| Introduction |
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14 | (4) |
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Chapter I Variation Under Domestication |
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18 | (22) |
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Effects of habit and the use or disuse of parts |
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Character of domestic varieties |
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Difficulty of distinguishing between varieties and species |
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Origin of domestic varieties from one or more species |
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Domestic pigeons, their differences and origin |
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Principles of selection, anciently followed, their effects |
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Methodical and unconscious selection |
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Unknown origin of our domestic productions |
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Circumstances favourable to man's power of selection |
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Chapter II Variation Under Nature |
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40 | (12) |
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Wide ranging, much diffused, and common species, vary most |
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Species of the larger genera in each country vary more frequently than the species of the smaller genera |
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Many of the species of the larger genera resemble varieties in being very closely, but unequally, related to each other, and in having restricted ranges |
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Chapter III Struggle for Existence |
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52 | (12) |
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Its bearing on natural selection |
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The term used in a wide sense |
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Geometrical ratio of increase |
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Rapid increase of naturalised animals and plants |
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Nature of the checks to increase |
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Protection from the number of individuals |
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Complex relations of all animals and plants throughout nature |
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Struggle for life most severe between individuals and varieties of the same species: often severe between species of the same genus |
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The relation of organism to organism the most important of all relations |
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Chapter IV Natural Selection; or the Survival of the Fittest |
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64 | (34) |
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Its Power Compared with man's selection |
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Its Power on Characters of trifling importance |
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Its Power at all ages and on both sexes |
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On the generality of intercrosses between individuals of the same species |
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Circumstances favourable and unfavourable to the results of Natural Selection, namely, intercrossing, isolation, number of individuals |
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Extinction caused by Natural Selection |
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Divergence of Character, related to the diversity of inhabitants of any small area and to naturalisation |
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Action of Natural Selection, through Divergence of Character and Extinction, on the descendants from a common parent |
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Explains the Grouping of all organic beings |
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Indefinite multiplication of species |
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Chapter V Laws of Variation |
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98 | (24) |
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Effects of changed conditions |
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Use and disuse, combined with natural selection; organs of flight and of vision |
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Compensation and economy of growth |
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Multiple, rudimentary, and lowly organised structures variable |
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Parts developed in an unusual manner are highly variable; specific characters more variable than generic: secondary sexual characters variable |
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Species of the same genus vary in an analogous manner |
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Chapter VI Difficulties of the Theory |
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122 | (34) |
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Difficulties of the theory of descent with modification |
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Absence or rarity of transitional varieties |
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Transitions in habits of life |
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Diversified habits in the same species |
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Species with habits widely different from those of their allies |
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Organs of extreme perfection |
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Organs of small importance |
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Organs not in all cases absolutely perfect |
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The law of Unity of Type and of the Conditions of Existence embraced by the theory of Natural Selection |
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Chapter VII Miscellaneous Objections to the Theory of Natural Selection |
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156 | (30) |
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Modifications not necessarily simultaneous |
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Modifications apparently of no direct service |
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Characters of small functional importance, the most constant |
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Supposed incompetence of natural selection to account for the incipient stages of useful structures |
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Causes which interfere with the acquisition through natural selection of useful structures |
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Gradations of structure with changed functions |
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Widely different organs in members of the same class, developed from one and the same source |
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Reasons for disbelieving in great and abrupt modifications |
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186 | (24) |
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Instincts comparable with habits, but different in their origin |
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Domestic instincts, their origin |
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Natural instincts of the cuckoo, molothrus, ostrich, and parasitic bees |
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Changes of instinct and structure not necessarily simultaneous |
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Difficulties of the theory of the Natural Selection of instincts |
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Neuter or sterile insects |
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210 | (24) |
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Distinction between the sterility of first crosses and of hybrids |
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Sterility various in degree, not universal, affected by close interbreeding, removed by domestication |
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Laws governing the sterility of hybrids |
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Sterility not a special endowment, but incidental on other differences, not accumulated by natural selection |
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Causes of the sterility of first crosses and of hybrids |
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Parallelism between the effects of changed conditions of life and of crossing |
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Dimorphism and trimorphism |
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Fertility of varieties when crossed, and of their mongrel offspring not universal |
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Hybrids and mongrels compared independently of their fertility |
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Chapter X On the Imperfection of the Geological Record |
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234 | (20) |
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On the absence of intermediate varieties at the present day |
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On the nature of extinct intermediate varieties; on their number |
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On the lapse of time, as inferred from the rate of denudation and of deposition |
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On the lapse of time as estimated by years |
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On the poorness of our palaeontological collections |
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On the intermittence of geological formations |
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On the denudation of granitic areas |
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On the absence of intermediate varieties in any one formation |
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On the sudden appearance of groups of species |
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On their sudden appearance in the lowest known fossiliferous strata |
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Antiquity of the habitable earth |
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Chapter XI On the Geological Succession of Organic Beings |
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254 | (20) |
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On the slow and successive appearance of new species |
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On their different rates of change |
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Species once lost do not reappear |
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Groups of species follow the same general rules in their appearance and disappearance as do single species |
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On simultaneous changes in the forms of life throughout the world |
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On the affinities of extinct species to each other and to living species |
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On the state of development of ancient forms |
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On the succession of the same types within the same areas |
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Summary of preceding and present chapters |
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Chapter XII Geographical Distribution |
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274 | (20) |
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Present distribution cannot be accounted for by differences in physical conditions |
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Affinity of the productions of the same continent |
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Means of dispersal by changes of climate and of the level of the land, and by occasional means |
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Dispersal during the Glacial period |
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Alternate Glacial periods in the North and South |
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Chapter XIII Geographical Distribution |
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294 | (16) |
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On the inhabitants of oceanic islands |
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Absence of batrachians and of terrestrial mammals |
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On the relation of the inhabitants of islands to those of the nearest mainland |
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On colonisation from the nearest source with subsequent modification |
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Summary of the last and present chapters |
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Chapter XIV Mutual Affinities of Organic Beings: Morphology |
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310 | (34) |
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Classification, groups subordinate to groups |
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Rules and difficulties in classification, explained on the theory of descent with modification |
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Classification of varieties |
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Descent always used in classification |
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Analogical or adaptive characters |
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Affinities, general, complex and radiating |
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Extinction separates and defines groups |
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Morphology, between members of the same class, between parts of the same individual |
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Embryology, laws of, explained by variations not supervening at an early age, and being inherited at a corresponding age |
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Rudimentary organs; their origin explained |
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Chapter XV Recapitulation and Conclusion |
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344 | (20) |
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Recapitulation of the objections to the theory of Natural Selection |
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Recapitulation of the general and special circumstances in its favour |
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Causes of the general belief in the immutability of species |
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How far the theory of Natural Selection may be extended |
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Effects of its adoption on the study of Natural History |
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| Glossary of Scientific Terms |
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364 | (10) |
| Index |
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374 | |
