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Optics Manufacturing: Components and Systems [Kõva köide]

(Fraunhofer Application Center for Plasma and Photonics, Goettingen, Germany)
  • Formaat: Hardback, 326 pages, kõrgus x laius: 234x156 mm, kaal: 760 g, 79 Illustrations, color; 83 Illustrations, black and white
  • Sari: Optical Sciences and Applications of Light
  • Ilmumisaeg: 21-Dec-2017
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 1498764592
  • ISBN-13: 9781498764599
Teised raamatud teemal:
Optics Manufacturing: Components and SystemsSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: Hardback, 326 pages, kõrgus x laius: 234x156 mm, kaal: 760 g, 79 Illustrations, color; 83 Illustrations, black and white
  • Sari: Optical Sciences and Applications of Light
  • Ilmumisaeg: 21-Dec-2017
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 1498764592
  • ISBN-13: 9781498764599
Teised raamatud teemal:
Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9781498764599.html
Märksõnad:
Optical components are essential key elements in modern engineering and everyday life. The education of skilled personnel and specialists in the fields of theoretical and practical optics manufacturing is of essential importance for next-generation technologies. Against this background, this book provides the basis for the education and advanced training of precision and ophthalmic optics technicians, craftsmen, and foremen, and it is an extensive reference work for students, academics, optical designers or shop managers, and production engineers. It not only covers particularly used and applied machines, working materials, testing procedures, and machining steps for classical optics manufacturing, but it also addresses the production and specification of optical glasses as well as unconventional production techniques and novel approaches. Optics Manufacturing: Components and Systems furthermore covers the basics of light propagation and provides an overview on optical materials and components; presents an introduction and explanation of the necessary considerations and procedures for the initial definition of manufacturing tolerances and the relevant industrial standards for optics manufacturing; and addresses the production of micro optics, the assembly of opto-mechanical setups and possible manufacturing errors, and the impact of the resulting inaccuracies. In order to allow fast and clear access to the most essential information, each chapter ends with a short summary of the most important aspects, including an explanation of relevant equations, symbols, and abbreviations. For further reading, extensive lists of references are also provided. Finally, exercises on the covered basic principles of optics, approaches, and techniques of optics manufacturing—including their corresponding detailed solutions—are found in the appendix.

Arvustused

"This is a book carefully prepared by an experienced and insightful practitioner in the field of optical manufacturing. Readers are presented with a comprehensive array of practical processes which underpin optical manufacture. Their understanding of the material will be greatly aided by some excellent illustrations. The text is organized in a manner which will allow ready access to specific topics, thus enabling the book to function as both a study aid and a reference work." K. Alan Shore, Bangor University, Wales, United Kingdom

"Its simplicity of content makes it easy to read and understand. Plus, it brightens the content with historical value. This book can be used as a course text and as a refresher for those in the know. Whats not to like?" Frank E. Reed, Jr., Indian Hills Community College, Ottumwa, Iowa, USA

Preface xiii
Author xv
Chapter 1 Introduction
1(4)
References
4(1)
Chapter 2 Basics of Light Propagation
5(12)
2.1 Introduction
5(1)
2.2 Refraction
5(1)
2.3 Reflection
6(3)
2.4 Transmission and Absorption
9(3)
2.5 Summary
12(1)
2.6 Formulary and Main Symbols and Abbreviations
12(5)
References
15(2)
Chapter 3 Optical Materials
17(26)
3.1 Introduction
17(1)
3.2 Optical Glasses
17(18)
3.2.1 Composition of Optical Glasses
17(1)
3.2.1.1 Network Formers
18(1)
3.2.1.2 Network Modifiers
18(1)
3.2.1.3 Stabilizers
19(1)
3.2.1.4 Glass Families and Types
19(2)
3.2.1.5 Colored Glasses
21(1)
3.2.2 Manufacturing of Optical Glasses
22(1)
3.2.2.1 Manufacturing of Fused Silica
22(1)
3.2.2.2 Classical Melting of Multicomponent Glasses
23(6)
3.2.3 Characterization of Optical Glasses
29(1)
3.2.3.1 Index of Refraction
30(2)
3.2.3.2 Dispersion Characteristics
32(3)
3.3 Glass Ceramics
35(1)
3.4 Gradient Index Materials
36(1)
3.5 Crystals
37(1)
3.6 Summary
38(1)
3.7 Formulary and Main Symbols and Abbreviations
39(4)
References
42(1)
Chapter 4 Optical Components
43(14)
4.1 Introduction
43(1)
4.2 Lenses
43(5)
4.2.1 Spherical Lenses
43(3)
4.2.2 Nonspherical Lenses
46(2)
4.3 Prisms and Wedges
48(4)
4.3.1 Deflection Prisms
48(1)
4.3.2 Dispersion Prisms
49(1)
4.3.3 Polarization Prisms
50(1)
4.3.4 Wedges
51(1)
4.4 Plates
52(1)
4.5 Summary
53(1)
4.6 Formulary and Main Symbols and Abbreviations
53(4)
References
56(1)
Chapter 5 Design of Optical Components
57(28)
5.1 Introduction
57(1)
5.2 Determination of Optical Components and Systems
57(3)
5.3 Optical Aberrations
60(8)
5.3.1 Spherical Aberration
60(2)
5.3.2 Chromatic Aberration
62(3)
5.3.3 Coma
65(1)
5.3.4 Astigmatism and Petzval Field Curvature
65(1)
5.3.5 Distortion
66(1)
5.3.6 Ghost Images
67(1)
5.4 Optimization
68(5)
5.5 Determination of Manufacturing Tolerances
73(4)
5.5.1 Sensitivity Analysis
74(1)
5.5.2 Monte Carlo Simulation
74(3)
5.6 Summary
77(1)
5.7 Formulary and Main Symbols and Abbreviations
78(7)
References
84(1)
Chapter 6 Tolerancing of Optical Components and Systems
85(32)
6.1 Introduction
85(1)
6.2 Tolerancing of Optical Glasses
85(9)
6.2.1 Stress Birefringence
87(1)
6.2.2 Bubbles and Inclusions
87(1)
6.2.3 Inhomogeneity and Striae
88(2)
6.2.4 Further Specifications
90(1)
6.2.4.1 Chemical Resistance and Stability
90(3)
6.2.4.2 Hardness and Grindability
93(1)
6.2.4.3 Thermodynamic Glass Properties
94(1)
6.3 Fabrication Tolerances of Optics
94(14)
6.3.1 Contour Accuracy
95(6)
6.3.2 Centering Error
101(1)
6.3.3 Surface Cleanliness
102(2)
6.3.4 Surface Roughness
104(3)
6.3.5 Geometrical Variations
107(1)
6.3.6 Coatings
108(1)
6.4 Specification of Laser-Induced Damage Threshold
108(3)
6.5 Tolerancing of Optomechanical Assemblies
111(1)
6.6 Summary
112(2)
6.7 Formulary and Main Symbols and Abbreviations
114(3)
References
115(2)
Chapter 7 Shape Forming
117(40)
7.1 Introduction
117(1)
7.2 Preshaping
117(7)
7.2.1 Compression Molding of Pressed Blanks
117(2)
7.2.2 Cutting and Rounding
119(1)
7.2.2.1 Cutting
119(3)
7.2.2.2 Rounding
122(2)
7.3 Rough Grinding of Lenses
124(11)
7.3.1 Machines and Tools for Rough Grinding
124(5)
7.3.2 Rough Grinding Process
129(3)
7.3.3 Roughing
132(3)
7.4 Finish Grinding
135(10)
7.4.1 Machines and Tools for Finish Grinding
136(1)
7.4.1.1 Bound Abrasive Grinding
136(1)
7.4.1.2 Loose Abrasive Grinding
137(3)
7.4.2 Finish Grinding Process
140(1)
7.4.2.1 Bound Abrasive Grinding
141(1)
7.4.2.2 Loose Abrasive Grinding
141(4)
7.5 Flat Grinding
145(2)
7.6 Beveling
147(1)
7.7 Surface Testing
148(4)
7.8 Summary
152(1)
7.9 Formulary and Main Symbols and Abbreviations
152(5)
References
155(2)
Chapter 8 Polishing
157(22)
8.1 Introduction
157(1)
8.2 Hypotheses of Polishing Processes
158(3)
8.2.1 Removal Hypothesis
158(1)
8.2.2 Flow Hypothesis
159(1)
8.2.3 Chemical Hypothesis
159(2)
8.2.4 Fretting Hypothesis
161(1)
8.3 Classical Polishing
161(8)
8.3.1 Polishing Pads and Tools
162(4)
8.3.2 Polishing Suspension
166(1)
8.3.3 Polishing Process
167(2)
8.4 Unconventional Polishing Techniques
169(4)
8.4.1 Magneto-Rheological Finishing
169(1)
8.4.2 Plasma Polishing
170(2)
8.4.3 Laser Polishing
172(1)
8.4.4 Fluid Jet Polishing
173(1)
8.5 Summary
173(1)
8.6 Formulary and Main Symbols and Abbreviations
174(5)
References
175(4)
Chapter 9 Cementing
179(10)
9.1 Introduction
179(1)
9.2 Classical Cementing
179(6)
9.2.1 Cementing Procedure
179(3)
9.2.2 Cementing Errors
182(3)
9.3 Unconventional Bonding Methods
185(2)
9.3.1 Optical Contact Bonding
185(1)
9.3.2 Laser Welding
186(1)
9.4 Summary
187(2)
References
187(2)
Chapter 10 Centering
189(8)
10.1 Introduction
189(1)
10.2 Centering Methods
190(5)
10.2.1 Classical Centering
190(5)
10.2.2 Precision Centering of Cemented Optics
195(1)
10.3 Summary
195(1)
10.4 Formulary and Main Symbols and Abbreviations
196(1)
Reference
196(1)
Chapter 11 Coating
197(14)
11.1 Introduction
197(1)
11.2 Basics of Optical Coatings
197(6)
11.2.1 Reflective Coatings
198(2)
11.2.2 Antireflective Coatings
200(2)
11.2.3 Filter Coatings
202(1)
11.3 Mechanisms of Layer Growth
203(1)
11.4 Coating Techniques
204(2)
11.4.1 Chemical Vapor Deposition
204(1)
11.4.2 Physical Vapor Deposition
205(1)
11.5 Summary
206(1)
11.6 Formulary and Main Symbols and Abbreviations
206(5)
References
208(3)
Chapter 12 Assembly of Optomechanical Systems
211(8)
12.1 Introduction
211(1)
12.2 Mounting Techniques
211(5)
12.2.1 Screw Connecting
211(2)
12.2.2 Gluing
213(1)
12.2.3 Clamping
214(1)
12.2.4 Glass-Metal Soldering
215(1)
12.3 Mounting Errors
216(1)
12.4 Summary
217(2)
References
217(2)
Chapter 13 Microoptics
219(38)
13.1 Introduction
219(1)
13.2 Basics of Microoptics
219(6)
13.2.1 Formation of Airy Discs
219(2)
13.2.2 Talbot Self-images
221(1)
13.2.3 Specification of Microoptical Components
222(1)
13.2.3.1 Fresnel Number
222(1)
13.2.3.2 Strehl-Ratio
222(1)
13.2.3.3 Modulation Transfer Function
223(1)
13.2.3.4 Point Spread Function
223(1)
13.2.3.5 Rayleigh-Criterion
224(1)
13.2.3.6 Marechal-Criterion
224(1)
13.2.3.7 Geometrical Quality Scores
224(1)
13.3 Microoptical Components and Systems
225(6)
13.3.1 Microlenses
225(3)
13.3.2 Microlens Arrays
228(2)
13.3.3 Micromirrors
230(1)
13.3.4 Gratings
230(1)
13.4 Manufacturing of Microoptics
231(16)
13.4.1 Dry Etching
232(1)
13.4.1.1 Physical Etching
232(1)
13.4.1.2 Chemical Etching
233(1)
13.4.1.3 Chemical-Physical Etching
234(1)
13.4.2 Photolithography
235(2)
13.4.3 Laser-Based Methods
237(1)
13.4.3.1 Laser-Induced Plasma-Assisted Ablation
238(1)
13.4.3.2 Laser-Induced Backside Wet Etching
238(2)
13.4.3.3 Laser Etching at a Surface Adsorbed Layer
240(1)
13.4.3.4 Laser-Induced Backside Dry Etching
240(1)
13.4.3.5 Laser Interference Patterning
241(1)
13.4.4 Embossing Methods
242(1)
13.4.4.1 Hot Embossing
242(1)
13.4.4.2 UV-Reactive Injection Molding
243(1)
13.4.4.3 Nanoimprint Lithography
244(1)
13.4.5 Microjet Printing
244(1)
13.4.6 Thermal Reflow Method
245(1)
13.4.7 Ion Exchange
246(1)
13.4.8 3D Printing
247(1)
13.5 Summary
247(1)
13.6 Formulary and Main Symbols and Abbreviations
247(10)
References
253(4)
Chapter 14 Cleaning
257(3)
14.1 Introduction
257(1)
14.2 Cleaning Methods
257(3)
14.2.1 Classical Cleaning
257(1)
14.2.2 Precision Cleaning
258(1)
14.2.2.1 Plasma Cleaning
258(1)
14.2.2.2 Dry-Ice Blasting
259(1)
14.2.2.3 High-Precision Cleaning by Surface Modification
259(1)
14.3 Summary
260(1)
References 260(3)
Appendix 263(38)
Index 301
After his apprenticeship and subsequent 2-years occupation as skilled engineering worker in precision optics, Dr. Gerhard studied Optical Precision Manufacturing Technology at the University of Applied Sciences in Göttingen, Germany. In 2006, he prepared his diploma thesis on the development of novel short-pulse laser sources for materials processing applications at the Institute of Optics in Orsay, France. For the results of this work, he received the Georg-Simon-Ohm Award from the German Physical Society in 2009.



After working in industry as product manager for optics for 3 years, he started working on the scientific investigation of laser-based materials processing at the University of Bremen in 2009. In addition, he extra-occupationally studied Optical Engineering and Photonics and received his masters degree in 2010. Dr. Gerhard then worked as scientific coordinator of the Lower Saxony Innovation Network for Plasma Technology in Göttingen and Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany. In the course of this function, he investigated novel hybrid plasma-assisted laser processing techniques for the machining of optical glasses.



Based on this research, he received his doctor's degree in Natural Sciences and Physical Technologies from Clausthal University of Technology in 2014. In 2015, his doctoral thesis was awarded the Young Talent Award Green Photonics by the Fraunhofer Society. He currently works as scientist at the Fraunhofer Application Center for Plasma and Photonics in Göttingen, Germany. In addition, he is assistant professor and guest lecturer for optical system design, optical manufacturing, photonics and laser processing at different German universities.



Dr. Christoph Gerhard is member of the German Physical Society and the German Society for Plasma Technology. He authored and co-authored 27 original research papers and is the chief editor of a textbook on laser ablation. He further authored two textbooks on principles of optics and plasma-assisted laser ablation.