Physics of Synchrotron Radiation [Pehme köide]

Preface		xvii
Acknowledgments		xix
Notation		xx
Part I Introduction		1	(54)
A qualitative treatment of synchrotron radiation		3	(6)
Introduction		3	(1)
The opening angle		3	(1)
The spectrum emitted in a long magnet		4	(1)
The spectrum emitted in a short weak magnet		5	(1)
The wave front of synchrotron radiation		6	(2)
The polarization		8	(1)
Fields of a moving charge		9	(31)
Introduction		9	(1)
The particle motion relevant to the retarded potentials		9	(2)
The retarded electromagnetic potentials		11	(3)
The fields of a moving charge		14	(4)
A discussion of the field equations		18	(2)
Examples		20	(14)
The field of a charge moving with constant velocity		20	(7)
The field of a non-relativistic oscillating charge		27	(7)
The near field and the far field		34	(1)
The Fourier transform of the radiation field		35	(5)
The Fourier integral of the field		35	(2)
The periodic motion		37	(1)
The motion with a periodic velocity		38	(2)
The emitted radiation field and power		40	(15)
Introduction		40	(1)
The emitted and received powers		41	(1)
Transverse and longitudinal acceleration		42	(6)
The transverse acceleration		42	(3)
The longitudinal acceleration		45	(3)
The ultra-relativistic case for transverse acceleration		48	(3)
The angular spectral energy and power density		51	(4)
Part II Synchrotron radiation		55	(60)
Synchrotron radiation: basic physics		57	(24)
Introduction		57	(1)
The geometry and approximations		58	(7)
The particle motion		58	(1)
The dipole approximation		59	(2)
The relevant motion		61	(1)
The ultra-relativistic approximation		62	(3)
The continuous spectrum radiated on a circular arc		65	(3)
The Fourier-transformed field		65	(2)
The spectral power density of the radiation		67	(1)
The radiation emitted on a circular arc in the time domain		68	(5)
The radiation field in the time domain		68	(3)
The radiated energy and power in the time domain		71	(1)
The radiation field in the time and frequency domains		72	(1)
The line spectrum radiated on closed circles		73	(8)
The relevant motion		73	(1)
The line spectrum of the electric field		74	(3)
The power of the line spectrum		77	(2)
The relation between the continuous and the line spectra		79	(2)
Synchrotron radiation: properties		81	(34)
Introduction		81	(1)
The total radiated power and energy		81	(2)
The angular spectral distribution		83	(6)
The general distribution		83	(2)
The distribution at low frequencies		85	(4)
The distribution at high frequencies		89	(1)
The spectral distribution		89	(5)
The general spectrum		89	(3)
The spectrum at low frequencies		92	(1)
The spectrum at high frequencies		92	(1)
The spectrum integrated up to a given frequency		92	(1)
The integral over all frequencies		93	(1)
The angular distribution		94	(4)
The angular distribution as a function of frequency		94	(2)
The frequency-integrated angular distribution		96	(2)
The polarization		98	(12)
The description of linear and circular polarization		98	(4)
The linear polarization		102	(3)
The elliptical polarization		105	(5)
The photon distribution		110	(5)
Part III Undulator radiation		115	(112)
A qualitative treatment		117	(9)
Introduction		117	(1)
The interference		118	(2)
The undulator radiation as a wave front		120	(1)
The modulation of the emitted field		121	(1)
The weak undulator in the laboratory and moving frames		121	(2)
The strong undulator in the laboratory and moving frames		123	(1)
The helical undulator		124	(1)
Undulators and related devices		124	(2)
The plane weak undulator		126	(28)
The trajectory		126	(5)
The equation of motion		126	(2)
The approximation for a weak undulator		128	(1)
The observation from a large distance		129	(1)
The ultra-relativistic approximation		130	(1)
The particle motion in the moving system		131	(1)
The radiation field		131	(7)
The field calculated from the Lienard-Wiechert equation		131	(1)
The undulator field as Lorentz-transformed dipole radiation		132	(3)
The undulator radiation in the frequency domain		135	(1)
A discussion of the weak-undulator radiation field		136	(2)
Properties of weak-undulator radiation		138	(10)
The energy and power radiated in an undulator		138	(1)
The angular spectral power distribution		139	(2)
The angular power distribution		141	(5)
The spectral power distribution		146	(2)
The photon distribution		148	(6)
The number and energy of photons		148	(3)
The photon spectrum		151	(1)
The angular spectral photon distribution		151	(1)
The undulator radiation on the axis		152	(2)
The plane strong undulator		154	(27)
The trajectory		154	(8)
The trajectory in the laboratory frame		154	(3)
The trajectory in the moving frame		157	(2)
The relevant motion in a strong undulator		159	(3)
The radiation from a plane strong undulator		162	(5)
The radiation field		162	(5)
Properties of strong-undulator radiation		167	(14)
The angular spectral power distribution		167	(1)
The angular power distribution		168	(3)
The spectral density of the radiation		171	(1)
The power contained in each harmonic		171	(2)
The properties of the radiation on the axis		173	(4)
The development with respect to K*u		177	(4)
The helical undulator		181	(25)
The trajectory		181	(4)
The radiation emitted in a helical weak undulator		185	(2)
The radiation obtained with the Lienard-Wiechert formula		185	(2)
Properties of weak-helical-undulator radiation		187	(6)
The total power		187	(1)
The angular spectral power distribution		187	(1)
The angular power distribution		188	(1)
The spectral power distribution		189	(1)
The total radiation		190	(1)
The degree of circular polarization		190	(2)
The on-axis radiation		192	(1)
The radiation field from a strong helical undulator		193	(4)
Properties of strong-helical-undulator radiation		197	(9)
The total power		197	(1)
The angular spectral power distribution		197	(1)
The angular power distribution		198	(1)
The spectral density of helical-undulator radiation		198	(2)
The on-axis radiation		200	(2)
The development with respect to K*uh		202	(4)
Wiggler magnets		206	(3)
Introduction		206	(1)
The wavelength shifter		206	(1)
The multipole wiggler		207	(2)
Weak magnets - a generalized weak undulator		209	(18)
Properties of weak-magnet radiation		209	(4)
Introduction		209	(1)
The trajectory		210	(1)
The radiation from weak magnets		210	(3)
Short magnets		213	(2)
Introduction		213	(1)
Qualitative properties of the short-magnet radiation		213	(2)
The modulated undulator radiation		215	(9)
Introduction		215	(1)
The undulator of finite length		216	(3)
The undulator radiation with amplitude modulation		219	(2)
The undulator radiation with Lorentzian modulation		221	(3)
The Compton back scattering and quantum correction		224	(3)
Part IV Applications		227	(73)
Optics of SR -- imaging		229	(15)
Imaging with SR -- a qualitative treatment		229	(3)
The limitation on resolution caused by diffraction and the depth-of-field effect		229	(1)
Diffraction and the depth-of-field effect for SR from long magnets		230	(1)
Diffraction and the depth-of-field effect for undulator radiation		231	(1)
Diffraction and the depth-of-field effect for short-magnet radiation		231	(1)
Discussion		232	(1)
Imaging with SR -- a quantitative treatment		232	(12)
The Fraunhofer diffraction		232	(3)
The emittance of a photon beam		235	(1)
The diffraction of synchrotron radiation emitted in long magnets		236	(3)
The diffraction of undulator radiation		239	(3)
The diffraction for the undulator with a Lorentzian profile		242	(1)
A comparison of the properties of beams from various sources		243	(1)
Electron-storage rings		244	(27)
Introduction		244	(4)
Lattice magnets		245	(3)
The transverse particle dynamics in a storage ring		248	(16)
The particle dynamics over many revolutions		248	(8)
The beam with many particles		256	(2)
The dispersion		258	(1)
The chromatic aberrations and their correction with sextupoles		259	(2)
Coupling and vertical dispersion		261	(1)
An example: The FODO lattice		261	(3)
The longitudinal particle dynamics		264	(7)
Introduction		264	(2)
The longitudinal focusing -- small amplitudes		266	(2)
The longitudinal focusing -- large amplitudes		268	(3)
Effects of radiation on the electron beam		271	(15)
The energy loss		271	(1)
The radiation damping		272	(7)
Introduction		272	(2)
The damping of synchrotron oscillations		274	(1)
The damping of vertical betatron oscillations		274	(2)
The damping of horizontal betatron oscillations		276	(2)
The sum of the damping rates		278	(1)
The quantum excitation of oscillations		279	(3)
Introduction		279	(1)
The energy spread		280	(1)
The horizontal emittance		280	(1)
The vertical emittance		281	(1)
A summary of the effects of radiation on the electron beam		282	(2)
Changing effects of radiation with wiggler magnets		284	(2)
Radiation emitted by many particles		286	(14)
Effects of the electron distribution on the radiation		286	(2)
Introduction		286	(1)
The radiation geometry in the case of a large electron emittance		286	(2)
The electron and natural photon emittances are of the same magnitude		288	(1)
The spatial coherence		288	(2)
The diffraction limit		288	(1)
Small-emittance rings		289	(1)
The temporal coherence		290	(5)
Flux and brightness		295	(1)
The synchrotron radiation emitted by protons and ions		296	(4)
Introduction		296	(1)
The radiation from protons		296	(1)
The radiation from ions		297	(3)
Airy functions		300	(8)
Definitions and developments		300	(1)
Integrals involving Airy functions		301	(7)
Bessel functions		308	(5)
General relations		308	(1)
The approximation for large order and arguments		309	(1)
Sums over squares of Bessel functions		310	(2)
Series of Bessel functions		312	(1)
Developments of strong-undulator radiation		313	(3)
The plane-undulator radiation		313	(1)
The helical-undulator radiation		314	(2)
References		316	(5)
Index		321

Albert Hofmann received his Doctorate in physics from the ETH (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology) in Zurich, in 1964. From 1966 to 1972 he was a Research Fellow at the Cambridge Electron Accelerator, a joint laboratory of Harvard University and MIT. He then spent the next ten years working as Senior Physicist at CERN, Geneva. In 1983 he became a professor at Stanford University, working on the Stanford Linear Collider (SLC) and on optimising the storage rings SPEAR and PEP for synchrotron radiation use. He spent two years as head of the SLAC beam dynamics group. He then returned to CERN, in 1987, and was jointly responsible for the commissioning of the Large Electron Positron ring LEP. After its completition, he worked on accelerator physics problems with this machine up until his retirement from CERN in 1998. Over the years Professor Hofmann has done consulting work for other machines, such as the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), the Synchrotron Radiation Research Center (SRRC) in Taiwan and the Swiss Light Source (SLS). He has taught in over 25 short-term schools on accelerator physics and synchrotron radiation, and has published numerous papers. In 1992 he was elected to become a Fellow of the American Physical Society, in 1996 he received the Robert Wilson Prize from this Society and in 2001 he obtained the degree Dr. Honoris Causa from the University of Geneva.