Pain is a multidimensional phenomenon and is the main symptom that leads people to seek health services. It is also estimated that approximately 50-80% of hospitalized patients will experience pain at some point during their hospitalization due to underlying disease, surgery, or other therapeutic interventions. Pain control is vital, as its ineffective management can lead to significant physical, psychological, and economic consequences. Delayed recovery, high complication rates, anxiety, and sleep disturbances caused by inadequate pain management hinder patients response to treatment and negatively affect their quality of life. Pain, however, remains undertreated despite guidelines and advanced techniques for its management. In the context of this book, relevant research findings are presented. Particularly, the dyadic approach in managing older adults chronic pain is indicated as well as how we can tap on WhatsApp communication technology to reduce pain intensity and caregiver burden. Moreover, the relationship of attitudes towards menstruation and the perceived social support with self-efficacy in dealing with dysmenorrhea pain in Greek women is investigated. A health promotion program with physical exercises and a website to improve pain, quality of life, and physical and psychological well-being among vulnerable older adults in transitional housing is evaluated. Further, we present the research findings regarding fatigue and pain self-efficacy among Greek patients with musculoskeletal problems and the impact of clinical and sociodemographic factors. Finally, dual-targeting strategies in opioid receptor modulation are presented as well as the aspect of health effects and cost effectiveness of pain management.
