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Optimisation of Corrosion Control for Lead in Drinking Water Using Computational Modelling Techniques [Pehme köide]

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Optimisation of Corrosion Control for Lead in Drinking Water Using Computational Modelling TechniquesSuurem pilt
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Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9781780404783.html
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In many respects, lead in drinking water has become a forgotten problem, since the mid 1980s when a range of environmental controls were implemented to reduce exposure to lead. This is largely because the sampling protocols, that underpin regulatory controls, are mostly inadequate and have tended to under-estimate the amount of lead that can be present in drinking water (IWA, 2010). 



Optimisation of Corrosion Control for Lead in Drinking Water Using Computational Modelling Techniques shows how compliance modelling has been used to very good effect in the optimisation of plumbosolvency control in the United Kingdom, particularly in the optimisation of orthophosphate dosing. Over 100 water supply systems have been modelled, involving 30% of the UKs water companies. This proof-of-concept project has the overall objective of demonstrating that these modelling techniques could also be applicable to the circumstances of Canada and the United States, via three case studies. 





This report is the first in the Research Report Series published by the IWA Specialist Group on Metals and Related Substances in Drinking Water. 





Authors: Dr. C. R. Hayes and Dr. T. N. Croft Collaborators A. Campbell, City of Ottawa Water (CA) I. P. Douglas, City of Ottawa Water (CA) P. Gadoury, Providence Water (US) M. R. Schock, US Environmental Protection Agency (US) 
Foreword ix
Acknowledgements xi
Disclaimers xiii
Executive Summary xv
Chapter 1 Introduction
1(6)
1.1 Corrective Water Treatment for Reducing Lead in Drinking Water
1(1)
1.2 Regulatory Background in the United States and the Need for Further Optimisation of Plumbosolvency Control
1(1)
1.3 Regulatory Background in Canada and the Need for Further Optimisation of Plumbosolvency Control
2(1)
1.4 Optimisation of Plumbosolvency Control in the United Kingdom and the Use of Computational Modelling Techniques
3(1)
1.5 Project Outline, Objectives and Benefits
4(3)
Chapter 2 Description of the computational compliance models
7(4)
2.1 Introduction
7(1)
2.2 The Single Pipe Model
7(1)
2.3 The Zonal Modelling Framework
8(1)
2.4 Simulating Sampling
9(2)
Chapter 3 Simulation of water flow in a pipe using computational fluid dynamics
11(4)
3.1 Introduction
11(1)
3.2 The Fluid Flow Equations and Their Computational Solution
11(1)
3.3 Comparison of Plug and Laminar Flow Along a Straight Pipe
12(2)
3.4 Application of Volumetric Profiles
14(1)
Chapter 4 Calibration and validation
15(4)
4.1 Introduction
15(1)
4.2 Calibration
15(1)
4.3 Validation
16(3)
Chapter 5 Case study: City A (US)
19(6)
5.1 Background
19(1)
5.2 Calibration and Use of the Lead Emission Model
19(2)
5.3 Results
21(2)
5.4 Discussion
23(1)
5.5 Conclusions
23(2)
Chapter 6 Case study: City B (CA)
25(6)
6.1 Background
25(1)
6.2 Calibration and Use of the Lead Emission Model
25(1)
6.3 Results
26(2)
6.4 Discussion
28(1)
6.5 Conclusions
29(2)
Chapter 7 Case study: City C (US)
31(6)
7.1 Background
31(1)
7.2 Assessment of Lead Data from Sequential Sampling Surveys
31(2)
7.3 Lead Service Lines and Plumbosolvency Characterisation
33(1)
7.4 Modelling
33(1)
7.5 Discussion
34(1)
7.6 Conclusions
35(2)
Chapter 8 Investigations into sequential sampling
37(10)
8.1 Introduction
37(1)
8.2 Sequential Sampling Surveys in Cities A, B and C
37(2)
8.3 Modelling Zonal Compliance
39(1)
8.4 Using Reynold's Number
39(1)
8.5 Modelling Sequential Sampling at a Single House
40(7)
Chapter 9 Discussion
47(4)
9.1 The Use of Modelling in the Optimisation of Plumbosolvency Control
47(1)
9.2 Regulatory Aspects
48(1)
9.3 Operational Aspects
49(1)
9.4 Risk Assessment
49(1)
9.5 The Way Forward
50(1)
Chapter 10 Conclusions
51(2)
Chapter 11 References
53(2)
Appendix 1 Calibration data 55(2)
Appendix 2 Examples of model output 57