| List of Illustrations |
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11 | (8) |
| Preface to the Third Edition |
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19 | (4) |
| Preface to the Second Edition |
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23 | (2) |
| Preface to the First Edition |
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25 | (2) |
| Chapter 1 The Paleoethnobotanical Approach |
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27 | (8) |
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27 | (1) |
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28 | (3) |
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Nature and Status of Ethnobotany |
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31 | (4) |
| Chapter 2 Deposition, Preservation, and Recovery of Macroremains |
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35 | (62) |
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35 | (1) |
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Deposition and Preservation of Macroremains |
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35 | (9) |
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Deposition of Macroremains |
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35 | (5) |
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Preservation of Macroremains |
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40 | (4) |
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In Situ Collection of Macroremains |
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44 | (1) |
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44 | (2) |
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Water Recovery: Flotation Techniques |
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46 | (7) |
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46 | (2) |
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Development of Flotation in the New World |
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48 | (2) |
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Development of Flotation in the Old World |
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50 | (2) |
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Machine-Assisted Flotation in North America |
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52 | (1) |
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Building and Operating Flotation Systems: Sample Designs |
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53 | (21) |
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53 | (9) |
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Machine-Assisted Flotation: Water Separators and SMAP Machines |
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62 | (8) |
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Machine-Assisted Flotation: Froth Flotation |
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70 | (4) |
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Sampling for Macroremains |
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74 | (7) |
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74 | (2) |
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76 | (5) |
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81 | (1) |
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Issues and Directions in Recovery of Macroremains |
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81 | (16) |
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Choosing a Recovery System |
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81 | (8) |
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89 | (1) |
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90 | (2) |
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Testing Flotation Recovery Rates |
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92 | (1) |
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93 | (4) |
| Chapter 3 Identification and Interpretation of Macroremains |
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97 | (88) |
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97 | (1) |
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Initial Processing of Samples |
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97 | (11) |
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Basic Hand-Sorting Procedures |
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97 | (8) |
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Subsampling Large Flotation Samples |
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105 | (2) |
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Alternatives to Hand Sorting |
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107 | (1) |
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Sorting Desiccated and Waterlogged Samples |
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108 | (1) |
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Building a Comparative Collection |
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108 | (9) |
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Plant-Collecting Procedures |
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109 | (2) |
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Pressing and Drying Specimens |
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111 | (2) |
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Identification of Comparative Materials |
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113 | (1) |
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Preparing a Working Laboratory Collection |
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114 | (3) |
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Basic Identification Techniques |
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117 | (19) |
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117 | (4) |
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121 | (1) |
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121 | (7) |
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128 | (5) |
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Fibers, Leaves, and Non-Woody Stems |
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133 | (3) |
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Cultivated Plant Material |
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136 | (1) |
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Specialized Identification Techniques |
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136 | (8) |
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Embedding, Sectioning, and Grinding |
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137 | (3) |
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140 | (1) |
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141 | (1) |
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141 | (3) |
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Presenting and Interpreting Results |
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144 | (37) |
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Approaches to Interpretation |
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144 | (2) |
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146 | (1) |
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147 | (20) |
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167 | (3) |
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Case Study 1: Dung Fuel or the Broad-Spectrum Revolution: Interpreting Seed Data from Ali Kosh and Abu Hureyra |
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170 | (5) |
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175 | (2) |
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Case Study 2: There Is More to Food than Diet: Foodways and Political and Social Change in the Americas |
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177 | (4) |
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Issues and Directions in Macroremain Analysis |
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181 | (4) |
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Interpretation and Macroremain Deposition and Preservation |
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181 | (1) |
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The Meaning of Abundance Measures |
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181 | (1) |
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181 | (1) |
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The Roles of Macroremain Analysis in Paleoethnobotany |
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182 | (3) |
| Chapter 4 Pollen Analysis |
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185 | (68) |
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185 | (1) |
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Nature and Production of Pollen |
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186 | (5) |
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186 | (1) |
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186 | (4) |
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Pollen Dispersal Mechanisms |
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190 | (1) |
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History of Pollen Analysis |
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191 | (3) |
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Pollen Deposition and Preservation |
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194 | (10) |
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194 | (7) |
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201 | (3) |
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204 | (9) |
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204 | (3) |
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Taking Soil and Sediment Samples |
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207 | (6) |
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Sampling Modem Vegetation |
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213 | (1) |
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213 | (13) |
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214 | (1) |
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Soil Extraction Techniques |
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214 | (4) |
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218 | (2) |
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Processing Floral Specimens |
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220 | (1) |
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220 | (1) |
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Counting and Identifying Pollen |
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221 | (5) |
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Presenting and Interpreting Results |
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226 | (23) |
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226 | (4) |
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Interpreting Sedimentary Data |
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230 | (17) |
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Case Study: Identifying Human Influences on Vegetation, An Example from the Pacific |
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241 | (6) |
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Interpreting Archaeological Pollen Data |
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247 | (2) |
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Issues and Directions in Archaeological Pollen Analysis |
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249 | (4) |
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249 | (1) |
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Context and Sampling Issues |
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249 | (1) |
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250 | (1) |
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The Roles of Pollen Analysis in Archaeology and Paleoethnobotany |
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251 | (2) |
| Chapter 5 Phytolith Analysis |
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253 | (88) |
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253 | (1) |
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Nature and Occurrence of Phytoliths |
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254 | (10) |
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254 | (1) |
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Occurrence and Characteristics of Phytoliths |
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254 | (10) |
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Phytoliths and Archaeology: A Brief History |
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264 | (3) |
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Phytolith Deposition and Preservation |
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267 | (8) |
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267 | (6) |
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273 | (2) |
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275 | (5) |
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Sampling Soil and Sediments |
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275 | (4) |
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279 | (1) |
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280 | (34) |
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280 | (2) |
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Processing Procedures for Soil and Sediment |
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282 | (12) |
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Processing Comparative Plant Material |
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294 | (4) |
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Scanning, Counting, and Identifying Phytoliths |
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298 | (16) |
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Presenting and Interpreting Results |
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314 | (23) |
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315 | (3) |
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Interpreting Phytolith Data |
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318 | (19) |
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Case Study 1: How Common Was Maize at Real Alto? |
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326 | (7) |
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Case Study 2: Early Agriculture and Vegetation Modification in the Bang PakongValley, Thailand |
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333 | (4) |
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Issues and Directions in Phytolith Analysis |
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337 | (4) |
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Phytolith Production Patterns |
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339 | (1) |
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Development of Standard Procedures |
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339 | (1) |
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Understanding Phytolith Deposition and Preservation |
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340 | (1) |
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The Roles of Phytolith Analysis in Archaeology and Paleoethnobotany |
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340 | (1) |
| Chapter 6 Starch Analysis |
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341 | (44) |
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341 | (1) |
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Nature and Production of Starch |
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341 | (2) |
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History of Starch Analysis |
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343 | (3) |
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Starch Deposition and Preservation |
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346 | (10) |
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346 | (5) |
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351 | (5) |
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356 | (3) |
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356 | (2) |
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Collecting Artifacts for Starch Analysis |
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358 | (1) |
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359 | (16) |
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Sampling Artifacts for Starch |
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359 | (4) |
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Extracting Starch from Residues and Sediments |
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363 | (5) |
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Sampling Comparative Plant Material |
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368 | (1) |
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368 | (2) |
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Counting and Identifying Starch |
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370 | (5) |
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Presenting and Interpreting Results |
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375 | (7) |
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375 | (3) |
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378 | (4) |
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Case Study: Starch analysis (and other paleoethnobotanical data) provides insights into human evolution and the emergence of modern behaviors |
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379 | (3) |
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Issues and Directions in Archaeological Starch Analysis |
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382 | (3) |
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Understanding Modes of Starch Preservation and Modification |
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382 | (1) |
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Recovering Starch from Sediments and Residues |
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383 | (1) |
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383 | (1) |
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383 | (1) |
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The Roles of Starch Research in Archaeology and Paleoethnobotany |
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384 | (1) |
| Chapter 7 Integrating Biological Data |
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385 | (50) |
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Part I: Indicators of Diet and Health |
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385 | (33) |
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385 | (1) |
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Indirect Dietary Indicators |
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386 | (12) |
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387 | (3) |
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390 | (8) |
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398 | (20) |
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Gut Contents and Coprolites |
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398 | (1) |
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399 | (6) |
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405 | (6) |
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Skeletal Indicators of Nutrition and Health |
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411 | (7) |
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Part II: The Interplay of Dietary Indicators |
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418 | (17) |
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Predictions from Dietary Indicators |
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418 | (3) |
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Indirect Indicators: Botanical and Faunal Data |
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418 | (1) |
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419 | (1) |
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419 | (1) |
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419 | (1) |
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Nonspecific Indicators of Stress |
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420 | (1) |
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Combined Indicators for Eight Neotropical Diets |
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421 | (7) |
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421 | (1) |
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422 | (2) |
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424 | (4) |
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From Model to Reality: Two Archaeological Case Studies |
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428 | (7) |
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Coastal Ecuador: Formative Period Diet |
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428 | (4) |
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432 | (3) |
| References |
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435 | (72) |
| Index |
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507 | (6) |
| About the Author |
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513 | |