Note on Coverpiece - `Knife Angel' |
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xiii | |
Acknowledgements |
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xv | |
About the Author |
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xvii | |
Preface |
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xix | |
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1 Introduction, Scope and Historical Perspectives |
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1 | (16) |
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1 | (1) |
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2 | (1) |
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2 | (1) |
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2 | (3) |
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5 | (3) |
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8 | (1) |
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9 | (1) |
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9 | (1) |
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9 | (1) |
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Exhumation of Richard III |
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9 | (2) |
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11 | (1) |
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11 | (2) |
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13 | (1) |
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13 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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15 | (2) |
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2 Knife Crime - Epidemiology, Impact on the Community and Legislation |
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17 | (8) |
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Crime Trends Involving Knives and Other Sharp Implements |
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17 | (1) |
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17 | (1) |
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Incidence in the United Kingdom |
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17 | (1) |
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Impact of Knife Crime on Communities and on the Healthcare Burden |
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18 | (1) |
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Legislation in the United Kingdom |
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19 | (1) |
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Outline of the Relevant Acts Concerning Knives and Other Offensive Weapons |
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19 | (1) |
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Prevention of Crime Act 1953 |
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19 | (1) |
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Restriction of Offensive Weapons Act (ROWA) 1959 |
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20 | (1) |
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Criminal Justice Act (CJA) 1988 |
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20 | (1) |
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Offensive Weapons Act 1996 |
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20 | (1) |
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20 | (1) |
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Violent Crime Reduction Act 2006 |
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20 | (1) |
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Specific Provisions Made in Legislation Relating to Knife Crime Prevention |
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20 | (1) |
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Good Reasons for Carrying a Knife or Weapon in Public |
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21 | (1) |
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22 | (1) |
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22 | (1) |
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Banned Knives in the United Kingdom |
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23 | (1) |
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23 | (2) |
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3 Types of Knives and the Dynamics of Sharp Force Trauma |
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25 | (16) |
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Types of Knives - Historical Perspective |
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25 | (1) |
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25 | (1) |
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26 | (1) |
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27 | (1) |
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27 | (1) |
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28 | (2) |
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30 | (1) |
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Forces Involved in Stabbings and Other Sharp Force Trauma and Influencing Factors |
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30 | (1) |
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30 | (1) |
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Delivery of the Weapon to the Body and Stabbing Techniques Used |
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31 | (1) |
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Skin Resistance and Underlying Tissue |
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32 | (3) |
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35 | (1) |
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Intrinsic Properties of Knife Blades and Penetration Force |
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35 | (2) |
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Stab Protection from Body Armour Systems |
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37 | (1) |
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38 | (3) |
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4 Scene Examination in Cases of Sharp Force Trauma |
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41 | (20) |
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What is Meant by the Crime Scene? |
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41 | (1) |
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41 | (2) |
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43 | (1) |
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43 | (1) |
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44 | (3) |
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47 | (1) |
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47 | (7) |
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54 | (2) |
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56 | (1) |
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57 | (1) |
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Retrospective Scene Visit |
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58 | (1) |
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59 | (1) |
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59 | (2) |
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5 The Post-Mortem Examination in Sharp Force Trauma Deaths |
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61 | (16) |
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61 | (2) |
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63 | (1) |
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Examination in the Mortuary |
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63 | (1) |
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Arrival and Storage Prior to Autopsy |
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63 | (1) |
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63 | (1) |
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Identification Prior to the Autopsy |
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63 | (1) |
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63 | (2) |
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65 | (2) |
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67 | (1) |
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67 | (1) |
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67 | (1) |
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68 | (4) |
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72 | (1) |
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General Assessment of Injuries |
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72 | (1) |
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Testing for the Air Embolism |
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72 | (1) |
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73 | (1) |
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Assessment of the Length of Wound Tracks |
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73 | (1) |
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Assessment of Extent of Injury and the Effect of Surgical Intervention |
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73 | (1) |
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Examination of a Possible Weapon |
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73 | (1) |
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Briefing After the Autopsy |
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73 | (1) |
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Preparing the Autopsy Report |
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73 | (1) |
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Further Examination of the Deceased |
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74 | (1) |
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75 | (1) |
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75 | (2) |
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6 Patterns of Wounding and Demographic Factors in Homicidal and Other Sharp Force Assaults |
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77 | (16) |
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77 | (1) |
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77 | (1) |
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Victim-Offender Relationship |
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77 | (1) |
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78 | (1) |
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78 | (3) |
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Physical Activity and Survival Time After Fatal Sharp Force Trauma |
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81 | (1) |
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Wound Orientation and Manner of Death |
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82 | (1) |
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Homicide, Suicide or Accident? |
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82 | (1) |
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83 | (1) |
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Gender and Location of Assault |
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83 | (1) |
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83 | (1) |
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Terrorist-Related Stabbings |
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84 | (2) |
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Involvement of Alcohol and/or Drugs |
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86 | (1) |
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Implement Used in Assault |
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86 | (1) |
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86 | (2) |
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88 | (1) |
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Homicide Followed by Suicide (Dyadic Death) |
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88 | (2) |
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90 | (3) |
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7 Morphology of Sharp Force Injuries and Type of Implements Responsible for Causing Them |
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93 | (50) |
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93 | (1) |
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Factors Relating to the Appearance of Wounds |
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93 | (1) |
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94 | (1) |
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The Effect of Sharp Force Impact on Clothing |
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95 | (2) |
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Case of Azaria Chamberlain |
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97 | (1) |
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Morphological Appearance of Wounds on the Skin and Factors Affecting their Shape and Size |
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98 | (1) |
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98 | (1) |
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Laceration or Incised Wound? |
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99 | (3) |
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Wound Shape and Knife Shape |
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102 | (7) |
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109 | (1) |
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Identification of Weapon Used from Wound Morphology |
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109 | (1) |
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Wound Size and Blade Width |
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110 | (3) |
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Appearance Inside the Body and Factors Affecting Shape, Size and Length of Track |
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113 | (1) |
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Direction of the Track of a Stab Wound |
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114 | (2) |
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Analysis of Marks on Bone and Cartilage Caused by Sharp Force Trauma |
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116 | (1) |
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Scars from Previous Trauma |
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116 | (1) |
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116 | (1) |
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Axe or Hatchet (Type of Hand Axe) |
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116 | (2) |
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118 | (2) |
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120 | (1) |
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Background of Rwanda Genocide |
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121 | (6) |
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127 | (1) |
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128 | (1) |
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Other Instruments Causing Sharp Force Trauma |
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129 | (1) |
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129 | (2) |
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131 | (2) |
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Crossbow, Bow and Arrow and Other Pointed Objects with a Shaft or Rod-Shape Causing Penetrating Trauma |
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133 | (1) |
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133 | (1) |
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134 | (3) |
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Propellers from Watercraft |
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137 | (3) |
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140 | (3) |
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8 Sharp Force Trauma - Regional Location and Consequences of Injury |
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143 | (50) |
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143 | (1) |
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Regional Distribution of Injuries and Manner of Causation |
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143 | (2) |
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Acute and Longer-term General Effects of Injury |
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145 | (1) |
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Exsanguination - Hypovolaemic Shock |
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145 | (1) |
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Infection Following Trauma |
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145 | (1) |
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Loss or Diminished Function |
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146 | (1) |
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Formation of Pseudoaneurysms and Fistulae |
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146 | (1) |
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147 | (1) |
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General Features of Injury |
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148 | (1) |
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149 | (1) |
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150 | (1) |
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150 | (1) |
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150 | (2) |
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152 | (1) |
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Self-inflicted versus Homicidal Stabbing Of the Neck |
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153 | (1) |
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154 | (1) |
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154 | (1) |
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Ischaemic Changes to the Brain and Other Complications of Vascular Neck Trauma |
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154 | (1) |
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Vertebral Artery Injuries |
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154 | (1) |
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Incidence of Different Types of Neck Trauma |
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155 | (1) |
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Asphyxia from Airway Obstruction Following Sharp Force Injury |
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155 | (1) |
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Incised (slash) Wounds of the Neck |
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156 | (3) |
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159 | (1) |
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160 | (1) |
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160 | (2) |
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Wounds to Major Thoracic Vessels |
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162 | (1) |
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163 | (3) |
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Emergency Thoracotomy and Other Medical Intervention |
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166 | (1) |
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Position of Organs in the Thoracic Cavity |
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166 | (1) |
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166 | (5) |
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Injuries to Extremities and Ano-genital Region |
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171 | (1) |
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Peripheral Vascular Injuries |
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171 | (1) |
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172 | (2) |
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174 | (1) |
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Accidental (Non-intentional) Self-inflicted Hand Wounds in Knife Users During Assaults and From Other Circumstances |
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175 | (1) |
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176 | (3) |
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179 | (1) |
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179 | (1) |
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General Considerations in the Investigation of Defence Injuries |
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179 | (1) |
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179 | (4) |
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Active or Passive Defence Injuries? |
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183 | (1) |
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Distribution of Defence Wounds |
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183 | (3) |
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Other Demographic Factors |
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186 | (1) |
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Incidence of Defence Injuries in Homicide Cases |
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186 | (1) |
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Effect of Alcohol and/or Drugs |
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187 | (1) |
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187 | (1) |
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187 | (1) |
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Differentiation of Defence Wounds from Self-inflicted Injuries |
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188 | (1) |
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Defence Injuries in Non-Fatal Wounding |
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188 | (1) |
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189 | (1) |
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Other Injuries that Might be Misinterpreted as Defensive |
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189 | (1) |
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Fraudulent and Other Criminal Motive |
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189 | (1) |
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189 | (2) |
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191 | (2) |
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10 Intentional Self-inflicted Injuries |
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193 | (36) |
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193 | (1) |
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Incidence of Self-inflicted Sharp Force Trauma |
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193 | (1) |
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193 | (1) |
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Pattern, Morphology, Distribution and Demographic Factors |
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193 | (1) |
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Types of Sharp Force Trauma |
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193 | (1) |
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Deaths from Self-stabbing |
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194 | (1) |
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194 | (5) |
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Location of Stab Wounds on the Body |
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199 | (1) |
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199 | (1) |
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199 | (1) |
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200 | (1) |
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200 | (1) |
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201 | (1) |
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202 | (6) |
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Mental Health Issues/Drugs and Alcohol |
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208 | (1) |
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Cultural and Historical Influence - Suicide by Hara-Kiri (Seppuku) |
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208 | (3) |
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Self-inflicted Injuries from Other Sharp Objects than Knives |
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211 | (1) |
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211 | (2) |
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213 | (1) |
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213 | (1) |
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213 | (3) |
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Incised Wounds to the Neck (Cut Throat Wounds) |
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216 | (3) |
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Complex (Combination) Suicides |
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219 | (1) |
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219 | (4) |
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Sharp Force Wounds to the Extremities and Elsewhere on the Body with Non-suicidal Intention |
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223 | (2) |
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225 | (4) |
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11 Accidental Injuries Including Injuries from Animals |
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229 | (14) |
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229 | (1) |
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229 | (1) |
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229 | (1) |
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Type of Sharp Object, Victim and Circumstances |
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229 | (1) |
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229 | (1) |
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230 | (1) |
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231 | (1) |
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Movement Between Object and Victim |
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231 | (1) |
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Sharp Object Moving Towards the Victim |
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231 | (1) |
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Victim Moving Towards the Sharp Object |
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232 | (1) |
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Accidental Auto-erotic Deaths from Sharp Force Trauma |
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232 | (3) |
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Animal-related Sharp Force Trauma |
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235 | (1) |
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Incidence of Fatal Animal-related Injuries |
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235 | (1) |
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235 | (2) |
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237 | (1) |
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Alligators and Crocodiles |
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237 | (1) |
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237 | (1) |
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237 | (1) |
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237 | (1) |
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238 | (2) |
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240 | (1) |
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240 | (3) |
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12 Post-Mortem Injuries, the Effects of Putrefaction and Artefacts |
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243 | (28) |
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243 | (1) |
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Ante-mortem or Post-mortem Injury? |
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243 | (2) |
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Histological and Immune-histochemical, Biochemical and Molecular Techniques |
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245 | (1) |
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246 | (1) |
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"Hanged, Drawn and Quartered" |
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246 | (2) |
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Dismemberment After Death |
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248 | (1) |
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248 | (1) |
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248 | (1) |
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Aggressive Dismemberment or Mutilation |
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248 | (1) |
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Necromantic Dismemberment |
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248 | (1) |
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248 | (1) |
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Examination of Cut Marks on Soft Tissue and Bone |
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248 | (1) |
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249 | (1) |
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Marks Found in Bone and Cartilage |
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250 | (1) |
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251 | (1) |
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251 | (2) |
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Body Parts at Women's Refuge in East London |
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253 | (3) |
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256 | (3) |
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Paralysed Victim and Use of Chainsaw |
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259 | (3) |
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Post-mortem Changes with Putrefaction and Associated Artefacts |
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262 | (1) |
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Surgical Incisions and Post-mortem Injuries |
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262 | (1) |
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Insect and Larger Animal Predation |
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263 | (2) |
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Sharp Force Trauma in Burnt Victims |
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265 | (1) |
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265 | (3) |
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268 | (1) |
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268 | (3) |
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13 Iatrogenic, Needlestick and Other Related Sharp Force Trauma |
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271 | (20) |
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271 | (1) |
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Therapeutic Misadventure - General Considerations |
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271 | (1) |
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272 | (1) |
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Complications from Inserting Intravascular Lines or Sheaths |
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272 | (1) |
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Indication for Intravenous Access |
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272 | (1) |
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Indication for Intra-arterial Access |
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273 | (1) |
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273 | (2) |
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275 | (1) |
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276 | (1) |
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Gastrointestinal Tract Perforations |
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276 | (1) |
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Tracheal and Airway Perforations |
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276 | (1) |
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277 | (2) |
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Femoral Arterial Access and Retroperitoneal Haemorrhage |
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279 | (1) |
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Coronary Artery Perforation during Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) |
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279 | (1) |
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Pulmonary Artery Perforation during Right Heart Catheterisation |
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279 | (1) |
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Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation (TAVI) |
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280 | (1) |
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Chest Drain Insertion and Thoracic Injury |
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281 | (2) |
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283 | (1) |
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Recreational Intravenous Drug Use |
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284 | (1) |
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284 | (1) |
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Soft Tissue and Dermatological Infections |
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284 | (1) |
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285 | (1) |
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Venous Thromboembolic Phenomena |
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286 | (1) |
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286 | (1) |
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287 | (4) |
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14 Presentation of Evidence and Issues Arising in Court in Sharp Force Trauma Cases |
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291 | (4) |
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291 | (1) |
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Preparation of Statements and Common Issues Arising in Court |
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291 | (1) |
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292 | (1) |
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292 | (1) |
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Which Was the Fatal Wound? |
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293 | (1) |
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Survival and Physical Activity Following Injury |
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293 | (1) |
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293 | (1) |
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Whether There Was More Than One Assailant and/or Weapon |
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293 | (1) |
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Interaction and the Dynamics Between the Assailant and Victim and Relationship to the Injuries Seen |
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294 | (1) |
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Characteristics of Knife (or Other Sharp Object) and Relationship to Wound Morphology |
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294 | (1) |
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Accidental Stabbing or Knife Used in Self-defence |
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294 | (1) |
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295 | (1) |
References |
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295 | (2) |
Index |
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297 | |