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Pidgins, Creoles and Mixed Languages: An Introduction [Pehme köide]

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(Justus Liebig University Giessen)
  • Formaat: Paperback / softback, 599 pages, kõrgus x laius: 240x170 mm, kaal: 1120 g
  • Sari: Creole Language Library 48
  • Ilmumisaeg: 09-Apr-2015
  • Kirjastus: John Benjamins Publishing Co
  • ISBN-10: 9027252726
  • ISBN-13: 9789027252722
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Pidgins, Creoles and Mixed Languages: An IntroductionSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: Paperback / softback, 599 pages, kõrgus x laius: 240x170 mm, kaal: 1120 g
  • Sari: Creole Language Library 48
  • Ilmumisaeg: 09-Apr-2015
  • Kirjastus: John Benjamins Publishing Co
  • ISBN-10: 9027252726
  • ISBN-13: 9789027252722
Teised raamatud teemal:
Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9789027252722.html
Märksõnad:
This lucid and theory-neutral introduction to the study of pidgins, creoles and mixed languages covers both theoretical and empirical issues pertinent to the field of contact linguistics. Part I presents the theoretical background, with chapters devoted to the definition of terms, the sociohistorical settings, theories on the genesis of pidgins and creoles, as well as discussions on language variation and the sociology of language. Part II empirically tests assumptions made about the linguistic characteristics of pidgins and creoles by systematically comparing them with other natural languages in all linguistic domains. This is the first introduction that consistently applies the findings of the Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures and systematically includes extended pidgins and mixed languages in the discussion of each linguistic feature. The book is designed for students of courses with a focus on pidgins, creoles and mixed languages, as well as typologically oriented courses on contact linguistics.
Acknowledgements xxiii
List of abbreviations
xxv
General introduction 1(13)
A brief note on the history of the field
1(2)
The purpose of this book
3(2)
Conventions
5(4)
Some general terminology
5(2)
A note on language names
7(1)
A note on the examples
7(2)
The structure of this book
9(5)
Part I General aspects
Languages cited in
Chapter 1
14(1)
1 Pidgins
15(28)
1.1 Definitions
15(9)
1.1.1 Levels of stability
18(1)
1.1.1.1 Jargons
18(1)
1.1.1.2 Pidgins
19(1)
1.1.1.3 Extended pidgins (`pidgincreoles')
20(1)
1.1.2 The social status of pidgin languages
21(1)
1.1.3 The etymology of `pidgin'
22(2)
1.2 Types of pidgins
24(5)
1.2.1 Trade and nautical pidgins
24(1)
1.2.1.1 Maritime/nautical pidgins
25(1)
1.2.1.2 Trade pidgins
25(1)
1.2.2 Workforce pidgins
26(1)
1.2.2.1 Domestic workforce pidgins
26(1)
1.2.2.2 Plantation pidgins
27(1)
1.2.2.3 Mine and industry pidgins
28(1)
1.2.3 Military pidgins
28(1)
1.2.4 Urban pidgins
29(1)
1.3 Assumed typical linguistic features of pidgins
29(2)
1.3.1.1 Phonology
30(1)
1.3.1.2 Morphology
30(1)
1.3.1.3 The noun phrase
30(1)
1.3.1.4 The verb phrase
30(1)
1.3.1.5 Simple sentences
30(1)
1.3.1.6 Predication
30(1)
1.3.1.7 Complex sentences
31(1)
1.3.1.8 The lexicon
31(1)
1.4 Snapshots
31(9)
1.4.1 Borgarmalet: An extinct trade jargon in northern Sweden
31(2)
1.4.2 Francais Tirailleur: An extinct French-lexified military pidgin in West Africa
33(1)
1.4.2.1 A brief background sketch of Francais Tirailleur
33(1)
1.4.2.2 A short linguistic sketch of Francais Tirailleur
34(2)
1.4.2.3 Short text
36(1)
1.4.2.4 Some sources of data
37(1)
1.4.3 Tok Pisin: An English-lexified extended pidgin (pidgincreole) in Papua New Guinea
37(1)
1.4.3.1 A brief background sketch of Tok Pisin
37(1)
1.4.3.2 A short linguistic sketch of Tok Pisin
38(2)
1.4.3.3 Short text
40(1)
1.4.3.4 Some sources of data
40(1)
1.5 Summary
40(1)
1.6 Key points
41(1)
1.7 Exercises
41(1)
Languages cited in
Chapter 2
42(1)
2 Creoles
43(26)
2.1 Definitions
43(4)
2.1.1 The etymology of `creole'
44(1)
2.1.2 The social status of creole languages
44(3)
2.2 Types of creoles
47(5)
2.2.1 Exogenous creoles
48(1)
2.2.1.1 Plantation creoles
48(1)
2.2.1.2 Maroon creoles
49(2)
2.2.2 Endogenous creoles
51(1)
2.3 Assumed typical linguistic features of creoles
52(3)
2.3.1.1 Phonology
53(1)
2.3.1.2 Morphology
53(1)
2.3.1.3 The noun phrase
54(1)
2.3.1.4 The verb phrase
54(1)
2.3.1.5 Simple sentences
54(1)
2.3.1.6 Predication
55(1)
2.3.1.7 Complex sentences
55(1)
2.3.1.8 The lexicon
55(1)
2.4 Snapshots
55(11)
2.4.1 Negerhollands: An extinct Dutch-lexified plantation creole on the Virgin Islands
56(1)
2.4.1.1 A brief background sketch of Negerhollands
56(1)
2.4.1.2 A short linguistic sketch of Negerhollands
56(2)
2.4.1.3 Short text
58(1)
2.4.1.4 Some sources of data
58(1)
2.4.2 Nengee: An English-lexified maroon creole in Suriname and French Guiana
59(1)
2.4.2.1 A brief background sketch of Nengee
59(1)
2.4.2.2 A short linguistic sketch of Nengee
60(2)
2.4.2.3 Short text
62(1)
2.4.2.4 Some sources of data
62(1)
2.4.3 Diu Indo-Portuguese: A Portuguese-lexified fort creole in India
62(1)
2.4.3.1 A brief background sketch of Diu Indo-Portuguese
62(1)
2.4.3.2 A short linguistic sketch of Diu Indo-Portuguese
63(2)
2.4.3.3 Short text
65(1)
2.4.3.4 Some sources of data
65(1)
2.5 Summary
66(1)
2.6 Key points
66(1)
2.7 Exercises
67(1)
Languages cited in
Chapter 3
68(1)
3 Mixed languages
69(30)
3.1 Definitions
69(12)
3.1.1 Structural types of mixed languages
70(1)
3.1.1.1 Intertwined languages
71(4)
3.1.1.2 Converted languages
75(2)
3.1.2 Sociolinguistic types of mixed languages
77(1)
3.1.2.1 Mixed languages as markers of a new identity
78(1)
3.1.2.2 Mixed languages as markers of a retained identity
79(2)
3.2 A very brief note on mixed language formation processes
81(3)
3.2.1 Unidirectional formation processes
81(1)
3.2.1.1 Mixed languages as a result of borrowing
81(1)
3.2.1.2 Mixed languages as a result of code-switching
82(1)
3.2.1.3 Mixed languages as a result of relexification
83(1)
3.2.1.4 Mixed languages as a result of paralexification
83(1)
3.2.2 Fusional formation processes
83(1)
3.2.2.1 Mixed languages as a result of language intertwining
83(1)
3.2.2.2 Mixed languages as a result of language competition and evolution
84(1)
3.3 Snapshots
84(12)
3.3.1 Bilingual Navajo: A G-L mixed language as a marker of retained identity
85(1)
3.3.1.1 A brief background sketch of Bilingual Navajo
85(1)
3.3.1.2 A short linguistic sketch of Bilingual Navajo
86(2)
3.3.1.3 Short text
88(1)
3.3.1.4 Some sources of data
88(1)
3.3.2 Michif: An N-V mixed language as a marker of a new identity
88(1)
3.3.2.1 A brief background sketch of Michif
88(1)
3.3.2.2 A short linguistic sketch of Michif
89(2)
3.3.2.3 Short text
91(1)
3.3.2.4 Some sources of data
91(1)
3.3.3 Sri Lankan Malay: An F-S mixed language as a marker of a new identity
92(1)
3.3.3.1 A brief background sketch of Sri Lankan Malay
92(1)
3.3.3.2 A short linguistic sketch of Sri Lankan Malay
93(2)
3.3.3.3 Short text
95(1)
3.3.3.4 Some sources of data
96(1)
3.4 Summary
96(1)
3.5 Key points
97(1)
3.6 Exercises
97(1)
Languages cited in
Chapter 4
98(1)
4 Sociohistorical contexts of pidgins and creoles
99(34)
4.1 The European expansion
99(4)
4.1.1 From homestead to plantation economy
100(1)
4.1.2 Plantations and mass migration
101(1)
4.1.2.1 European colonialism and slave labour
101(1)
4.1.2.2 European colonialism and indentured labour
102(1)
4.2 Contact languages as a result of the European expansion
103(12)
4.2.1 Demographic factors in creole formation
103(1)
4.2.1.1 Life expectancy, age distribution and population growth of the labourers
104(1)
4.2.1.2 Men to women ratio of the labourers
104(1)
4.2.1.3 European to non-European ratio and locally versus foreign born population
105(3)
4.2.1.4 The origins of the population groups
108(1)
4.2.2 Sociolinguistic factors in creole formation
109(1)
4.2.2.1 Levels of interaction
110(2)
4.2.2.2 Levels of prestige
112(1)
4.2.2.3 Missionaries and education
113(1)
4.2.3 Diffusion
114(1)
4.3 Snapshots
115(14)
4.3.1 Gullah: An English-lexified Atlantic creole
116(1)
4.3.1.1 A brief background sketch of Gullah
116(1)
4.3.1.2 A short linguistic sketch of Gullah
117(2)
4.3.1.3 Short text
119(1)
4.3.1.4 Some sources of data
120(1)
4.3.2 Mauritian Creole: A French-lexified Indian Ocean creole
120(1)
4.3.2.1 A brief background sketch of Mauritian Creole
120(1)
4.3.2.2 A short linguistic sketch of Mauritian Creole
121(2)
4.3.2.3 Short text
123(1)
4.3.2.4 Some sources of data
124(1)
4.3.3 Rabaul Creole German: A German-lexified Pacific creole
124(1)
4.3.3.1 A brief background sketch of Rabaul Creole German
124(1)
4.3.3.2 A short linguistic sketch of Rabaul Creole German
125(4)
4.3.3.3 Short text
129(1)
4.3.3.4 Some sources of data
129(1)
4.4 Summary
129(1)
4.5 Key points
130(1)
4.6 Exercises
131(1)
Languages cited in
Chapter 5
132(1)
5 Theories on the formation processes of pidgins
133(38)
5.1 The development of pidgins
133(15)
5.1.1 Monogenesis and relexification
134(1)
5.1.2 Nautical Jargon
135(2)
5.1.3 Polygenesis and proposed formation processes of pidgins
137(1)
5.1.3.1 The Common Core theory
138(1)
5.1.3.2 The Interlanguage theory
139(2)
5.1.3.3 The Foreigner Talk theory
141(3)
5.1.3.4 Transfer and substrates in pidgin formation
144(2)
5.1.4 The origin of pidgins: A summary
146(2)
5.2 Hybridization and the emergence of pidgins
148(2)
5.3 Snapshots
150(18)
5.3.1 Lingua Franca: An extinct Romance-lexified pidgin in the Mediterranean Basin
151(1)
5.3.1.1 A brief background sketch of Lingua Franca
151(2)
5.3.1.2 A short linguistic sketch of Lingua Franca
153(3)
5.3.1.3 Short text
156(1)
5.3.1.4 Some sources of data
157(1)
5.3.2 Chinese Pidgin English: An extinct English-lexified pidgin on the Chinese coast
157(1)
5.3.2.1 A brief background sketch of Chinese Pidgin English
157(1)
5.3.2.2 A short linguistic sketch of Chinese Pidgin English
158(4)
5.3.2.3 Short text
162(1)
5.3.2.4 Some sources of data
163(1)
5.3.3 Pidgin Delaware: An extinct Unami-lexified pidgin on the Middle Atlantic coast of North America
163(1)
5.3.3.1 A brief background sketch of Pidgin Delaware
163(1)
5.3.3.2 A short linguistic sketch of Pidgin Delaware
164(3)
5.3.3.3 Short text
167(1)
5.3.3.4 Some sources of data
168(1)
5.4 Summary
168(1)
5.5 Key points
168(1)
5.6 Exercises
169(1)
Languages cited in
Chapter 6
170(1)
6 Theories on the formation processes of creoles
171(40)
6.1 The development of creoles
171(18)
6.1.1 The Language Bioprogram Hypothesis and the Creole Prototype
172(5)
6.1.2 The Relexification Hypothesis
177(3)
6.1.3 The Founder Principle
180(2)
6.1.4 Feature pools and an evolutionary account of creole formation
182(2)
6.1.5 The Gradualist Model of creolization
184(1)
6.1.6 Afrogenesis or the Domestic Origin Hypothesis
185(1)
6.1.7 The origin of creoles: A summary
186(3)
6.2 The notion of the pidgin-to-creole life cycle
189(2)
6.3 Multilingualism and creolization
191(2)
6.4 Snapshots
193(14)
6.4.1 Hawai'i Creole English: An English-lexified creole in Hawai'i
193(1)
6.4.1.1 A brief background sketch of Hawai'i Creole English
193(1)
6.4.1.2 A short linguistic sketch of Hawai'i Creole English
194(3)
6.4.1.3 Short text
197(1)
6.4.1.4 Some sources of data
198(1)
6.4.2 Haitian Creole: A French-lexified creole in Haiti
198(1)
6.4.2.1 A brief background sketch of Haitian Creole
198(1)
6.4.2.2 A short linguistic sketch of Haitian Creole
199(3)
6.4.2.3 Short text
202(1)
6.4.2.4 Some sources of data
202(1)
6.4.3 Berbice Dutch: An extinct Dutch-lexified creole in Guyana
203(1)
6.4.3.1 A brief background sketch of Berbice Dutch
203(1)
6.4.3.2 A short linguistic sketch of Berbice Dutch
204(2)
6.4.3.3 Short text
206(1)
6.4.3.4 Some sources of data
207(1)
6.5 Summary
207(1)
6.6 Key points
208(1)
6.7 Exercises
209(1)
Languages cited in
Chapter 7
210(1)
7 Variation and change
211(32)
7.1 Variation
211(9)
7.1.1 Continua and implicational scales
212(1)
7.1.1.1 Continuum of `lects'
212(3)
7.1.1.2 Implicational patterns
215(3)
7.1.2 Diglossia
218(2)
7.2 Change
220(4)
7.2.1 The notion of depidginization and decreolization
220(4)
7.2.2 The notion of repidginization and recreolization
224(1)
7.3 Snapshots
224(16)
7.3.1 Belizean Creole: An English-lexified Caribbean creole with a wide lectal continuum and high prestige
225(1)
7.3.1.1 A brief background sketch of Belizean Creole
225(2)
7.3.1.2 A short linguistic sketch of Belizean Creole
227(2)
7.3.1.3 Short text
229(1)
7.3.1.4 Some sources of data
230(1)
7.3.2 Ambon Malay: A Malay-lexified Pacific creole which functions as both an L and an H variety
230(1)
7.3.2.1 A brief background sketch of Ambon Malay
230(1)
7.3.2.2 A short linguistic sketch of Ambon Malay
231(3)
7.3.2.3 Short text
234(1)
7.3.2.4 Some sources of data
235(1)
7.3.3 Ternate Chabacano: A Spanish-lexified creole coexisting with non-Spanish standard languages
235(1)
7.3.3.1 A brief background sketch of Ternate Chabacano
235(2)
7.3.3.2 A short linguistic sketch of Ternate Chabacano
237(2)
7.3.3.3 Short text
239(1)
7.3.3.4 Some sources of data
240(1)
7.4 Summary
240(1)
7.5 Key points
241(1)
7.6 Exercises
241(1)
Languages cited in
Chapter 8
242(1)
8 Language in society
243(42)
8.1 Sociology of language
243(13)
8.1.1 Language attitudes
244(1)
8.1.1.1 Attitudes and perception
245(2)
8.1.1.2 Identity and accommodation
247(1)
8.1.2 Language planning
248(1)
8.1.2.1 Selecting the norm
249(1)
8.1.2.2 Codifying the norm
249(3)
8.1.3 Language policy
252(1)
8.1.3.1 Official recognition
252(2)
8.1.3.2 Language in education
254(2)
8.2 Language and culture
256(8)
8.2.1 Oral literature
256(1)
8.2.1.1 Songs and drama
257(2)
8.2.1.2 Folktales
259(1)
8.2.1.3 Riddles and proverbs
259(1)
8.2.2 Written literature
260(1)
8.2.2.1 Prose, plays and poetry
261(2)
8.2.2.2 Translations
263(1)
8.2.3 Mass media
263(1)
8.3 Snapshots
264(17)
8.3.1 Nagamese: An Assamese-lexified extended pidgin (pidgincreole) in South Asia
265(1)
8.3.1.1 A brief background sketch of Nagamese
265(1)
8.3.1.2 A short linguistic sketch of Nagamese
266(4)
8.3.1.3 Short text
270(1)
8.3.1.4 Some sources of data
271(1)
8.3.2 Papiamentu: An Iberian-lexified creole in the Caribbean
271(1)
8.3.2.1 A brief background sketch of Papiamentu
271(1)
8.3.2.2 A short linguistic sketch of Papiamentu
272(3)
8.3.2.3 Short text
275(1)
8.3.2.4 Some sources of data
276(1)
8.3.3 Krio: An English-lexified creole in West Africa
276(1)
8.3.3.1 A brief background sketch of Krio
276(2)
8.3.3.2 A short linguistic sketch of Krio
278(3)
8.3.3.3 Short text
281(1)
8.3.3.4 Some sources of data
281(1)
8.4 Summary
281(1)
8.5 Key points
282(1)
8.6 Exercises
282(3)
Part II Linguistic features
Introduction to Part II
285(10)
Genetic affiliation
285(1)
Comparing languages, creating samples and the problem of bias
286(3)
Extended pidgins (pidgincreoles) as a separate group
289(1)
A brief note on statistics
289(5)
Languages cited in
Chapter 9
294(1)
9 Phonology
295(30)
9.1 Introduction
295(1)
9.2 Phoneme inventories
296(6)
9.2.1 Pidgin phoneme inventories
296(3)
9.2.2 Phoneme inventories of extended pidgins (pidgincreoles)
299(1)
9.2.3 Creole phoneme inventories
299(2)
9.2.4 Phoneme inventories of mixed languages
301(1)
9.3 Syllable structures
302(3)
9.3.1 Pidgin syllable structures
303(1)
9.3.2 Syllable structures in extended pidgins (pidgincreoles)
303(1)
9.3.3 Creole syllable structures
304(1)
9.3.4 Syllable structures in mixed languages
304(1)
9.4 Tone
305(3)
9.4.1 Tone in pidgin languages
305(1)
9.4.2 Tone in extended pidgins (pidgincreoles)
306(1)
9.4.3 Tone in creole languages
306(1)
9.4.4 Tone in mixed languages
307(1)
9.5 Snapshots
308(14)
9.5.1 Tay Boi: An extinct French-lexified pidgin in Vietnam
308(1)
9.5.1.1 A brief background sketch of Tay Boi
308(1)
9.5.1.2 A short linguistic sketch of Tay Boi
309(3)
9.5.1.3 Short text
312(1)
9.5.1.4 Some sources of data
312(1)
9.5.2 Nheengatu: A Tupinamba-lexified creole in Brazil
312(1)
9.5.2.1 A brief background sketch of Nheengatu
312(2)
9.5.2.2 A short linguistic sketch of Nheengatu
314(3)
9.5.2.3 Short text
317(1)
9.5.2.4 Some sources of data
317(1)
9.5.3 Gurindji Kriol: A Gurindji/Kriol mixed language in Australia
317(1)
9.5.3.1 A brief background sketch of Gurindji Kriol
317(2)
9.5.3.2 A short linguistic sketch of Gurindji Kriol
319(3)
9.5.3.3 Short text
322(1)
9.5.3.4 Some sources of data
322(1)
9.6 Summary
322(1)
9.7 Key points
323(1)
9.8 Exercises
323(1)
Languages cited in
Chapter 10
324(1)
10 Morphology
325(28)
10.1 Introduction
325(1)
10.2 Synthesis
326(5)
10.2.1 Synthesis in pidgin languages
327(1)
10.2.2 Synthesis in extended pidgins (pidgincreoles)
328(1)
10.2.3 Synthesis in creole languages
328(1)
10.2.4 Synthesis in mixed languages
329(2)
10.3 Reduplication
331(4)
10.3.1 Reduplication in pidgin languages
331(1)
10.3.2 Reduplication in extended pidgins (pidgincreoles)
332(1)
10.3.3 Reduplication in creole languages
332(2)
10.3.4 Reduplication in mixed languages
334(1)
10.4 Snapshots
335(15)
10.4.1 Turku: An extinct Arabic-lexified pidgin in Chad
335(1)
10.4.1.1 A brief background sketch of Turku
335(1)
10.4.1.2 A short linguistic sketch of Turku
336(2)
10.4.1.3 Short text
338(1)
10.4.1.4 Some sources of data
339(1)
10.4.2 Sranan: An English-lexified creole in Suriname
339(1)
10.4.2.1 A brief background sketch of Sranan
339(3)
10.4.2.2 A short linguistic sketch of Sranan
342(2)
10.4.2.3 Short text
344(1)
10.4.2.4 Some sources of data
345(1)
10.4.3 Media Lengua: A Spanish/Quechua mixed language in Ecuador
345(1)
10.4.3.1 A brief background sketch of Media Lengua
345(1)
10.4.3.2 A short linguistic sketch of Media Lengua
346(3)
10.4.3.3 Short text
349(1)
10.4.3.4 Some sources of data
350(1)
10.5 Summary
350(1)
10.6 Key points
350(1)
10.7 Exercises
351(1)
Languages cited in
Chapter 11
352(1)
11 The noun phrase
353(36)
11.1 Introduction
353(1)
11.2 Nominal plurality
354(6)
11.2.1 Nominal plurality in pidgin languages
355(1)
11.2.2 Nominal plurality in extended pidgins (pidgincreoles)
356(1)
11.2.3 Nominal plurality in creole languages
356(3)
11.2.4 Nominal plurality in mixed languages
359(1)
11.3 Articles
360(9)
11.3.1 Articles in pidgin languages
360(1)
11.3.1.1 Definite articles
361(1)
11.3.1.2 Indefinite articles
362(1)
11.3.2 Articles in extended pidgins (pidgincreoles)
363(1)
11.3.2.1 Definite articles
363(1)
11.3.2.2 Indefinite articles
363(1)
11.3.3 Articles in creole languages
364(1)
11.3.3.1 Definite articles
365(1)
11.3.3.2 Indefinite articles
366(1)
11.3.4 Articles in mixed languages
367(1)
11.3.4.1 Definite articles
367(1)
11.3.4.2 Indefinite articles
368(1)
11.4 Snapshots
369(17)
11.4.1 Pidgin Hawaiian: An extinct Hawaiian-lexified pidgin on the Hawaiian Islands
370(1)
11.4.1.1 A brief background sketch of Pidgin Hawaiian
370(1)
11.4.1.2 A short linguistic sketch of Pidgin Hawaiian
371(3)
11.4.1.3 Short text
374(1)
11.4.1.4 Some sources of data
374(1)
11.4.2 Cape Verdean Creole: A Portuguese-lexified creole on the Cape Verde Islands
374(1)
11.4.2.1 A brief background sketch of Cape Verdean Creole
374(2)
11.4.2.2 A short linguistic sketch of Cape Verdean Creole
376(4)
11.4.2.3 Short text
380(1)
11.4.2.4 Some sources of data
380(1)
11.4.3 Shelta: A secret English/Irish mixed language in Ireland
380(1)
11.4.3.1 A brief background sketch of Shelta
380(1)
11.4.3.2 A short linguistic sketch of Shelta
381(5)
11.4.3.3 Short text
386(1)
11.4.3.4 Some sources of data
386(1)
11.5 Summary
386(1)
11.6 Key points
387(1)
11.7 Exercises
387(1)
Languages cited in
Chapter 12
388(1)
12 The verb phrase and predication
389(44)
12.1 Introduction
389(2)
12.2 Tense, aspect and mood
391(13)
12.2.1 Tense, aspect and mood in pidgin languages
391(1)
12.2.1.1 Tense in pidgin languages
391(2)
12.2.1.2 Aspect in pidgin languages
393(1)
12.2.1.3 Mood in pidgin languages
393(1)
12.2.2 Tense, aspect and mood in extended pidgins (pidgincreoles)
394(1)
12.2.2.1 Tense in extended pidgins (pidgincreoles)
394(1)
12.2.2.2 Aspect in extended pidgins (pidgincreoles)
394(1)
12.2.2.3 Mood in extended pidgins (pidgincreoles)
395(1)
12.2.3 Tense, aspect and mood in creole languages
396(1)
12.2.3.1 Tense in creole languages
396(1)
12.2.3.2 Aspect in creole languages
397(1)
12.2.3.3 Mood in creole languages
398(2)
12.2.3.4 The internal order of tense, aspect and mood markers in creole languages
400(1)
12.2.3.5 The reading of the base form of verbs in creole languages
401(1)
12.2.4 Tense, aspect and mood in mixed languages
402(2)
12.3 Predication
404(9)
12.3.1 Predication in pidgin languages
404(1)
12.3.1.1 Predicative noun phrases in pidgin languages
405(1)
12.3.1.2 Predicative adjectives in pidgin languages
406(1)
12.3.2 Predication in extended pidgins (pidgincreoles)
407(1)
12.3.2.1 Predicative noun phrases in extended pidgins (pidgincreoles)
407(1)
12.3.2.2 Predicative adjectives in extended pidgins (pidgincreoles)
408(1)
12.3.3 Predication in creole languages
408(1)
12.3.3.1 Predicative noun phrases in creole languages
409(1)
12.3.3.2 Predicative adjectives in creole languages
410(2)
12.3.4 Predication in mixed languages
412(1)
12.4 Snapshots
413(17)
12.4.1 Russenorsk: An extinct Russian/Norwegian pidgin in the Barents Sea
413(1)
12.4.1.1 A brief background sketch of Russenorsk
413(2)
12.4.1.2 A short linguistic sketch of Russenorsk
415(2)
12.4.1.3 Short text
417(1)
12.4.1.4 Some sources of data
418(1)
12.4.2 Solomon Islands Pijin: An English-lexified extended pidgin (pidgincreole) on the Solomon Islands
418(1)
12.4.2.1 A brief background sketch of Solomon Islands Pijin
418(2)
12.4.2.2 A short linguistic sketch of Solomon Islands Pijin
420(3)
12.4.2.3 Short text
423(1)
12.4.2.4 Some sources of data
424(1)
12.4.3 Palenquero: A Spanish-lexified creole in Colombia
424(1)
12.4.3.1 A brief background sketch of Palenquero
424(1)
12.4.3.2 A short linguistic sketch of Palenquero
425(4)
12.4.3.3 Short text
429(1)
12.4.3.4 Some sources of data
429(1)
12.5 Summary
430(1)
12.6 Key points
430(1)
12.7 Exercises
431(1)
Languages cited in
Chapter 13
432(1)
13 Simple sentences
433(30)
13.1 Introduction
433(1)
13.2 Word order
434(6)
13.2.1 Word order in pidgin languages
435(1)
13.2.2 Word order in extended pidgins (pidgincreoles)
436(1)
13.2.3 Word order in creole languages
437(2)
13.2.4 Word order in mixed languages
439(1)
13.3 Passive constructions
440(4)
13.3.1 Passive constructions in pidgin languages
440(1)
13.3.2 Passive constructions in extended pidgins (pidgincreoles)
441(1)
13.3.3 Passive constructions in creole languages
441(2)
13.3.4 Passive constructions in mixed languages
443(1)
13.4 Snapshots
444(16)
13.4.1 Ndyuka-Trio Pidgin: A Nengee/Tiriyo-lexified pidgin in Suriname
445(1)
13.4.1.1 A brief background sketch of Ndyuka-Trio Pidgin
445(1)
13.4.1.2 A short linguistic sketch of Ndyuka-Trio Pidgin
446(2)
13.4.1.3 Short text
448(1)
13.4.1.4 Some sources of data
449(1)
13.4.2 Fa d'Ambo: A Portuguese-lexified creole in Equatorial Guinea
449(1)
13.4.2.1 A brief background sketch of Fa d'Ambo
449(1)
13.4.2.2 A short linguistic sketch of Fa d'Ambo
450(3)
13.4.2.3 Short text
453(1)
13.4.2.4 Some sources of data
454(1)
13.4.3 Mednyj Aleut: A Russian/Aleut mixed language on the Commander Islands
454(1)
13.4.3.1 A brief background sketch of Mednyj Aleut
454(1)
13.4.3.2 A short linguistic sketch of Mednyj Aleut
455(4)
13.4.3.3 Short text
459(1)
13.4.3.4 Some sources of data
460(1)
13.5 Summary
460(1)
13.6 Key points
460(1)
13.7 Exercises
461(1)
Languages cited in
Chapter 14
462(1)
14 Complex sentences
463(34)
14.1 Introduction
463(1)
14.2 Relative clauses
464(8)
14.2.1 Relative clauses in pidgin languages
466(2)
14.2.2 Relative clauses in extended pidgins (pidgincreoles)
468(1)
14.2.3 Relative clauses in creole languages
468(2)
14.2.4 Relative clauses in mixed languages
470(2)
14.3 Serial verb constructions
472(3)
14.3.1 Serial verb constructions in pidgin languages
473(1)
14.3.2 Serial verb constructions in extended pidgins (pidgincreoles)
473(1)
14.3.3 Serial verb constructions in creole languages
474(1)
14.3.4 Serial verb constructions in mixed languages
475(1)
14.4 Snapshots
475(19)
14.4.1 Mobilian Jargon: An extinct Muskogean-lexified pidgin in the USA
476(1)
14.4.1.1 A brief background sketch of Mobilian Jargon
476(1)
14.4.1.2 A short linguistic sketch of Mobilian Jargon
477(4)
14.4.1.3 Short text
481(1)
14.4.1.4 Some sources of data
481(1)
14.4.2 Jamaican: An English-lexified creole in Jamaica
481(1)
14.4.2.1 A brief background sketch of Jamaican
481(2)
14.4.2.2 A short linguistic sketch of Jamaican
483(4)
14.4.2.3 Short text
487(1)
14.4.2.4 Some sources of data
487(1)
14.4.3 Calo: A Spanish/Romani mixed language in Spain
487(1)
14.4.3.1 A brief background sketch of Calo
487(2)
14.4.3.2 A short linguistic sketch of Calo
489(4)
14.4.3.3 Short text
493(1)
14.4.3.4 Some sources of data
493(1)
14.5 Summary
494(1)
14.6 Key points
494(1)
14.7 Exercises
495(1)
Languages cited in
Chapter 15
496(1)
15 Pragmatics
497(34)
15.1 Negation
497(5)
15.1.1 Negation in pidgin languages
498(1)
15.1.2 Negation in extended pidgins (pidgincreoles)
499(1)
15.1.3 Negation in creole languages
499(2)
15.1.4 Negation in mixed languages
501(1)
15.2 Polar questions
502(7)
15.2.1 Polar questions in pidgin languages
503(2)
15.2.2 Polar questions in extended pidgins (pidgincreoles)
505(1)
15.2.3 Polar questions in creole languages
506(2)
15.2.4 Polar questions in mixed languages
508(1)
15.3 Politeness
509(4)
15.3.1 Politeness in pidgin languages
509(2)
15.3.2 Politeness in extended pidgins (pidgincreoles)
511(1)
15.3.3 Politeness in creole languages
511(2)
15.3.4 Politeness in mixed languages
513(1)
15.4 Snapshots
513(16)
15.4.1 Juba Arabic: An Arabic-lexified extended pidgin (pidgincreole) in Sudan
514(1)
15.4.1.1 A brief background sketch of Juba Arabic
514(1)
15.4.1.2 A short linguistic sketch of Juba Arabic
515(3)
15.4.1.3 Short text
518(1)
15.4.1.4 Some sources of data
519(1)
15.4.2 Papia Kristang: A Portuguese-lexified creole in Malaysia
519(1)
15.4.2.1 A brief background sketch of Papia Kristang
519(1)
15.4.2.2 A short linguistic sketch of Papia Kristang
520(3)
15.4.2.3 Short text
523(1)
15.4.2.4 Some sources of data
523(1)
15.4.3 Angloromani: An English/Romani mixed language in Great Britain
523(1)
15.4.3.1 A brief background sketch of Angloromani
523(2)
15.4.3.2 A short linguistic sketch of Angloromani
525(3)
15.4.3.3 Short text
528(1)
15.4.3.4 Some sources of data
529(1)
15.5 Summary
529(1)
15.6 Key points
529(1)
15.7 Exercises
530(1)
Glossary 531(8)
References 539(40)
Index 579