Philosophy of Science: The Central Issues offers a balanced andcomprehensive survey to the main currents in twentieth-centuryphilosophy of science. Gathering 49 readings on a variety oftopics--science and pseudoscience; rationality, objectivity, and valuesin science; laws of nature; models of explanation, among others--this anthology introduces students to the often challenging problemsexamined by major thinkers in the field. Combine this with thoughtfuland thorough apparatus, and Philosophy of Science: The Central Issuesis the most flexible and comprehensive collection ever created forundergraduate courses.
Preface xv(2) General Introduction xvii 1 Science and Pseudoscience 1(82) INTRODUCTION 1(2) Karl Popper Science: Conjectures and Refutations 3(8) Thomas S. Kuhn Logic of Discovery or Psychology of Research? 11(9) Imre Lakatos Science and Pseudoscience 20(7) Paul R. Thagard Why Astrology Is a Pseudoscience 27(11) Michael Ruse Creation-Science Is Not Science 38(10) Larry Laudan Commentary: Science at the Bar--Causes for Concern 48(6) Michael Ruse Response to the Commentary: Pro Judice 54(8) COMMENTARY 62(21) 2 Rationality, Objectivity, and Values in Science 83(172) INTRODUCTION 83(3) Thomas S. Kuhn The Nature and Necessity of Scientific Revolutions 86(16) Thomas S. Kuhn Objectivity, Value Judgment, and Theory Choice 102(17) Ernan McMullin Rationality and Paradigm Change in Science 119(20) Larry Laudan Dissecting the Holist Picture of Scientific Change 139(31) Helen E. Longino Values and Objectivity 170(22) Kathleen Okruhlik Gender and the Biological Sciences 192(18) COMMENTARY 210(45) 3 The Duhem-Quine Thesis and Underdetermination 255(154) INTRODUCTION 255(2) Pierre Duhem Physical Theory and Experiment 257(23) W. V. Quine Two Dogmas of Empiricism 280(22) Donald Gillies The Duhem Thesis and the Quine Thesis 302(18) Larry Laudan Demystifying Underdetermination 320(34) COMMENTARY 354(55) 4 Induction, Prediction, and Evidence 409(140) INTRODUCTION 409(3) Peter Lipton Induction 412(14) Karl Popper The Problem of Induction 426(7) Wesley C. Salmon Rational Prediction 433(12) Carl G. Hempel Criteria of Confirmation and Acceptability 445(15) Laura J. Snyder Is Evidence Historical? 460(21) Peter Achinstein Explanation v. Prediction: Which Carries More Weight? 481(13) COMMENTARY 494(55) 5 Confirmation and Relevance: Bayesian Approaches 549(126) INTRODUCTION 549(2) Wesley C. Salmon Rationality and Objectivity in Science or Tom Kuhn Meets Tom Bayes 551(33) Clark Glymour Why I Am Not a Bayesian Paul Horwich Wittgensteinian Bayesianism 607(19) COMMENTARY 626(49) 6 Models of Explanation 675(130) INTRODUCTION 675(3) Rudolf Carnap The Value of Laws: Explanation and Prediction 678(7) Carl G. Hempel Two Basic Types of Scientific Explanation 685(10) Carl G. Hempel The Thesis of Structural Identity 695(11) Carl G. Hempel Inductive-Statistical Explanation 706(14) David-Hillel Ruben Arguments, Laws, and Explanation 720(26) Peter Railton A Deductive-Nomological Model of Probabilistic Explanation 746(20) COMMENTARY 766(39) 7 Laws of Nature 805(98) INTRODUCTION 805(3) A. J. Ayer What Is a Law of Nature? 808(18) Fred I. Dretske Laws of Nature 826(20) D. H. Mellor Necessities and Universals in Natural Laws 846(19) Nancy Cartwright Do the Laws of Physics State the Facts? 865(13) COMMENTARY 878(25) 8 Intertheoretic Reduction 903(146) INTRODUCTION 903(2) Ernest Nagel Issues in the Logic of Reductive Explanations 905(17) Paul K. Feyerabend How to Be a Good Empiricist--A Plea for Tolerance in Matters Epistemological 922(28) Thomas Nickles Two Concepts of Intertheoretic Reduction 950(21) Philip Kitcher 1953 and All That: A Tale of Two Sciences 971(33) COMMENTARY 1004(45) 9 Empiricism and Scientific Realism 1049(242) INTRODUCTION 1049(3) Grover Maxwell The Ontological Status of Theoretical Entities 1052(12) Bas C. van Fraassen Arguments Concerning Scientific Realism 1064(24) Alan Musgrave Realism versus Constructive Empiricism 1088(26) Larry Laudan A Confutation of Convergent Realism 1114(22) James Robert Brown Explaining the Success of Science 1136(17) Ian Hacking Experimentation and Scientific Realism 1153(16) David B. Resnik Hackings Experimental Realism 1169(17) Arthur Fine The Natural Ontological Attitude 1186(23) Alan Musgrave NOAs Ark--Fine for Realism 1209(17) COMMENTARY 1226(65) Glossary 1291(20) Bibliography 1311(20) Permissions Acknowledgments 1331(4) Name Index 1335(14) Subject Index 1349
