Preface |
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xi | |
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List of Symbols and Abbreviations |
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xiii | |
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Introduction to Low-Power Digital Integrated Circuit Design |
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1 | (22) |
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Transistor Scaling in the Context of Power Consumption and Performance |
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1 | (17) |
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Fundamental CMOS Scaling Strategies |
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5 | (3) |
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Leakage Currents in Modern MOS Transistors |
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8 | (8) |
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Transistor Scaling in the Deep Sub-Micron Regime |
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16 | (2) |
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Classic Low-Power Strategies |
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18 | (1) |
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Low-Power Strategies beyond the Quarter Micron Technology node |
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19 | (4) |
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Logic with Multiple Supply Voltages |
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23 | (26) |
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Principle of Multiple Supply Voltages |
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23 | (2) |
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Power Saving Capability and Voltage Assignment |
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25 | (8) |
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Supply Voltage Assignment Algorithm |
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28 | (4) |
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Extended Clustered Voltage Scaling |
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32 | (1) |
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Level Conversion in Multi-VDD Circuits |
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33 | (10) |
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Asynchronous Level-Shifter Design |
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34 | (4) |
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Design of Level-Shifter FlipFlops |
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38 | (4) |
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Level Conversion in Dynamic Circuits |
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42 | (1) |
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Dynamic Voltage Scaling (DVS) |
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43 | (6) |
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Logic with Multiple Threshold Voltages |
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49 | (12) |
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Principle of Multiple Threshold Voltages |
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49 | (1) |
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Concept of Leakage Effective Gate Width |
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50 | (1) |
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Impact of Supply and Threshold Voltage Variability on Gate Delay |
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51 | (1) |
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Active Body Bias Strategies |
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52 | (9) |
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Reverse Body Bias Technique (RBB) |
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54 | (2) |
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Constraints of Reverse Body Biasing |
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56 | (1) |
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Scaling Properties of RBB |
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57 | (1) |
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Forward Body Bias Technique (FBB) |
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57 | (2) |
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Constraints of Forward Body Biasing |
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59 | (1) |
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Scaling Properties of FBB |
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60 | (1) |
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Forcing of Transistor Stacks |
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61 | (8) |
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Principle of Stack Forcing |
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61 | (5) |
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Impact of Gate and Junction Leakage |
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64 | (2) |
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Stack Forcing as Leakage Reduction Technique |
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66 | (3) |
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69 | (100) |
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Principle of Power Gating |
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69 | (3) |
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Design Trade-Offs of Power Gating |
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72 | (3) |
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Basic Properties of Power Gating |
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75 | (11) |
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Implementation of the Power Switch Devices |
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75 | (3) |
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Stationary Active and Idle State |
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78 | (1) |
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Transient Behavior During Block Activation |
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79 | (1) |
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Interfaces of a Sleep Transistor Block |
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80 | (2) |
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System Aspects of Power Gating |
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82 | (4) |
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Embodiments of Power Gating |
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86 | (13) |
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Sleep Transistor within Standard Cells |
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86 | (2) |
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88 | (2) |
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Optimization of Gate Potential - Gate Boosting and Super Cut-Off |
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90 | (2) |
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ZigZag Super Cut-Off CMOS |
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92 | (6) |
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Selective Sleep Transistor Scheme |
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98 | (1) |
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Demonstrator Design and Measurement |
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99 | (8) |
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16-bit Multiply-Accumulate Unit |
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99 | (2) |
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101 | (3) |
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16-bit Finite Impulse Response Filter |
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104 | (1) |
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Comparison of Current Profiles of Differently Pipelined Circuits |
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105 | (2) |
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Sleep Transistor Design Task |
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107 | (21) |
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Optimum Total Channel Width |
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107 | (1) |
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Methodologies for Sizing of Power Switch |
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107 | (4) |
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Analytical Investigation of Delay Degradation |
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111 | (3) |
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Approximation of Analytical Solution |
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114 | (1) |
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Comparison with Simulation |
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115 | (1) |
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Design Space of Power Gating |
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116 | (2) |
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118 | (4) |
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Distributed vs. Localized Switch Placing |
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122 | (3) |
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Impact of Virtual Rail Decoupling |
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125 | (3) |
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128 | (12) |
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Functional Measurement Strategy of Minimum Power-Down Time |
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129 | (3) |
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Estimation of the Minimum Power-Down Time |
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132 | (4) |
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Reset During Block Activation |
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136 | (1) |
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137 | (1) |
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Principle of Charge Recycling Scheme |
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137 | (1) |
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Power Saving Capability and Experimental Verification |
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138 | (2) |
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Fractional Switch Activation |
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140 | (1) |
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Block Activation Strategies |
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140 | (10) |
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Single Cycle Block Activation |
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140 | (3) |
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Sequential Switch Activation |
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143 | (1) |
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Stepwise Overdrive Incrementation |
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144 | (1) |
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Quasi-Continuous Overdrive Incrementation |
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145 | (2) |
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147 | (1) |
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Clock Gating During Activation |
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148 | (2) |
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State Conservation in Power Switched Circuits |
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150 | (19) |
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Static State Retention Flipflops |
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151 | (7) |
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Summary of Static State Retention Approaches |
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158 | (1) |
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Dynamic State Retention FlipFlops |
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158 | (2) |
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Architecture of the Memory Cells |
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160 | (1) |
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Sense Amplifier and Slave Latch |
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160 | (1) |
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Boosting of the Access Devices |
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160 | (1) |
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Error Detection and Refresh |
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161 | (2) |
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Trade-off Between Propagation Delay and Retention Time in Dynamic State Retention Flipflops |
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163 | (2) |
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Characterization of Dynamic State Retention FlipFlop |
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165 | (4) |
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169 | (2) |
References |
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171 | (8) |
Index |
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179 | |