Water is essential-not only for life, but to modern economies across the globe, acting as an input for energy, agriculture, manufacturing, and most importantly, human consumption. Its use, however, requires major investments and innovations and while technological advancements have worked to provide solutions to challenges in many local settings, the demand for water continues to increase. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Water Resources Management and Policy is comprised of 110 scholarly articles and provides a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of the current state of the field. The Encyclopedia explores concepts, global conditions, policy instruments and implementation, as well as special topics (such as river restoration, emerging issues, and sanitation) and works to offer a roadmap for future directions towards water use, accessibility, and equity.
This volume is organized into nineteen sections: Introduction: Eight Organizing Concepts; Economic Perspectives; Political Perspectives; Sociological and Anthropological Perspectives; Legal Perspectives; Governance, Institutional, and Planning Perspectives; Water and Climate Change Adaptation; Water Development Paths; Advances in Technologies for Water Supply Augmentation, Conservation, and Management; Water Resources Systems Analysis Tools; Economic Analysis of Water Infrastructure Investments and Policy Interventions; Stormwater Management; Groundwater Management; Water Pricing and Tariffs; Regulation; Understanding Water Use: Behavioral Approaches; Planning for Improved WASH Services; Condominial Sewer Systems; and Emerging Issues, Future Challenges.
Section 1: Introduction: Eight Organizing Concepts
Water Security (Claudia Sadoff, David Grey, Edoardo Borgomeo)
Water as a Merit Good (Michael Hanemann, Dale Whittington)
Virtual Water (Francesca Greco, Martin Keulertz, David Dent)
The Economic Value of Water (Michael Hanemann, Dale Whittington)
Puzzles of Commitment, Compliance, and Defection in Water Resource Management
(John Waterbury)
Ceremonial and Subsistence Water Use (Michael Hanemann, Dale Whittington)
Integrated Water Resource Management as an Organizing Concept (Mohamed
Ait-Kadi, Melvyn Kay)
Global Goal Setting and the Human Right to Water (Cristy Clark)
Section 2: Economic Perspectives
Rethinking Water Markets (Rupert Quentin Grafton, James Horne, Sarah A.
Wheeler)
Recreation Use Values for Water-Based Recreation (John Loomis, Lucas Bair)
Ecosystem Services into Water Resource Planning and Management (Phoebe
Koundouri, Angelos Alamanos, Kostas Dellis, Conrad Landis, Artemis
Stratopoulou)
Water and Economy-Wide Modeling: An Overview (William D. A. Bryant)
A Review of Alternative Water Supply Systems in ASEAN (Cecilia Tortajada,
Kristopher Hartley, Corinne Ong, Ojasvee Arora)
Section 3: Political Perspectives
Hydropolitics (Mattia Grandi)
The Mirage of Supply-Side Development: The Hydraulic Mission and the Politics
of Agriculture and Water in the Nile Basin (Harry Verhoeven)
Exploring the Politics of Institutional Fragmentation in Transboundary River
Basins (Christian Bréthaut, Laura Turley)e
Politics of Water Flows: Water Supply, Sanitation and Drainage (Tatiana
Acevedo Guerrero)
Politics of Local Community Engagement in Transboundary Water Negotiations
(Isabela Espindola, Pilar Villar)
Section 4: Sociological & Anthropological Perspectives
The Street-Level Bureaucracy at the Intersection of Formal and Informal Water
Provision (Marie-Hélène Zérah)
Water and Development: A Gender Perspective (Yoshika S. Crider, Isha Ray)
Hybrid Modes of Urban Water Delivery in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
(Alison Post, Isha Ray)
What Is Public and What Is Private in Water Provision: Insights from
19th-Century Philadelphia, Boston, and New York (Gwynneth C. Malin)
Section 5: Legal Perspectives
The Basic Systems of Surface Water Allocation (Joseph W. Dellapenna)
The Allocation of Groundwater: From Superstition to Science (Burke W.
Griggs)
Legal Regimes for Sharing Transboundary Water (Mara Tignino)
Excluded Uses: Indigenous Rights to Water (Barbara Cosens)
Global Climate Change and the Reallocation of Water (Rhett B. Larson)
The Problem of Water Markets (Michael Hanemann)
Section 6: Governance, Institutional, and Planning Perspectives
Water Federalism in the United States of America (Rebecca F.A. Bernat,
Sharon B. Megdal)
Water User Associations and Collective Action in Irrigation and Drainage
(Bryan Bruns)
Economic Development and Groundwater Sustainability (Cecilia Tortajada,
Francisco González-Gómez)
Institutional Fit in the Water Sector (Cathy Rubiños, Maria Bernedo Del
Carpio)
Transboundary Water Governance and Small Basin Councils in Central Asia
(Stefanos Xenarios, Murat Yakubov, Aziza Baubekova, Olzhas Alshagirov,
Zhassulan Zhalgas, Eduardo Araral Jr.)
Where Is Equity in Integrated Approaches for Water Resources Management?
(Jeremy Allouche)
Section 7: Water & Climate Change Adaptation
Smart Cities and Water Infrastructure (Katherine Lieberknecht)
Water and Spatial Planning in the Netherlands: The Latent Potential of
Spatial Planning for Flood Resilience (Nikki Brand, Wil Zonneveld)
US Water Policy and Planning with Respect to Climate Change (Caitlin
Dyckman)
Planning for Resilient and Sustainable Coastal Shorelands and Communities in
the Face of Global Climate Change (Richard K. Norton)
From Flood Control to Flood Adaptation (Katharine J. Mach, Miyuki Hino, A.R.
Siders, Steven F. Koller, Caroline M. Kraan, Jennifer Niemann, Brett F.
Sanders)
Social Equity, Land Use Planning, and Flood Mitigation (Malini Roy, Philip
Berke)
Climate Adaptation and Public Health (Sarah E. Scales, Julia Massi, Jennifer
A. Horney)
Ecological Water Management in Cities (Timothy Beatley)
How Perceptions of Risks Affect Responses to Climate Change: Implications for
Water Resources Planning (Sonia Akter, Shaleen Khanal)
Climate Change Impacts on Diarrheal Disease, from Epidemiological Association
Research to Social Vulnerability Exploration (Junfeng Yu, Lianping Yang, Hung
Chak Ho, Cunrui Huang)
Climate Change and Water-related Diseases in the Mekong Delta Area (Nu Quy
Linh Tran, Des Connell, Trung Hieu Nguyen, Dung Phung)
Section 8: Water Development Paths
Basin Development Paths: Lessons from the Colorado and Nile River Basins
(Kevin Wheeler)
The Development Path of Urban Water and Sanitation Tariffs and Subsidies: A
Conceptual Framework (Dale Whittington, Marcus Wishart, David Kaczan, Hua
Wang, Xiawei Liao, Si Gou)
Groundwater Development Paths in the U.S. High Plains (Renata Rimsaite,
Nicholas Brozovic)
Environmental and Cultural Flows in Aotearoa and Australia (Alister Thorpe,
Aryati Yashadhana, Brett Biles, Emily Munro-Harrison, Jonathan Kingsley)
Water Risks and Rural Development in Coastal Bangladesh (Sonia Ferdous Hoque,
Mohammad Shamsudduha)
Section 9: Advances in Technologies for Water Supply Augmentation,
Conservation, and Management
Desalination Technology and Advancement (P.S. Goh, A.F. Ismail, and N.
Hilal)
Wastewater Reclamation and Recycling (Soyoon Kum and Lewis S. Rowles)
Review of Rain and Atmospheric Water Harvesting History and Technology
(Nathan Ortiz and Sameer Rao)
Field-Level Irrigation (Kiril Manevski, Mathias Neumann Andersen)
An Innovative Approach to Hybridizing Two Established Desalination
Technologies or Toward Ensuring a Future Global Water Supply: Using a Hybrid
Multieffect Desalination with an Adsorption Cycle (Muhammad Wakil Shahzad,
Muhammad Ahmad Jamil)
Membrane Filtration (Maryna Peter)
Section 10: Water Resources Systems Analysis Tools
A Century of Evolution of Modeling for River Basin Planning to The Next
Generation of Models, Methods, and Concepts (Caroline Rosello, Sondoss
Elsawah, Joseph Guillaume, Anthony Jakeman)
Multi-Objective and Robust Planning Tools (Jazmin Zatarain Salazar, Andrea
Castelletti, Matteo Giuliani)
Optimal and Real Time Control of Water Infrastructures (Ronald van Nooijen,
Demetris Koutsoyiannis, Alla Kolechkina)
Hydroeconomics (Manuel Pulido-Velazquez, Amaury Tilmant)
Hedging and Financial Tools for Water Management (C. Dionisio Pérez-Blanco)
Water Resources Planning Under (Deep) Uncertainty (Riddhi Singh)
Machine Learning Tools for Water Resources Modelling and Management (Giorgio
Guariso, Matteo Sangiorgio)
Section 11: Economic Analysis of Water Infrastructure Investments and Policy
Interventions
Review of the State of the Art in Analysis of the Economics of Water
Resources Infrastructure (Marc Jeuland)
The Economics of Institutional Changes in the Water Sector: Methods,
Evidence, and a Call for Systems Thinking (Marc Jeuland, Travis Dauwalter,
Omar Hopkins)
Moving to General Equilibrium: The Role of CGEs for Economic Analysis of
Water Infrastructure Projects (Kenneth M. Strzepek, James E. Neumann)
A Socio-Hydrological Perspective on the Economics of Water Resources
Development and Management (Saket Pande, Mahendran Roobavannan, Jaya
Kandasamy, Murugesu Sivapalan, Daniel Hombing, Haoyang Lyu, Luuk Rietveld)
Policy Analysis and Investment Appraisal in the Water Sector (Edoardo
Borgomeo)
The Evidence Base for Cognitive, Nutrition, and Other Benefits from Water,
Sanitation, and Hygiene Interventions (Jennifer Orgill-Meyer)
The Evidence Base for Time Savings Benefits in Water and Sanitation
Interventions (Maya Chandrasekaran, Joseph Cook, Marc Jeuland)
Section 12: Economic Analysis of Water Infrastructure Investments and Policy
Interventions
Valuing the Benefits of Green Stormwater Infrastructure (Amy W. Ando, Noelwah
R. Netusil)
Stormwater Management at the Lot Level: Engaging Home- and Business Owners to
Adopt Green Stormwater Infrastructure (Anand D. Jayakaran, Emily Rhodes,
Jason Vogel)
Stormwater Management and Roadways (Nigel Pickering, Somayeh Nassiri)
Green Infrastructure for Stormwater Runoff Control in China (Haifeng Jia,
Dingkun Yin)
Section 13: Groundwater Management
The Global Groundwater Revolution (Jac van der Gun)
Sustainable Management of Groundwater (Stephen Foster, John Chilton)
Managed Aquifer Recharge as a Tool to Improve Water Security and Resilience
(Mary-Belle Cruz-Ayala, Sharon B. Megdal)
Groundwater Models (Timothy M. Weigand, Matthew W. Farthing, Casey T. Miller)
Section 14: Water Pricing and Tariffs
Water Tariffs in Spain (Fernando Arbués, Marián García-Valiñas)
An Assessment of the Widespread Use of Increasing Block Tariffs in the
Municipal Water Supply Sector (Dale Whittington, Céline Nauges)
Dynamic Water Pricing (R. Quentin Grafton, Long Chu, Paul Wyrwoll)
Nonlinear Pricing with Reference Dependence (Catarina Roseta-Palma, Miguel
Carvalho, Ricardo Correia) Wastewater Tariffs in Spain (Fernando Arbués,
Marián García-Valiñas)
Section 15: Regulation
Conceptual and Practical Aspects of Water Regulation in Developing Countries
(Sanford V. Berg)
The Health Impact of Water and Sanitation Utilities Privatization and
Regulation in Sub-Saharan Africa (Lisa Bagnoli, Salvador Bertomeu-Sanchez,
Antonio Estache)
Regulating Quality in the Water Sector: A Theoretical Perspective (Emmanuelle
Auriol)
Legal, Regulatory, and Institutional Framework of Water and Sanitation
Services in the Eastern and Southern African Region (Yvonne Magawa)
Water Safety Plans (Karen Setty, Giuliana Ferrero)
Urban Water Regulation and Health: The Case of Chile (Michael Hantke-Domas,
Ronaldo Bruna)
Public Sector Participation in the Water Sector: Opportunities and Pitfalls
(Sebastian Galiani)
Section 16: Understanding Water Use: Behavioral Approaches
How Trust and Risk Perception Affect Household Water Use (Raymond Yu Wang,
Xiaofeng Liu)
Behavioral Interventions as Policy Instruments to Manage Household Water Use
(Leong Ching, Swee Kiat Tay) Do Households Respond to the Marginal or Average
Price of Piped Water Services? (Joseph Cook, Daniel Brent)
Changing Open Defecation Behavior (Mark Radin)
Section 17: Planning for Improved WASH Services
What Has Emerged from 30 Years of the Orangi Pilot Project (Arif Hasan)
Customer Assistance Programs and Affordability Issues in Water Supply and
Sanitation (Joseph Cook)
The Implications of Informal Settlement Upgrading Programs for Access to
Water and Sanitation and Public Health (David Satterthwaite, Alice Sverdlik)
Section 18: Condominial Sewer Systems
Evaluating Condominial Sewerage Programs: Technology & Community Engagement
(Patrícia Campos Borja, Earthea Nance, Luiz Roberto Santos Moraes)
The Use of Appropriate Sanitation Technology in Low-Income and Informally
Occupied Areas: A Case Study of EMBASA's Experience with the Condominial
Sewerage System in Salvador da Bahia, Brazil (Ivan Paiva, Júlio Mota)
A Case Study of Brasilia and the Federal District: Community Participation
and Sanitary and Environmental Education in Condominial Sewerage Systems at
CAESB (César Augusto Rissoli, Maria Martinele Feitosa Martins)
Case Study of the Federal District of Brasília: CAESB's Experience with
Condominial Sewerage (Maria Martinele Feitosa Martins, César Augusto
Rissoli)
Brasilia's Experience with Wastewater Treatment Systems: A Case Study (Klaus
Dieter Neder)
Section 19: Emerging Issues, Future Challenges
Challenges to Environmental Valuation in Light of Global Change (Vic
Adamowicz, Diane Dupont)
Catastrophic Droughts and their Economic Consequences (Farnaz Pourzand, Ilan
Noy)
Rethinking Hydropower: The Economics and Politics of Privately Owned
Hydropower in the United States (Lynne Y. Lewis)
Water Resource Management: Challenges and Opportunities with Game Theory
Approaches (Kim Hang Pham Do)
Use of Experimental Economics in Policy Design and Evaluation: An Application
to Water Resources and other Environmental Domains (Simanti Banerjee)
Emerging Issues and Challenges in Transboundary Freshwater: The Role of
Treaties and Treaty Design (Shlomi Dinar)
Emerging Issues in Groundwater: New Challenges (Encarna Esteban)
Decision-making in a Water Crisis: Lessons from the Cape Town Drought for
Urban Water Policy (Johanna Brühl, Leonard le Roux, Martine Visser, Gunnar
Köhlin)
Dale Whittington is Professor in the Departments of Environmental Sciences & Engineering and City & Regional Planning at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and a Senior Research Fellow at the Institute of Water Policy at the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy at the National University of Singapore. From 2007-2021 he was a part-time Professor at the University of Manchester. He is the author of over 140 journal articles, and over one hundred book chapters, consultant reports, and other publications, including (with Prof. Duncan MacRae Jr.) a graduate textbook on public policy analysis, Expert Advice for Policy Choice. From 2009-2015, Prof. Whittington served as a member of the Technical Committee of the Global Water Partnership (GWP). In 2021, Prof. Whittington was the President of the Society for Benefit Cost Analysis. Since 2014, Prof. Whittington and Dr. Duncan Thomas have offered the two-part Massive Open Online Course, Water Supply and Sanitation Policy in Developing
Countries on COURSERA. Over 40,000 students from 184 countries have participated.
