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Path to the Next Generation of U.S. Banknotes: Keeping Them Real [Pehme köide]

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  • Formaat: Paperback / softback, 328 pages, kõrgus x laius: 254x178 mm
  • Ilmumisaeg: 26-Aug-2007
  • Kirjastus: National Academies Press
  • ISBN-10: 0309105781
  • ISBN-13: 9780309105781
Teised raamatud teemal:
Path to the Next Generation of U.S. Banknotes: Keeping Them RealSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: Paperback / softback, 328 pages, kõrgus x laius: 254x178 mm
  • Ilmumisaeg: 26-Aug-2007
  • Kirjastus: National Academies Press
  • ISBN-10: 0309105781
  • ISBN-13: 9780309105781
Teised raamatud teemal:
Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9780309105781.html
Märksõnad:
The rapid pace at which digital printing is advancing is posing a very serious challenge to the U.S. Department of the Treasurya (TM)s Bureau of Printing (BEP). The BEP needs to stay ahead of the evolving counterfeiting threats to U.S. currency. To help meet that challenge, A Path to the Next Generation of U.S. Banknotes provides an assessment of technologies and methods to produce designs that enhance the security of U.S. Federal Reserve notes (FRNs). This book presents the results of a systematic investigation of the trends in digital imaging and printing and how they enable emerging counterfeiting threats. It also provides the identification and analysis of new features of FRNs that could provide effective countermeasures to these threats and an overview of a requirements-driven development process that could be adapted to develop an advanced-generation currency.
SUMMARY 1
1. BACKGROUND AND MOTIVATION FOR THE STUDY 5
The Evolution of Money,
7
The Evolution of Counterfeiting,
8
Counterfeiting at Home and Abroad,
9
The Impact of Counterfeiting,
13
Detection of Counterfeits: The Effectiveness of Features on U.S. Banknotes,
15
Human Detection of Counterfeits: Visual and Tactile Effectiveness,
16
Machine Counting and Authentication,
18
Conclusions,
20
2. UNDERSTANDING COUNTERFEITING 22
Portrait of a Counterfeiter,
22
The Primitive Counterfeiter,
24
The Opportunist Counterfeiter,
25
The Petty Criminal Counterfeiter,
26
The Professional Criminal Counterfeiter,
26
The State-Sponsored Counterfeiter,
27
Who Does What?,
28
A Flow Model for Counterfeiting,
28
Evaluating Security Features with the Flow Model,
33
Decreasing the Counterfeit Production Rate—Parameter p,
33
Emptying the Stockpile—Parameter c,
35
Disrupting the Passing of Counterfeits—Parameter s,
35
Removing Counterfeits from Circulation—Parameters r, h, and β,
38
Conclusions,
39
3. EMERGING COUNTERFEITING TECHNOLOGY THREATS 40
Digital Counterfeiting,
40
Image Acquisition,
42
Image Processing,
43
Current Capabilities,
43
Emerging Capabilities,
45
Image Printing,
46
Electrophotography,
46
Ink-Jet Printing,
48
Thermal Printing,
51
Chemical Printing,
51
Image-Printing Implications,
52
Emerging Technologies,
54
Implications of Technology Trends,
56
Conclusions,
57
4. INNOVATIVE COUNTERFEIT-DETERRENT FEATURES 59
Feature Assessment,
59
Evaluation Scheme,
60
Demonstration of the Evaluation Scheme,
63
Summary Description of Novel Image Features,
64
Printed Features,
69
Modified Substrate Features,
72
Composite Additions to the Substrate,
75
Assessment of Feature Production Cost,
77
Prioritization of Innovative Features,
79
Conclusions,
86
5. DISRUPTIVE FEATURE PLATFORMS 87
Developing the Idea of Feature Platforms,
87
Substrate Features,
90
Composite Additions,
92
Electronic Platforms,
93
Summary and Conclusions,
95
6 A PATH FORWARD 97
Technology Trends,
98
Feature-Delivery Process,
100
Feature-Delivery Phases,
101
Development Risk and Issues,
104
Single Feature Versus a Set of Features,
108
Banknote Design Process,
112
Program-Execution Considerations,
114
Field Testing of Features,
115
Conclusions,
116
APPENDIXES
A Statement of Task and Organization of the Report
121
B Features of Current U.S. Banknotes
124
C Intermediate-Term Feature Descriptions
132
Color Image Saturation,
134
Fiber-Infused Substrate,
139
Frensel Lens for Microprinting Self-Authentication,
144
Grazing-Incidence Optical Patterns,
149
High-Complexity Spatial Patterns,
153
Hybrid Diffractive Optically Variable Devices,
160
Metameric Ink Patterns,
166
Microperforated Substrate,
172
Nanocrystal Pigments,
176
Nanoprint,
182
Refractive Microoptic Arrays,
188
See-Through Registration Feature,
201
Subwavelength Optical Devices,
207
Tactile Variant Substrate,
213
Thermoresponsive Optically Variable Devices,
218
Window,
224
D Long-Term Feature and Feature Platform Descriptions
227
Anomalous Currency Space,
229
Chemical Sensors,
236
Digitally Encrypted Substrate,
242
Engineered Cotton Fibers,
247
e-Substrate,
256
NiTi Shape Memory and Superelastic Responsive Materials,
278
Smart Nanomaterials,
284
Tactilely Active Electronic Features,
290
E An Example Using a Flow Model for Counterfeiting
297
F Biographical Sketches of Committee Members
303
Committee on Technologies to Deter Currency Counterfeiting, National Research Council