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People in Control: Human factors in control room design [Kõva köide]

Edited by , Edited by (University of Bristol, UK)
  • Formaat: Hardback, 344 pages, kõrgus x laius: 234x156 mm
  • Sari: Control, Robotics and Sensors
  • Ilmumisaeg: 15-Dec-2001
  • Kirjastus: Institution of Engineering and Technology
  • ISBN-10: 0852969783
  • ISBN-13: 9780852969786
Teised raamatud teemal:
People in Control: Human factors in control room designSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: Hardback, 344 pages, kõrgus x laius: 234x156 mm
  • Sari: Control, Robotics and Sensors
  • Ilmumisaeg: 15-Dec-2001
  • Kirjastus: Institution of Engineering and Technology
  • ISBN-10: 0852969783
  • ISBN-13: 9780852969786
Teised raamatud teemal:
Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9780852969786.html
Märksõnad:
Drawn from a June 1999 conference of the same name, 18 papers explore the role of human error in causing accidents and inefficiencies in automated processes and discuss engineering solutions to the design of systems and processes. Emphasizing case studies and examples from the transport and process control industries, the papers are organized into the topic areas of human performance, methods, and control room design. Individual topics include situation awareness, teamworking, training for control room tasks, allocation of human and machine functions, task analysis, development of a railway ergonomics control assessment package, design of alarm systems, control desks in power generation, and integrated platform management system design for naval warships. Annotation c. Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)

The aim of this book is to provide state-of-the-art information on various aspects of human-machine interaction and human-centred issues encountered in the control room setting. As industrial processes have become more automated, there is increasing concern about the performance of the people who control these systems. Human error is increasingly cited as the cause of accidents across many sectors of industry. This book is written primarily by engineers, for engineers involved with human factor issues. Based on a successful multidisciplinary conference on the subject, and illustrated with useful case studies, this book is essential reading for all students, engineering professionals, and managers interested in machine-human interactions.

Arvustused

'People in Control is a useful addition to the literature on human factors in control room design and operation. Designers, engineers and human factors practioners in industry who wish to gain a good introduction to the theoretical and practical issues relevant to control room design will benefit from this book.' -- Steve Shorrock, DNV Consulting

Foreword xv
Preface xvii
Contributors xxi
List of illustrations
xxv
List of tables
xxvii
Part I Human performance 1(98)
Human error
3(14)
Jan Noyes
Introduction
3(1)
What is human error?
4(1)
How are errors classified?
5(2)
Slips and lapses
6(1)
Mistakes
6(1)
What are the causes of errors?
7(1)
Do errors lead to accidents?
8(4)
Three Mile Island
10(1)
Hatfield
10(2)
How can we reduce error?
12(1)
Conclusions
13(4)
Acknowledgement
14(1)
References
14(3)
Memory and complex skills
17(18)
Malcolm Cook
Introduction
17(1)
Situation awareness
18(3)
Skill-based, rule-based and knowledge-based performance
21(2)
Naturalistic decision-making
23(1)
Skilled long-term working memory
24(2)
Prospective memory
26(1)
Implicit memory and skilled performance
27(1)
Cognitive aspects of performance in the management of complex systems
28(1)
Conclusions
28(7)
References
30(5)
Vigilance
35(16)
Craig Donald
Introduction
35(1)
The concept of vigilance
36(2)
Measuring vigilance
37(1)
Vigilance and performance
38(1)
Work and task factors and vigilance
38(6)
The influence of workload
38(1)
Work complexity
39(1)
Optimal work periods
40(1)
Signal characteristics
41(2)
Shifts, circadian rhythms and sleep disruptions
43(1)
Work environment influences on vigilance
44(1)
The vigilance of people
45(2)
Vigilance characteristics and qualities in people
45(2)
Enhancing vigilance
47(2)
Management-driven enhancement methods
47(1)
Training to enhance vigilance
48(1)
Technology-driven enhancement methods
48(1)
Conclusion
49(2)
References
49(2)
Situation awareness
51(18)
Carl Sandom
Introduction
51(1)
Situation awareness - a perspective
52(4)
The cognitive perspective
52(2)
The interactionist perspective
54(1)
A situated cognition perspective
55(1)
A situation awareness process model
56(3)
Awareness
56(1)
Situated action
56(1)
Context
57(1)
Dynamism
57(2)
A system situation awareness model
59(1)
SAPAT-SA process analysis technique
59(5)
Stage I: identify system SA sources
61(1)
Stage II: preliminary hazard identification
61(2)
Stage III: identify hazardous interactions
63(1)
Stage IV: analyse hazardous interactions
63(1)
Stage V: interpret results and suggest safe design solutions
64(1)
SAPAT and safe interactions
64(2)
Automatic interactions
64(1)
Interaction breakdowns
65(1)
Conclusions
66(3)
References
67(2)
Teamworking
69(10)
Raphael Pascual
Matthew Mills
Simon Henderson
Introduction
69(1)
Control room team failures
70(2)
Defining the team and teamwork
72(3)
Conclusions
75(4)
References
76(3)
Training for control room tasks
79(20)
Andrew Shepherd
Introduction
79(2)
Relating training to the task
81(3)
Task analysis
81(2)
Task analysis in human factors design
83(1)
Setting the criteria for performance
84(2)
Performance measurement in system design and development
86(1)
Providing training
86(6)
Aspects of skill and skill acquisition
86(3)
The instructional cycle in mastering operational skills
89(1)
Common forms of training
90(2)
The role of simulation in training for control room tasks
92(4)
Representing the task
92(1)
Representing the system being controlled
93(1)
Providing simulation in practice
94(2)
Conclusions
96(3)
References
97(2)
Part II Methods 99(88)
Humans and machines: Allocation of function
101(16)
Neville Moray
Introduction
101(1)
Allocation of function
102(2)
Levels of automation
104(2)
Mutual understanding and authority
104(2)
Responsibility
106(1)
Designing for interaction
106(1)
The design of displays
107(3)
Trust between operators and machines
110(1)
Human error
111(1)
Conclusions
112(5)
References
113(4)
Task analysis
117(16)
Les Ainsworth
Introduction
117(3)
Skills required for task analysis
117(1)
A model of the task analysis process
118(2)
Planning and preparation
120(5)
General planning issues
120(1)
Selection of task analysis methods
120(2)
Selection of data sources
122(2)
Scenario selection and development
124(1)
Data collection
125(3)
Using existing data sources
125(1)
Verbal data
126(1)
Observing performance
127(1)
Data organisation
128(2)
Hierarchical task analysis (HTA)
128(2)
Task decomposition
130(1)
Data analysis
130(1)
Analysis of informational requirements
131(1)
Representation of task sequence
131(1)
Temporal requirements and workload
131(1)
Errors
131(1)
Report preparation
131(1)
Verification
132(1)
References
132(1)
Training and technology for teams
133(18)
Raphael Pascual
Matthew Mills
Simon Henderson
Introduction
133(9)
Analysis; Identifying what needs to be trained
134(2)
Design: Identifying how to train team competencies
136(1)
Conduct: Training practice
137(2)
Evaluation: Evaluating the effectiveness and impact of the training
139(1)
What are the implications of team training for control room operations?
139(3)
Technology for teams
142(3)
GroupWare design considerations
143(2)
Designing for teams: An integrated approach
145(3)
Definition phase
146(1)
Analysis phase
146(1)
Synthesis phase
147(1)
Simulation-evaluation phase
147(1)
Decision phase
148(1)
Conclusions
148(3)
References
149(2)
Naturalistic analysis of control room activities
151(18)
Paul Luff
Christian Heath
Introduction
151(1)
Background
152(1)
Tracking events through a fragmented environment
153(5)
The world beyond the image
158(1)
Seeing and sequentiality
159(1)
General and design issues
160(3)
Conclusions
163(6)
Acknowledgements
164(1)
References
165(4)
Development of a railway ergonomics control assessment package (RECAP)
169(18)
Lucy Cordiner
Sarah Nichols
John Wilson
Introduction
169(1)
Development of RECAP
170(4)
Discussion of specific human factors issues
174(5)
Workload
174(2)
Work attitude
176(1)
Communication
177(2)
Feedback of results to respondents
179(1)
General methodological issues
179(4)
Reporting of cognitive processes via questionnaires
179(1)
Field-based research vs. simulation
180(1)
Distinction between operator and control system
181(1)
Questionnaire fatigue
181(1)
Issues associated with longitudinal studies
182(1)
Guidelines and recommendations
183(4)
Acknowledgements
184(1)
References
184(3)
Part III Control roam design 187(120)
Control room mock-up trials
189(18)
John Wood
Introduction
189(1)
Lack of `top down' approach
189(1)
Impact of increasing automation on control room operation
190(1)
Team working and job satisfaction
190(1)
Why do we need a control room standard?
191(1)
The structure of the control room ergonomics standard
192(7)
Part 1 - principles for the design of control centres
193(1)
Part 2 - principles for the arrangement of control suites
194(1)
Part 3 - control room layout
195(2)
Part 4 - layout and dimensions of work-stations
197(1)
Part 5 - displays and controls
198(1)
Part 6 - environmental requirements for control centres
198(1)
Part 7 - principles for the evaluation of control centres
199(1)
Case study: Railway signalling upgrade and control room ergonomics
199(6)
Summary
205(2)
Acknowledgements
206(1)
Design of alarm systems
207(16)
Matthew Bransby
Introduction
207(1)
Functional requirements for alarm systems
208(1)
Designing individual alarms
208(3)
Purpose of alarm
209(1)
Operator response
209(1)
Prioritisation
209(1)
Alarm setting
209(1)
Suppression
210(1)
Management control
210(1)
Design of alarm handling systems
211(4)
Measuring system performance
215(4)
Alarm prioritisation
219(2)
Conclusions
221(2)
References
221(1)
Further reading
221(2)
Decision support in process control plants
223(16)
Charlotte Skourup
Arthur Aune
Introduction
223(1)
Human information processing
224(1)
Decision support for operators
224(3)
Situations for supporting the operator
225(1)
Types of decision support and roles of decision support systems
226(1)
Case-based reasoning as decision support
227(2)
A case-based reasoning approach for fault diagnosis
228(1)
The retrieval procedure
229(1)
The importance of the user interface
229(5)
Visual decision support
230(1)
Visual decision support for case-based reasoning approach
230(1)
Metaphors used in visualisation
231(1)
Dimensions
232(2)
Case study
234(2)
Conclusions
236(3)
References
236(3)
Train controllers, interface design and mental workload
239(20)
Wendy Macdonald
Introduction
239(1)
Mental workload and related factors
240(2)
Identification and analysis of specific workload sources
242(9)
Task 1: Issue train order (TO) or authority (ASW)
243(2)
Task 2: Establish authority queue (ASW only)
245(1)
Task 3: Fulfil train order (TO) or relinquish authority (ASW)
246(2)
Task 4: Report location - field
248(1)
Radio transmission problems and ASW alarms
249(2)
Different dimensions of controller workload
251(2)
Overall differences between TO and ASW in workload dimensions
253(1)
Quantifying overall workload
254(1)
Future monitoring of ASW workload levels
254(2)
Possible indicators of imminent `overload'
255(1)
Implications for interface design
256(3)
Acknowledgements
256(1)
References
257(2)
Power generation: The advanced control desk
259(14)
Andrew Lichnowski
Chris Dicken
Introduction
259(2)
The integrated operator interface
261(1)
From business to plant and back
261(2)
The key system interfaces
263(3)
Electronic dispatch and logging (EDL)
263(1)
Start-up management system (SMS)
264(1)
Integrated load monitoring (ILM)
265(1)
Operational information system (OIS)
266(1)
The transition from hard desk to `soft desk'
266(6)
Philosophy and physical layout
267(1)
Navigational considerations
268(1)
Schematic design
269(3)
Alarm integration
272(1)
Conclusions
272(1)
Human-centred design for railway applications
273(20)
Lynne Collis
Felix Schmid
Introduction
273(1)
Functional requirements
273(2)
Case study 1: Training wrong behaviours
275(2)
Case study 2: Low frequency high impact events
277(5)
Background
277(1)
Technical considerations
278(1)
Two-channel safety approach
278(1)
Initial approach: piggyback interdiction signal
279(1)
Driver's eye view of the initial approach
279(2)
Critical review of the approaches taken
281(1)
Final system chosen
281(1)
Case study 3: Controlling speed on TGV Nord
282(1)
Case study 4: Dispatching and train graphs
283(2)
History
283(1)
Static information and timetables
284(1)
Computer control with paper supervision
285(1)
Case study 5: The impact of the systems model on operational communications
285(5)
Definition of system databases
286(2)
Implementation of systems integration
288(1)
Solution: Objectives
289(1)
Solution: Methodology
289(1)
Conclusions
290(3)
Acknowledgements
290(1)
References
291(2)
Integrated platform management system design for future naval warships
293(14)
Iain MacLeod
Derek Smeall
Introduction
293(1)
Demands of the twenty-first century
294(1)
The vessel
295(1)
New philosophy
296(2)
Ship's bridge philosophy
297(1)
Integrated platform management system
297(1)
Shockproof cabinets
298(1)
Existing technology
298(2)
New technology
300(3)
Ship's bridge technology
300(1)
Command bridge
301(1)
Cockpit
301(2)
Integrated platform management system
303(3)
Conclusions
306(1)
Further reading
306(1)
Index 307
Jan Noyes is Professor of Human Factors Psychology at the University of Bristol. Her research interests include the human factors of advanced and emerging technologies. She is a Fellow of the Ergonomics Society and an Associate Member of the IEE. In 1999, she was awarded the Otto Edholm medal for her contribution to ergonomics application and research. She has written over 120 publications including five books, and was awarded the IEE Informatics Premium Award for her paper on 'engineering psychology and system safety'. She was also Chair of the 1999 and 2001 IEE People In Control conferences.



Matthew Bransby was a leading authority on control room alarm systems. His career included four years lecturing in Control Engineering at Sheffield University, 22 years in the electricity supply industry and three years as an engineering consultant. He was involved in implementing novel control systems and running major process control projects. His work on alarm systems included carrying out research for the Health and Safety Executive in the UK, and writing an industry best practice guide. He acted as an Expert Witness in process control and was a Fellow of the IEE. He died in 2000.