1 Introduction 2
Craniofacial growth and development
2 An introduction to facial growth and development 6
3 Growth and development of the neurocranium 8
4 Growth and development of the naso-maxillary complex 10
5 Growth and development of the mandible 12
6 Growth and development of the soft tissues 14
7 Development of the dentition 16
Diagnosis and treatment planning
8 The aetiology of malocclusion: (i) skeletal and soft tissue factors 20
9 The aetiology of malocclusion: (ii) locals factors and habits 22
10 Classification of malocclusion 24
11 Principles of orthodontic treatment planning 26
12 Risks and benefits of orthodontic treatment 28
13 History 30
14 Extra-oral examination: skeletal pattern 32
15 Extra-oral examination: soft tissues 34
16 Intra-oral examination 36
17 Smile analysis 38
18 Space analysis 40
19 Orthodontic records 42
20 Cephalometric analysis 44
The management of malocclusion
21 Class I malocclusion 48
22 Class II division 1 malocclusion 50
23 Class II division 2 malocclusion 52
24 Class III malocclusion 54
25 Asymmetries 56
26 Open bite malocclusion 58
27 Deep bite malocclusion 60
28 Interceptive orthodontics 62
29 Poor prognosis first permanent molars 64
30 Crossbites 66
31 Impacted teeth 68
32 Impacted maxillary canines 70
33 Hypodontia 72
34 Supernumerary teeth 74
Treatment techniques
35 The biology of tooth movement 78
36 Biomechanics of tooth movement 80
37 Anchorage management 82
38 Removable appliances 84
39 Functional appliances 86
40 Fixed appliances 88
41 Stability and retention 90
42 Adult orthodontics 92
43 Orthognathic surgery 94
44 Cleft lip and palate 96
Appendix 1 The Index of Orthodontic
Treatment need (IOTN) 98
Appendix 2 Commonly used cephalometric points and reference lines 100
Glossary of orthodontic terms 101
Index 104