| Preface |
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ix | (12) |
| Notation of Principal Variables |
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xix | |
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1 Introduction to Theory of Diffractive Elements |
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1 | (35) |
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1.1 Diffraction by infinitely thin structures |
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3 | (7) |
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1.2 Focusing properties of diffractive lenses |
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10 | (12) |
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1.3 Aberrations of infinitely thin optical elements |
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22 | (12) |
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1.3.1 Aspheric refracting surface |
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26 | (4) |
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1.3.2 Diffractive lens on an aspheric surface |
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30 | (4) |
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34 | (2) |
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2 Introduction to Theory of Gradient-Index Elements |
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36 | (19) |
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2.1 Ray paths in inhomogeneous media |
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36 | (5) |
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2.2 Focusing properties of inhomogeneous media |
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41 | (7) |
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2.3 Paraxial optics of gradient-index singlets |
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48 | (5) |
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53 | (2) |
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3 Ray Tracing and Estimation of Image Quality |
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55 | (51) |
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3.1 Ray Tracing through hybrid optical systems |
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56 | (25) |
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3.1.1 Tracing in homogeneous and inhomogeneous media |
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56 | (9) |
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3.1.2 Intersection with a predetermined surface |
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65 | (5) |
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3.1.3 Deflection by an infinitely thin optical element |
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70 | (6) |
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3.1.4 Tracing through a diffractive corrector |
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76 | (5) |
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3.2 Criteria of image evaluation in optical system design |
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81 | (23) |
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3.2.1 Main functions and numerical criteria of point image evaluation |
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81 | (10) |
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3.2.2 Image quality criteria based on a spot diagram |
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91 | (6) |
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3.2.3 Analysis of correlation statistics of numerical criteria |
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97 | (7) |
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104 | (2) |
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4 Aberration Calculations of Homogeneous Optical Systems |
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106 | (40) |
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4.1 Transformation of aberrations of propagating aberrated spherical waves |
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107 | (16) |
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4.2 Calculation of wave-front aberrations |
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123 | (13) |
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4.3 First-order chromatic aberrations |
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136 | (8) |
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144 | (2) |
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5 Aberration Calculations of Inhomogeneous Optical Systems |
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146 | (43) |
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5.1 First-order chromatic aberrations |
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146 | (9) |
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5.2 Third-order monochromatic aberrations |
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155 | (9) |
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5.3 Higher-order aberrations. Pseudorays |
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164 | (23) |
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5.3.1 Definitions and basic principles |
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164 | (3) |
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5.3.2 A pseudoray in a medium confined by two spherical surfaces |
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167 | (15) |
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5.3.3 Pseudoray deflection by an infinitely thin optical element |
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182 | (5) |
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187 | (2) |
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6 Correction Capabilities of Optical Elements of Different Types |
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189 | (43) |
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189 | (17) |
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6.1.1 Monochromatic aberrations |
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189 | (6) |
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6.1.2 Effect of substrate |
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195 | (7) |
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6.1.3 Chromatic variation of spherical aberration |
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202 | (4) |
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6.2 Homogeneous refractive lens |
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206 | (17) |
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206 | (5) |
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211 | (9) |
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220 | (3) |
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223 | (7) |
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223 | (2) |
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6.3.2 Lens with spherical surfaces |
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225 | (5) |
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230 | (2) |
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7 High-Resolution Objectives Using Diffractive Lenses |
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232 | (56) |
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232 | (18) |
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7.1.1 Third-order aberration-free design |
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233 | (7) |
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7.1.2 Effect of substrates |
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240 | (7) |
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7.1.3 Design with unit magnification |
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247 | (3) |
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7.2 Front-to-back proportional and symmetric triplets |
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250 | (10) |
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260 | (10) |
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7.4 Triplet containing two aspherics |
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270 | (9) |
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7.5 Fourier-transform objective |
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279 | (8) |
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287 | (1) |
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8 Homogeneous Hybrid Optical Systems |
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288 | (42) |
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8.1 Aberration properties of simple objectives |
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289 | (16) |
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8.1.1 Refractive-diffractive doublet |
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289 | (6) |
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8.1.2 Front-to-back symmetric triplets |
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295 | (5) |
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8.1.3 Correction of chromatic aberrations |
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300 | (5) |
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8.2 Compensated refracting surface |
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305 | (12) |
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8.2.1 Principles and analysis of aberrations |
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305 | (5) |
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8.2.2 Imaging objectives using compensated surfaces |
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310 | (7) |
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8.3 Objectives for optical disk systems |
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317 | (11) |
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328 | (2) |
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9 Hybrid Objectives Using Gradient-Index Lenses |
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330 | (31) |
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9.1 Doublet including Smith lens |
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331 | (4) |
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9.2 Design including a diffractive aspheric |
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335 | (9) |
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9.3 Gradient-diffractive doublet |
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344 | (7) |
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9.4 Front-to-back symmetric triplet |
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351 | (8) |
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359 | (2) |
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10 Design of Diffractive Lenses from the Point of View of Their Fabrication |
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361 | (28) |
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10.1 Diffraction efficiency of surface-relief elements |
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362 | (10) |
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10.1.1 Sawtooth relief (kinoform) |
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362 | (5) |
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367 | (5) |
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10.2 Design of a planar structure |
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372 | (4) |
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10.3 Effects of manufacturing inaccuracies |
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376 | (10) |
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386 | (3) |
| Index |
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389 | |
