Foreword |
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vii | |
Preface |
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ix | |
Acknowledgements |
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xi | |
Table of Cases |
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xix | |
Table of Statutes |
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xxxiii | |
1 Introduction |
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1 | (6) |
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1 | (2) |
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II Policyholder's Reasonable Expectations of Coverage and of Bonuses |
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3 | (1) |
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III Structure of the Book |
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4 | (3) |
2 Contract Law and Insurance Law: the Homogeneity |
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7 | (24) |
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I 'Special Nature' of Insurance Law, or of Insurance? |
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7 | (5) |
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A The Sui Generis Nature of Insurance Law? |
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7 | (2) |
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B The Special Economic Rationale of Insurance (versus Sales) |
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9 | (2) |
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C One Legal Framework for Plural Types of Transactions |
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11 | (1) |
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II The Common Legal Framework |
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12 | (9) |
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12 | (2) |
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B Performance of Contract: Insurance Payment |
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14 | (6) |
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Aleatory and Conditional Performance by Insurers |
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14 | (1) |
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Insurance Payment in Contingency Insurance |
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14 | (2) |
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Indemnity in Insurance and in Non-insurance Contract |
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16 | (4) |
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C Remedies for Breach of Contract |
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20 | (1) |
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III The Shared Principles of Interpretation of Contracts |
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21 | (2) |
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IV Particular Differences-How Different? |
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23 | (7) |
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A Insurance Contract and Utmost Good Faith |
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23 | (2) |
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B Pre-contractual Duty of Disclosure |
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25 | (3) |
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C 'Conditions' and 'Warranties' |
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28 | (2) |
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30 | (1) |
3 Rediscovering Expectations in Contract Law |
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31 | (30) |
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I Expectations in Contract Formation and Damages |
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32 | (9) |
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A Expectations in the Formation of Contract |
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32 | (4) |
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B Expectations and the Binding Force of Contract |
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36 | (3) |
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C Expectations, Contract Liabilities and Expectation Damages |
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39 | (2) |
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II Reasonable Expectations in the Positive Law of Contract |
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41 | (3) |
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III Reasonable Expectations in Contract Law: Just a Slogan? |
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44 | (7) |
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IV Reasonable Expectations and Contract Interpretation |
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51 | (8) |
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A Expectations and the Contextual Approach |
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51 | (2) |
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B Expectations, Intention, Contract Purpose |
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53 | (13) |
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Intentions and Expectations in Behavioural Science |
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53 | (1) |
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Intentions and Expectations in Contract Law |
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54 | (4) |
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Contract Purpose, Intention and Expectations |
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58 | (1) |
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59 | (2) |
4 Relating Good Faith to Reasonable Expectations |
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61 | (37) |
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I The Relevance of Good Faith to Reasonable Expectations |
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62 | (4) |
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II Good Faith in the Common Law of Contract |
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66 | (17) |
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A Good Faith in English Contract Law |
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66 | (7) |
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B Good Faith in Contract Law of Other Common Law Jurisdictions |
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73 | (10) |
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73 | (3) |
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76 | (2) |
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78 | (3) |
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New Zealand and Hong Kong |
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81 | (2) |
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83 | (1) |
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III Insurer's Duty of Good Faith |
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83 | (13) |
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A Mutuality of the Duty of Good Faith in Insurance Law |
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84 | (1) |
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B Insurer's Pre-contractual Good Faith: Disclosure |
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85 | (5) |
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Insurer's Duty to Disclose Material Circumstances |
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85 | (3) |
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Insurer's Duty to Remind Policyholders of Non-coverage |
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88 | (1) |
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Duty to Explain the Terms and Conditions? |
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89 | (1) |
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C Insurer's Post-contractual Good Faith: Claims Handling |
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90 | (9) |
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Duty to Handle Claims Promptly and Fairly |
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91 | (2) |
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Duty to Provide Guidance? |
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93 | (1) |
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Duty not to Abuse Avoidance or Termination of Contract |
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93 | (1) |
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Duty in Relation to Defence and Settlement |
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94 | (2) |
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96 | (2) |
5 Revisiting the Doctrine of Reasonable Expectations in American Insurance Law |
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98 | (40) |
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I The Doctrine of Reasonable Expectations in the US: A Brief Overview |
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99 | (4) |
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99 | (2) |
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B Controversies over the Doctrine of Reasonable Expectations |
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101 | (2) |
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II Recharacterising the Doctrine of Reasonable Expectations: From 'Doctrine' to 'Principle' |
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103 | (33) |
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A Keeton's 'Characterisation System' |
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103 | (4) |
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B Cases from 1998 to Date |
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107 | (10) |
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Type 0-Rejection of DRE/PREC |
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107 | (1) |
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Type 1.0-Ambiguity is the prerequisite for applying DRE/PREC |
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108 | (2) |
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Type 1.5-Ambiguity is a prerequisite (with other rationales) |
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110 | (2) |
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Type 2.0-Ambiguity is not a prerequisite at all |
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112 | (3) |
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Type 3.0-Adopted conceptually, but without clear rationale |
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115 | (2) |
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117 | (14) |
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Type 0-Rejection of DRE/PREC |
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118 | (1) |
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Type 1.0-Ambiguity is the prerequisite for applying DRE/PREC |
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119 | (1) |
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Type 1.5-Ambiguity is a prerequisite (with other rationales) |
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120 | (2) |
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Type 2.0-Ambiguity is not a prerequisite at all |
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122 | (2) |
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Type 3.0-Adopted conceptually, but without clear rationale |
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124 | (5) |
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Type 4.0-Unclear whether DRE/PREC was accepted or rejected |
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129 | (2) |
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D Rethinking the Doctrine of Reasonable Expectations under Keeton's 'Characterisation System' |
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131 | (3) |
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E Dworkin and Abraham's Perspectives |
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134 | (2) |
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136 | (2) |
6 Reassessing the Objections to Policyholder's Reasonable Expectations of Coverage in English Insurance Law |
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138 | (61) |
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I Policyholder's Reasonable Expectations of Coverage: Where Are We?-Consumer Insurance |
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138 | (6) |
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II Addressing the Objections to Policyholder's Reasonable Expectations of Coverage |
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144 | (20) |
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A Uncertainty and Inconsistency? |
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144 | (5) |
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B Other Doctrines Will Do? |
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149 | (8) |
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Presumption in Favour of Coverage |
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150 | (2) |
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152 | (1) |
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153 | (1) |
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Insurer's Misrepresentation |
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154 | (2) |
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Insurer's Waiver (or Election) and Estoppel |
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156 | (1) |
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C No Public Policy Considerations? |
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157 | (7) |
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Public Policies: 'Disabling' and 'Enabling' |
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158 | (3) |
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Insurance and the Decline of the Welfare State |
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161 | (1) |
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162 | (2) |
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III Business Insurance and Policyholder's Reasonable Expectations of Coverage |
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164 | (32) |
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A Reasonable Expectations in Relational Commercial Contracts |
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164 | (6) |
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B Business Insurance as Relational |
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170 | (4) |
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C A General Approach to Policyholder's Reasonable Expectations of Coverage in Business Insurance |
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174 | (7) |
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D Whose Expectations Should Prevail in Business Insurance? |
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181 | (15) |
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182 | (3) |
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PREC, Risk Pool Solvency and the Purpose of Insurance |
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185 | (11) |
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E The Lingering General Concern |
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196 | (1) |
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196 | (3) |
7 Policyholder's Reasonable Expectations of Bonuses in With-Profits Life Insurance |
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199 | (24) |
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I Discovering Policyholder's Reasonable Expectations of Bonuses: Revisiting Equitable Life |
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201 | (5) |
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A Salient Facts and Issues |
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201 | (2) |
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B Policyholder's Reasonable Expectations of Bonuses in the House of Lords |
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203 | (1) |
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C Policyholder's Reasonable Expectations of Bonuses in the Lower Courts |
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204 | (2) |
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II Policyholder's Reasonable Expectations of Bonuses in the Actuarial Profession |
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206 | (6) |
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A The Origin of the Concept in the Actuarial Profession |
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206 | (3) |
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B Policyholder's Reasonable Expectations of Bonuses under the Guidance Note of the Actuarial Profession |
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209 | (2) |
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C Policyholder's Reasonable Expectations of Bonuses and the Insurance Technical Actuarial Standard |
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211 | (1) |
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III Policyholder's Reasonable Expectations of Bonuses in Insurance Regulation |
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212 | (4) |
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A Policyholder's Reasonable Expectations of Bonuses and the Insurance Companies Acts |
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212 | (1) |
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B From Policyholders' Reasonable Expectations of Bonuses to the 'Treating Customers Fairly' Principle under the 2000 Act |
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213 | (3) |
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IV Reflections on Equitable Life in the House of Lords |
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216 | (5) |
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A Contract Law Realism versus Formalism |
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216 | (1) |
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B The Necessity Test for Implication of the Term in Equitable Life |
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217 | (2) |
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C The Relevance of Background to Implication of Terms |
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219 | (2) |
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221 | (2) |
8 Conclusion |
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223 | (8) |
Bibliography |
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231 | (8) |
Index |
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239 | |