies for both indoor and outdoor applications. In terms of updates, a new final chapter on relay-assisted free-space optics has been added in this edition. As in the earlier edition, the book includes mathematical formulas, charts (some in color), and extensive, clearly updated references at the end of each chapter.

Although otherwise suitable as a textbook, the book lacks problems and exercises. Much of the books attraction is in its use of MATLAB simulations, with the source code published in the print edition, but not readily available for downloading. Considering both pros and cons, this is a well-written, updated book, useful primarily for professionals, and possibly as a textbook if supplemented with suitable assignments.' - Bogdan Hoanca, University of Alaska Anchorage

List of Figures xi
List of Tables xxv
List of Abbreviations xxvii
Preface xxxiii
About the Authors xxxvii
Chapter 1 Introduction: Optical Wireless Communication Systems 1(38)
1.1 Wireless Access Schemes
4(6)
1.2 A Brief History of OWC
10(3)
1.3 OWC/Radio Comparison
13(1)
1.4 Link Configuration
14(9)
1.5 OWC Application Areas
23(2)
1.6 Safety and Regulations
25(3)
1.6.1 Maximum Permissible Exposures (MPE)
28(1)
1.7 OWC Challenges
28(4)
References
32(7)
Chapter 2 Optical Sources and Detectors 39(42)
2.1 Light Sources
39(3)
2.2 The Light-Emitting Diode
42(11)
2.2.1 LED Structure
45(1)
2.2.2 Planar and Dome LEDs
45(1)
2.2.3 Edge-Emitting LED
46(2)
2.2.4 LED Efficiencies
48(4)
2.2.4.1 Internal Quantum Efficiency
48(1)
2.2.4.2 External Quantum Efficiency
48(1)
2.2.4.3 Power Efficiency
49(1)
2.2.4.4 Luminous Efficiency
49(1)
2.2.4.5 LED Modulation Bandwidth
50(2)
2.2.5 White LEDs
52(1)
2.2.5.1 Thermal Effects
53(1)
2.3 The Laser
53(10)
2.3.1 Operating Principle of a Laser
53(1)
2.3.2 Population Inversion
54(1)
2.3.3 Optical Feedback and Laser Oscillation
55(1)
2.3.4 Properties and Specifications of a Laser
56(1)
2.3.5 Basic Semiconductor Laser Structure
57(1)
2.3.6 The Structure of Common Laser Types
58(4)
2.3.6.1 Fabry-Perot Laser
58(1)
2.3.6.2 Distributed Feedback (DFB) Laser
59(1)
2.3.6.3 Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser (VCSEL)
60(1)
2.3.6.4 Superluminescent Diodes (SLDs)
61(1)
2.3.7 Comparison of LED and Laser Diodes
62(1)
2.4 Photodetectors
63(4)
2.4.1 PIN Photodetector
65(2)
2.4.2 APD Photodetector
67(1)
2.5 Photodetection Techniques
67(5)
2.5.1 Direct Detection
68(1)
2.5.2 Coherent Detection
68(4)
2.5.2.1 Heterodyne Detection
70(1)
2.5.2.2 Homodyne Detection
71(1)
2.6 Photodetection Noise
72(4)
2.6.1 Quantum Shot Noise
72(1)
2.6.2 Dark-Current Shot Noise and Excess Noise
73(1)
2.6.3 Background Radiation
74(1)
2.6.4 Thermal Noise
75(1)
2.6.5 Relative Intensity Noise (RIN)
75(1)
2.6.6 Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)
76(1)
2.7 Optical Detection Statistics
76(2)
References
78(3)
Chapter 3 Channel Modelling 81(76)
3.1 Indoor Optical Wireless Communication Channels
81(15)
3.1.1 LOS Propagation Model
84(3)
3.1.2 Non-LOS Propagation Model
87(7)
3.1.3 Ceiling Bounce Model
94(1)
3.1.4 Hayasaka-Ito Model
95(1)
3.1.5 Spherical Model
96(1)
3.2 Artificial Light Interference
96(8)
3.2.1 Incandescent Lamp
99(1)
3.2.2 Fluorescent Lamp Driven by Conventional Ballast
99(1)
3.2.3 Fluorescent Lamp Model
100(4)
3.3 Outdoor Channel
104(47)
3.3.1 Atmospheric Channel Loss
104(3)
3.3.2 Fog and Visibility
107(8)
3.3.3 Beam Divergence
115(4)
3.3.4 Optical and Window Loss
119(1)
3.3.5 Pointing Loss
119(2)
3.3.6 The Atmospheric Turbulence Models
121(14)
3.3.6.1 Log-Normal Turbulence Model
125(4)
3.3.6.2 Spatial Coherence in Weak Turbulence
129(2)
3.3.6.3 Limit of Log-Normal Turbulence Model
131(1)
3.3.6.4 The Gamma-Gamma Turbulence Model
131(4)
3.3.6.5 The Negative Exponential Turbulence Model
135(1)
3.3.7 Atmospheric Effects on OWC Test Bed
135(27)
3.3.7.1 Calibration of the Test Bed to the Real Outdoor Environment
139(6)
3.3.7.2 Demonstration of Scintillation Effect on Data Carrying Optical Radiation
145(6)
References
151(6)
Chapter 4 Modulation Techniques 157(72)
4.1 Introduction
157(3)
4.2 Analogue Intensity Modulation (AIM)
160(2)
4.3 Digital Baseband Modulation Techniques
162(9)
4.3.1 Baseband Modulations
162(1)
4.3.2 PAM and On-Off Keying (OOK)
163(4)
4.3.3 OOK Error Performance in AWGN Channel
167(4)
4.4 Pulse Position Modulation
171(7)
4.4.1 PPM Error Performance
173(3)
4.4.2 PPM Variants
176(2)
4.4.2.1 Multilevel PPM
177(1)
4.4.2.2 Differential PPM
178(1)
4.4.2.3 Differential Amplitude Pulse Position Modulation (DAPPM)
178(1)
4.5 Pulse Interval Modulation (PIM)
178(14)
4.5.1 DPIM Error Performance
183(5)
4.5.1.1 DPIM with No Guard Band
186(1)
4.5.1.2 DPIM with One Guard Slot
187(1)
4.5.2 Optimum Threshold Level
188(4)
4.6 Multilevel DPIM (MDPIM)
192(2)
4.7 Comparisons of Baseband Modulation Schemes
194(2)
4.7.1 Power Efficiency
194(1)
4.7.2 Transmission Bandwidth Requirements
194(1)
4.7.3 Transmission Capacity
195(1)
4.7.4 Transmission Rate
196(1)
4.7.5 Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR)
196(1)
4.8 Subcarrier Intensity Modulation
196(2)
4.8.1 Phase Shift Keying
197(1)
4.8.2 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
198(1)
4.9 Multi-Carrier Modulations
198(13)
4.9.1 Multiple-Subcarrier Intensity Modulation (MSIM)
199(2)
4.9.2 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)
201(8)
4.9.2.1 OFDM High PAPR Reduction Techniques
204(2)
4.9.2.2 Pilot Signal Estimation at the Receiver
206(3)
4.9.3 Carrierless-Amplitude and Phase Modulation (CAP)
209(2)
4.10 Optical Polarisation Shift Keying (PoLSK)
211(14)
4.10.1 Binary PoLSK
213(4)
4.10.2 Bit Error Rate Analysis
217(2)
4.10.3 MPOLSK
219(2)
4.10.4 Differential Circle Polarisation Shift Keying (DCPoLSK)
221(2)
4.10.5 Error Probability Analysis
223(1)
4.10.6 Comparison of BPOLSK, OOK, and BPSK-Based FSO Links
224(1)
References
225(4)
Chapter 5 Indoor System Performance Analysis 229(72)
5.1 The Effect of Ambient Light Sources on Indoor OWC Link Performance
229(1)
5.2 Fluorescent Light Interference with no Electrical High-Pass Filtering
230(8)
5.2.1 Matched Filter Rx
231(7)
5.3 BLW without Fluorescent Light Interference
238(8)
5.4 Fluorescent Light Interference with Electrical High-Pass Filtering
246(3)
5.5 Wavelet Analysis
249(16)
5.5.1 The Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT)
253(2)
5.5.2 The Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT)
255(1)
5.5.3 DWT Based Denoising
256(5)
5.5.4 Comparative Study of DWT and HPF
261(1)
5.5.5 Experimental Investigations
262(3)
5.5.5.1 On-Off Keying (OOK)
262(3)
5.6 Link Performance in Multipath Propagations
265(10)
5.6.1 On-Off Keying (OOK)
265(7)
5.6.2 Pulse Position Modulation (PPM)
272(2)
5.6.3 Digital Pulse Internal Modulation (DPIM)
274(1)
5.7 Mitigation Techniques
275(7)
5.7.1 Filtering
275(1)
5.7.2 Equalisation
276(6)
5.7.2.1 The Zero Forcing Equaliser
278(1)
5.7.2.2 The Minimum Mean Square Error Equaliser (MMSE)
279(2)
5.7.2.3 The Decision Feedback Equaliser (DFE)
281(1)
5.8 Equalisation as a Classification Problem
282(1)
5.9 Introduction to Artificial Neural Network
282(3)
5.9.1 Neuron
283(1)
5.9.2 ANN Architectures
284(1)
5.10 Training Network
285(1)
5.10.1 Backpropagation Learning (BP)
286(1)
5.11 The Ann-Based Adaptive Equaliser
286(9)
5.11.1 Comparative Study of the ANN- and FIR-Based Equalisers
292(2)
5.11.2 Diversity Techniques
294(1)
References
295(6)
Chapter 6 FSO Link Performance with Atmospheric Turbulence 301(46)
6.1 On-Off Keying
301(6)
6.1.1 OOK in a Poisson Atmospheric Optical Channel
302(2)
6.1.2 OOK in a Gaussian Atmospheric Optical Channel
304(3)
6.2 Pulse Position Modulation
307(4)
6.3 Subcarrier Intensity Modulation
311(24)
6.3.1 SIM Generation and Detection
312(2)
6.3.2 SIM-FSO Performance in Log-Normal Atmospheric Channel
314(4)
6.3.3 Bit Error Probability Analysis of SIM-FSO
318(10)
6.3.3.1 BPSK-Modulated Subcarrier
319(6)
6.3.3.2 M-ary PSK-Modulated Subcarrier
325(1)
6.3.3.3 DPSK-Modulated Subcarrier
325(1)
6.3.3.4 Multiple SIM Performance Analysis
326(2)
6.3.4 Outage Probability
328(4)
6.3.4.1 In a Log-Normal Atmospheric Channel
330(2)
6.3.5 SIM-FSO Performance in Gamma-Gamma and Negative Exponential Atmospheric Channels
332(2)
6.3.6 Outage Probability in Negative Exponential Model Atmospheric Channels
334(1)
6.4 Atmospheric Turbulence-Induced Penalty
335(4)
Appendix A
339(5)
Appendix B
344(1)
References
344(3)
Chapter 7 Outdoor OWC Links with Diversity Techniques 347(50)
7.1 Time Diversity
348(2)
7.2 Spatial Diversity Techniques
350(14)
7.2.1 Combining Schemes
353(3)
7.2.1.1 Adaptive Optics Schemes
353(1)
7.2.1.2 Linear Combining Techniques
354(2)
7.2.2 Maximum Ratio Combining (MRC)
356(1)
7.2.3 Equal Gain Combining (EGC)
357(2)
7.2.4 Selection Combining (Se1C)
359(1)
7.2.5 Effect of Received Signal Correlation on Error Performance
360(2)
7.2.6 Outage Probability with Receiver Diversity in a Log-Normal Atmospheric Channel
362(2)
7.3 Transmitter Diversity in a Log-Normal Atmospheric Channel
364(1)
7.4 Transmitter-Receiver Diversity in a Log-Normal Atmospheric Channel
364(1)
7.5 Results and Discussions of SIM-FSO with Spatial Diversity in a Log-Normal Atmospheric Channel
365(3)
7.6 SIM-FSO with Receiver Diversity in Gamma-Gamma and Negative Exponential Atmospheric Channels
368(10)
7.6.1 BER and Outage Probability of BPSK-SIM with Spatial Diversity
369(3)
7.6.2 BER and Outage Probability of DPSK-SIM in Negative Exponential Channels
372(6)
7.7 Terrestrial Free-Space Optical Links with Subcarrier Time Diversity
378(6)
7.7.1 Error Performance with STDD
378(2)
7.7.2 Error Performance of Short-Range Links
380(1)
7.7.3 Long-Range Links
380(1)
7.7.4 Short-Range Link
381(1)
7.7.5 Long-Range Link
382(2)
7.8 Aperture Averaging
384(2)
7.8.1 Plane Wave
384(1)
7.8.2 Spherical Wave
385(1)
7.8.3 Gaussian Beam Wave
385(1)
7.9 Hybrid RF-FSO Scheme
386(3)
Appendix A
389(1)
Appendix B
390(1)
Appendix C
391(1)
References
392(5)
Chapter 8 Visible Light Communications 397(72)
8.1 Introduction
397(6)
8.2 Bidirectional VLC
403(2)
8.3 System Description
405(20)
8.3.1 VLC System Model
408(10)
8.3.2 Channel Delay Spread
418(3)
8.3.3 Holographic Diffuser
421(1)
8.3.4 SNR Analysis
422(3)
8.4 System Implementations
425(9)
8.4.1 On-Off Keying (OOK) with a Forward Error Correction
426(1)
8.4.2 Bit Angle Modulation (BAM)
427(1)
8.4.3 Pulse Modulation Schemes
428(2)
8.4.4 PWM with Discrete Multitone Modulation (DMT)
430(2)
8.4.5 Multilevel PWM-PPM
432(2)
8.4.6 PWM with NRZ-OOK
434(1)
8.5 Multiple-Input, Multiple-Output (MIMO) VLC
434(6)
8.6 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)
440(3)
8.6.1 Channel Estimation, Equalisations, and Synchronisation
440(3)
8.7 All Organic VLC
443(6)
8.8 Home Access Network
449(3)
8.9 Indoor Localisation
452(4)
References
456(13)
Chapter 9 Relay-Assisted FSO Communications 469(22)
9.1 Wireless Networks
469(3)
9.1.1 FSO Network Topologies
470(2)
9.2 Relay-Assisted Communications
472(4)
9.2.1 Serial Relaying
474(1)
9.2.2 Parallel Relaying
474(1)
9.2.3 All-Optical Relay-Assisted FSO Communications
475(1)
9.3 All-Optical Amplify-and-Forward
476(3)
9.3.1 Optical Amplification
476(3)
9.3.1.1 Erbium-Doped Fibre Amplifier
478(1)
9.3.1.2 Semiconductor Optical Amplifier
478(1)
9.3.1.3 Comparison of EDFAs and SOAs
478(1)
9.4 All-Optical Regenerate-and-Forward
479(3)
9.4.1 Nonlinear Effects
479(2)
9.4.2 SPM-Based Optical Regenerator
481(1)
9.4.3 Highly Nonlinear Fibres
482(1)
9.5 All-Optical Aoaf Relay-Based FSO with Turbulence
482(4)
References
486(5)
Index 491
Professor Zabih Ghassemlooy, CEng, Fellow of IET, Senior Member of IEEE: Received his BSc (Hons) degree in Electrical and Electronics Engineering from the Manchester Metropolitan University in 1981, and his MSc and PhD in Optical Communications from the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology (UMIST), in 1984 and 1987, respectively with Scholarships from the Engineering and Physical Science Research Council, UK. From 1986-87 worked in UMIST and from 1987 to 1988 was a Post-doctoral Research Fellow at the City University, London. In 1988 he joined Sheffield Hallam University as a Lecturer, becoming a Reader in 1995 and a Professor in Optical Communications in 1997. From 2004 until 2012 was an Associate Dean for Research in the School of Computing, Engineering and in 2012 he became Associate Dean for Research and Innovation in the Faculty of Engineering and Environment, at Northumbria University at Newcastle, UK. He also heads the Northumbria Communications Research Laboratories within the Faculty. In 2001 he was a recipient of the Tan Chin Tuan Fellowship in Engineering from the Nanyang Technological University in Singapore to work on the photonic technology. He is the Editor-in-Chief of the International Journal of Optics and Applications The Mediterranean Journal Electronics and Communications. He currently serves on the Editorial Committees of number international journals. From 2004-06 he was the IEEE UK/IR Communications Chapter Secretary, the Vice-Chairman (2004-2008), the Chairman (2008-2011), and Chairman of the IET Northumbria Network (Oct 2011-).



Wasiu O. Popoola holds a National Diploma in Electrical Engineering from The Federal Polytechnic, Ilaro, Nigeria, a First Class (Hons.) in Electronic and Electrical Engineering from Obafemi Awolowo University, Nigeria and an MSc with Distinction in Optoelectronic and Communication Systems from Northumbria University at Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. He was awarded his PhD degree in 2009 at the same Northumbria University for his research work in Free-Space Optical Communications. During his PhD, he was awarded the Xcel Best Engineering and Technology Student of the year 2009.



Dr. S. Rajbhandari obtained his bachelor degree in electronics and communication engineering from the Institute of Engineering, Pulchowk Campus (Tribhuvan University), Nepal in 2004 He obtained an MSc in optoelectronic and communication systems with distinction in 2006 and was awarded the P O Byrne prize for most innovative project He then joined the Optical Communications Research Group (OCRG) at Northumbria University as a PhD candidate and was awarded a PhD degree in 2010 His PhD thesis was on mitigating channel effect on indoor optical wireless communications using wavelet transform and a neural network Since 2009 he has been with the OCRG at Northumbria University working as a postdoctorate researcher.