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PF Superconductivity for Accelerators [Kõva köide]

, , , (all of Cornell University, USA)
  • Formaat: Hardback, 544 pages, kõrgus x laius: 241x167 mm, kaal: 956 g, Ill.
  • Sari: Series in Beam & Accelerator Technology
  • Ilmumisaeg: 28-Apr-1998
  • Kirjastus: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • ISBN-10: 0471154326
  • ISBN-13: 9780471154327
Teised raamatud teemal:
PF Superconductivity for AcceleratorsSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: Hardback, 544 pages, kõrgus x laius: 241x167 mm, kaal: 956 g, Ill.
  • Sari: Series in Beam & Accelerator Technology
  • Ilmumisaeg: 28-Apr-1998
  • Kirjastus: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • ISBN-10: 0471154326
  • ISBN-13: 9780471154327
Teised raamatud teemal:
Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9780471154327.html
Märksõnad:
Developed from two series of lectures, one at the November 1994 Joint US-CERN-Japan Accelerator School in Hawaii and the other at the January 1995 US Particle Accelerator School in San Diego. Introduces some of the key ideas about radio frequency superconductivity to established workers and newcomers in the field of accelerators. Focuses on accelerators that rev up particles to nearly the speed of light, but also presents examples from low-velocity applications to heavy-ion accelerators. After outlining the fundamentals, covers the performance of superconducting cavities, couplers and tuners, and frontier accelerators. A set of 56 problems at the end supports the volumes use as a course text. Annotation c. by Book News, Inc., Portland, Or.

This book introduces some of the key ideas of this exciting field, using a pedagogic approach, as well as to present an overview of the field. It is divided into four parts. The first part introduces the basic concepts of microwave cavities for particle acceleration. The second part is devoted to the observed behavior of superconducting cavities. The third part covers general issues connected with beam-cavity interaction, and the related issues for the critical components. The final part discusses applications of superconducting cavities to frontier accelerators of the future, drawing heavily on the examples that are in their most advanced stage. Each part of the book ends in a Problems section to illustrate and amplify text material as well as draw upon example applications of superconducting cavities to existing and future accelerators.
PREFACE xiii
I BASICS 3(102)
1 Introductory Overview
3(34)
1.1 Radio Frequency Cavities for Accelerators
3(3)
1.2 Attractiveness of RF Superconductivity
6(2)
1.3 Basics of RF Superconductivity for Accelerators
8(5)
1.3.1 Surface Resistance
8(1)
1.3.2 Field Limits
9(1)
1.3.3 Units for Magnetic Field Quantities
10(1)
1.3.4 Accelerator Physics Issues for Structure and Couplers
11(2)
1.4 The State of the Art in Gradients
13(1)
1.5 Historical Foundations of RF Superconductivity
14(7)
1.5.1 Electrons, Velocity of Light Particles
14(4)
1.5.2 Protons and Heavy Ions (Low-Velocity Particles, v/c is less than 0.3)
18(3)
1.5.3 Other Early Applications
21(1)
1.6 State of the Art for Accelerators Based on RF Superconductivity
21(13)
1.6.1 Heavy Ion Linacs
22(5)
1.6.2 Storage Rings
27(4)
1.6.3 Recirculating Linacs
31(2)
1.6.4 Free Electron Lasers
33(1)
1.7 A Summary of the State of the Art
34(3)
2 Cavity Fundamentals and Cavity Fields
37(20)
2.1 Radio-Frequency Fields in Cavities
37(6)
2.1.1 The Pill-Box Cavity
40(2)
2.1.2 The Accelerating Voltage
42(1)
2.1.3 Peak Surface Fields
43(1)
2.2 Figures of Merit
43(6)
2.2.1 Power Dissipation and the Cavity Quality
44(3)
2.2.2 Shunt Impedance
47(1)
2.2.3 Refrigerator Requirements
48(1)
2.3 Application of RF Codes
49(8)
2.3.1 Numerical Techniques
49(2)
2.3.2 Using Symmetry
51(1)
2.3.3 More Examples
51(4)
2.3.4 Code Comparison
55(2)
3 Superconductivity Essentials
57(20)
3.1 Introduction
57(1)
3.2 The Free Electron Model
57(9)
3.2.1 Success of the Classical Free Electron Model
57(5)
3.2.2 Quantum Mechanical Description
62(4)
3.3 Enter Superconductivity
66(6)
3.4 Electrical Properties, DC and RF Resistance
72(3)
3.5 Thermal Conductivity in the Superconducting State
75(2)
4 Electrodynamics of Normal and Superconductors
77(14)
4.1 Introduction
77(1)
4.2 Skin Depth and Surface Resistance of Normal Conductors
77(2)
4.3 The Anomalous Skin Effect
79(1)
4.4 Perfect Conductors
80(2)
4.5 Meissner Effect
82(3)
4.6 Surface Impedance of Superconductors in the Two-Fluid Model
85(3)
4.7 BCS Treatment of Surface Resistance
88(3)
5 Maximum Surface Fields
91(14)
5.1 Introduction
91(1)
5.2 The Thermodynamic Critical Field
91(2)
5.3 Positive Surface Energy Superconductors (Type I)
93(3)
5.4 Negative Surface Energy Superconductors (Type II)
96(3)
5.5 The RF Critical Magnetic Field
99(3)
5.6 Maximum Surface Electric Field
102(3)
II PERFORMANCE OF SUPERCONDUCTING CAVITIES 105(226)
6 Cavity Fabrication and Preparation
105(24)
6.1 Introduction
105(1)
6.2 Niobium
105(3)
6.3 Forming Sheet Niobium
108(6)
6.3.1 Deep Drawing
108(3)
6.3.2 Spinning
111(3)
6.4 Trimming
114(1)
6.5 Electron-Beam Welding
115(3)
6.6 Postpurification
118(1)
6.7 Tuning
119(1)
6.8 Surface Preparation
120(3)
6.8.1 Chemical Treatment
120(1)
6.8.2 Rinsing
121(2)
6.9 Clean Assembly
123(2)
6.10 Summary
125(4)
7 Multicell Field "Flatness" Tuning
129(16)
7.1 Introduction
129(1)
7.2 Circuit Model
130(3)
7.2.1 Compensating for Beam Tubes
131(1)
7.2.2 Eigenvectors
132(1)
7.2.3 Eigenvalues
133(1)
7.2.4 Dispersion Diagram
133(1)
7.3 Modeling an Out-of-Tune Cavity
133(1)
7.4 Refresher on Perturbation Techniques
134(2)
7.5 Applying The Perturbation
136(1)
7.6 "Bead Pulling" to Measure the Field Profile
137(3)
7.7 Constructing the Model from Measurements
140(1)
7.8 Two-Cell Worked Example
140(2)
7.9 Five-Cell Cavity Example
142(3)
8 Cavity Testing
145(26)
8.1 Introduction
145(1)
8.2 RF Measurements
145(9)
8.2.1 Undriven Cavity
146(2)
8.2.2 Driven Cavity with One Coupler
148(6)
8.3 Cavity Behavior Examples
154(2)
8.3.1 Steady State
154(1)
8.3.2 Switch RF Off
155(1)
8.3.3 Switch RF On
156(1)
8.4 Rectangular Pulses
156(1)
8.5 Frequency Domain Measurements
157(3)
8.6 RF Equipment and Electronics
160(1)
8.7 Measuring Q(0) Versus E
160(4)
8.8 Strongly Coupled Input
164(1)
8.9 Temperature Mapping
164(7)
8.9.1 A Cavity Test Using Thermometry
167(4)
9 Residual Resistance
171(8)
9.1 Introduction
171(1)
9.2 Typical Residual Losses
171(2)
9.3 Trapped Magnetic Flux
173(2)
9.4 Residual Losses From Hydrides
175(2)
9.5 Residual Loss From Oxides
177(2)
10 Multipacting
179(20)
10.1 Introduction
179(1)
10.2 Experimental Observation of Multipacting in Cavities
179(2)
10.3 Multipacting Basics
181(1)
10.4 Secondary Electron Emission
182(2)
10.5 Common Multipacting Scenarios
184(8)
10.5.1 One-Point Multipacting
185(4)
10.5.2 Two-Point Multipacting
189(3)
10.6 Numerical Multipacting Simulations
192(4)
10.6.1 Multipacting Thresholds Determined with Electron Tracking
192(4)
10.7 Avoiding Multipacting
196(3)
11 Thermal Breakdown
199(28)
11.1 Introduction
199(1)
11.2 Thermal Breakdown of Superconductivity
199(2)
11.3 Examples of Defects
201(4)
11.4 A Simple Model for Thermal Breakdown
205(2)
11.5 Solutions to Thermal Breakdown
207(3)
11.5.1 Guided Repair
207(1)
11.5.2 Raising the Thermal Conductivity of Niobium
208(1)
11.5.3 Thin Films of Niobium on Copper
209(1)
11.6 Heat Transport at the Helium Interface
210(3)
11.7 Thermal Model Simulations
213(4)
11.8 Methods to Improve Niobium Purity
217(3)
11.9 Quench Suppression with High-Purity Niobium
220(3)
11.10 Defect-Free Cavities
223(4)
12 Field Emission
227(54)
12.1 Introduction
227(1)
12.2 Diagnosing Field Emission
228(2)
12.3 Theory of Field Emission
230(5)
12.4 Field Emitters in Superconducting Cavities
235(7)
12.5 DC Studies of Field Emission
242(5)
12.6 A Brief Look at the Impact of Field Emission Studies on Cavity Performance
247(3)
12.7 Nature of Field Emitters
250(7)
12.7.1 The Tip-on-Tip Model
251(1)
12.7.2 The Role of the Interface
251(1)
12.7.3 The Metal-Insulator-Metal Model
252(4)
12.7.4 Condensed Gas and Adsorbates
256(1)
12.8 Investigations on Processed Emitters in RF Cavities
257(8)
12.8.1 Dissecting Single-Cell Test Cavities
258(3)
12.8.2 Demountable Mushroom Cavity Studies
261(2)
12.8.3 Copper Cavity Studies
263(1)
12.8.4 Emitter Processability and Fowler-Nordheim Properties
264(1)
12.9 DC Voltage Breakdown Studies
265(3)
12.10 The Role of Gas in Processing
268(2)
12.11 Summary--A Picture for Field Emission and Processing
270(2)
12.12 Simulating Field Emission Heating
272(9)
13 The Quest for High Gradients
281(34)
13.1 Introduction
281(1)
13.2 A Review of the State of the Art
281(2)
13.3 A Statistical Model for the Performance of Field Emission Dominated Cavities
283(2)
13.4 Overcoming Thermal Breakdown
285(2)
13.5 Early Methods for Overcoming Field Emission
287(6)
13.5.1 Helium Processing
287(2)
13.5.2 Heat Treatment of Niobium Cavities
289(4)
13.6 High-Pressure Rinsing to Avoid Field Emission
293(3)
13.7 High-Power Pulsed RF Processing
296(16)
13.7.1 RF Power Supply and High-Power Test Stand
297(3)
13.7.2 HPP Results
300(2)
13.7.3 The Controlling Parameter for RF Processing
302(5)
13.7.4 Limitations to HPP
307(2)
13.7.5 Stability of Processing Benefits and Recovery from Vacuum Accidents
309(3)
13.8 Closing Remarks on the Gradient Quest
312(3)
14 Alternate Materials to Solid Niobium
315(16)
14.1 Introduction
315(1)
14.2 Sputtered Niobium on Copper
316(3)
14.3 Nb(3)Sn
319(6)
14.4 High-Temperature Superconductors
325(6)
III COUPLERS AND TUNERS 331(108)
15 Mode Excitation and Its Consequences
331(24)
15.1 Introduction
331(1)
15.2 Monopole Mode Excitation by a Point Charge
331(3)
15.3 Monopole Mode Excitation by a Bunch
334(1)
15.4 Monopole Mode Excitation by a Train of Bunches
335(5)
15.4.1 Cryogenic Losses
338(2)
15.5 Dipole Mode Excitation
340(2)
15.6 Instabilities from Beam Cavity Interactions
342(7)
15.6.1 Single-Bunch Effects
343(2)
15.6.2 Coupled-Bunch Instabilities
345(4)
15.7 Code Examples for HOM Studies
349(6)
16 Higher Order Mode Couplers
355(26)
16.1 Introduction
355(1)
16.2 Preliminary Design Considerations
355(2)
16.3 Waveguide Couplers
357(4)
16.3.1 Performance of Waveguide HOM Couplers
360(1)
16.4 Coaxial Couplers
361(13)
16.4.1 Performance of Coaxial Couplers
372(2)
16.5 Beam Tube Couplers for High-Current Applications
374(7)
16.5.1 Performance of Beam Pipe HOM Couplers
379(2)
17 Coupling Power to the Beam
381(22)
17.1 Introduction
381(1)
17.2 The Equivalent Circuit
382(1)
17.3 Beam Loading
383(3)
17.4 Resonant Operation
386(6)
17.4.1 Optimal Coupling in the Presence of Beam Loading
388(1)
17.4.2 Current and Frequency Fluctuations
389(3)
17.5 Nonsynchronous Operation
392(6)
17.5.1 Phase Stability in the Presence of Little Beam Loading
392(2)
17.5.2 Cavity Detuning
394(2)
17.5.3 Phase Stability in the Presence of Heavy Beam Loading
396(2)
17.6 Reexamination of the Circuit Model for Beam Loading
398(1)
17.7 Typical Parameters
398(2)
17.8 Special Considerations
400(3)
18 Input Power Couplers and Windows
403(22)
18.1 Introduction
403(1)
18.2 Couplers
403(7)
18.2.1 Design Issues
403(1)
18.2.2 Coaxial Couplers
404(4)
18.2.3 Waveguide Couplers
408(2)
18.3 Windows
410(6)
18.3.1 Design Issues
410(2)
18.3.2 Windows for Coaxial Input Couplers
412(1)
18.3.3 Windows for Waveguide Couplers
413(2)
18.3.4 Materials Aspects for Windows
415(1)
18.4 Electron Activity in Couplers and Windows
416(5)
18.4.1 Antimultipactor Measures
417(1)
18.4.2 Conditioning and Diagnostics
418(3)
18.5 Performance of Input Couplers and Windows
421(1)
18.6 Couplers for High-Pulsed-Power Processing
421(4)
19 Tuners and Frequency Related Issues
425(14)
19.1 Introduction
425(1)
19.2 Requirements for Tuners
425(2)
19.3 Microphonics
427(1)
19.4 Lorentz Force Detuning and Pondermotive Oscillations
428(3)
19.5 Tuner Designs
431(1)
19.6 Tuner Examples
432(7)
19.6.1 Mechanical Tuners
432(2)
19.6.2 Thermal Tuner
434(5)
IV FRONTIER ACCELERATORS 439(38)
20 High-Current Accelerators
439(20)
20.1 The Need for Frontier Accelerators in High-Energy Physics
439(1)
20.2 High-Current Storage Rings
440(2)
20.3 The Benefits of Superconducting RF for High-Current Storage Rings
442(4)
20.4 Systems Under Development
446(4)
20.5 Crab Cavities for Bunch Rotation
450(3)
20.6 Intense Proton Accelerators
453(1)
20.7 Pulsed Neutron Sources for Materials Research
454(1)
20.8 Transmutation Applications
455(1)
20.8.1 Reduction of Nuclear Waste
455(1)
20.8.2 Tritium Production
455(1)
20.9 Accelerator Based Fission Reactors
455(1)
20.10 Advantages of the Superconducting Approach to High-Intensity Proton Linacs
456(1)
20.11 Progress in Superconducting Cavities for High-Current Proton Accelerators
457(2)
21 High-Energy Accelerators
459(18)
21.1 Introduction
459(1)
21.2 Issues in Optimizing the Design Parameters of Linear Colliders
460(3)
21.3 The Superconducting Linear Collider (TESLA)
463(3)
21.4 Attractive Features of TESLA
466(4)
21.5 Design Flexibility and Energy Upgrades
470(3)
21.6 The Two-Beam Accelerator with Superconducting Linac
473(1)
21.7 Muon Colliders
474(1)
21.8 Concluding Remarks on Future Prospects
475(2)
PROBLEMS 477(14)
REFERENCES 491(24)
INDEX 515