Muutke küpsiste eelistusi

Power Plant Engineering [Kõva köide]

(California State University, Sacramento, USA)
  • Formaat: Hardback, 1222 pages, kõrgus x laius: 234x156 mm, kaal: 2180 g, 303 Line drawings, black and white; 59 Halftones, black and white; 362 Illustrations, black and white
  • Ilmumisaeg: 28-Jun-2021
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 1498707122
  • ISBN-13: 9781498707121
Teised raamatud teemal:
Power Plant EngineeringSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: Hardback, 1222 pages, kõrgus x laius: 234x156 mm, kaal: 2180 g, 303 Line drawings, black and white; 59 Halftones, black and white; 362 Illustrations, black and white
  • Ilmumisaeg: 28-Jun-2021
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 1498707122
  • ISBN-13: 9781498707121
Teised raamatud teemal:
Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9781498707121.html
Märksõnad:
Our lives and the functioning of modern societies are intimately intertwined with electricity consumption. We owe our quality of life to electricity. However, the electricity generation industry is partly responsible for some of the most pressing challenges we currently face, including climate change and the pollution of natural environments, energy inequality, and energy insecurity. Maintaining our standard of living while addressing these problems is the ultimate challenge for the future of humanity. The objective of this book is to equip engineering and science students and professionals to tackle this task. Written by an expert with over 25 years of combined academic and industrial experience in the field, this comprehensive textbook covers both fossil fuels and renewable power generation technologies. For each topic, fundamental principles, historical backgrounds, and state-of-the-art technologies are covered.

Conventional power production technologies, steam power plants, gas turbines, and combined cycle power plants are presented. For steam power plants, the historical background, thermodynamic principles, steam generators, combustion systems, emission reduction technologies, steam turbines, condensate-feedwater systems, and cooling systems are covered in separate chapters. Similarly, the historical background and thermodynamic principles of gas turbines, along with comprehensive discussions on compressors, combustors, and turbines, are presented and then followed with combined cycle power plants.

The second half of the book deals with renewable energy sources, including solar photovoltaic systems, solar thermal power plants, wind turbines, ocean energy systems, and geothermal power plants. For each energy source, the available energy and its variations, historical background, operational principles, basic calculations, current and future technologies, and environmental impacts are presented. Finally, energy storage systems as required technologies to address the intermittent nature of renewable energy sources are covered.

While the book has been written with the needs of undergraduate and graduate college students in mind, professionals interested in widening their understanding of the field can also benefit from it.
Preface xxiii
Acknowledgments xxv
Author xxvii
1 Introduction to Electricity
1(104)
1.1 Introduction to Energy and Society
2(6)
1.1.1 Economic Growth, Living Standard, and Energy Consumption
2(2)
1.1.2 Energy Consumption
4(1)
1.1.3 Energy Consumption in Society
5(1)
1.1.4 Energy Consumption Sectors and Share of Each Sector
6(2)
1.2 Primary Energy Sources
8(4)
1.3 Introduction to Electricity
12(12)
1.3.1 Brief History of Electricity
12(3)
1.3.2 Electricity and Society
15(6)
1.3.3 Electricity Consumption, Economic Development, and Energy Inequality
21(3)
1.4 Structure of Electrical Infrastructure
24(10)
1.4.1 Characteristics of Load Demand for Electricity
25(4)
1.4.2 Characteristic of Power Generation Systems
29(3)
1.4.3 Selecting Capacity and Type of Electricity Generating Units
32(1)
1.4.4 Baseload and Peak-Load Power Plants
32(2)
1.5 Electricity Transmission Lines
34(4)
1.6 Regulated versus Deregulated Electricity Market
38(3)
1.7 Introduction to Conventional Power Generation Systems
41(11)
1.7.1 Methods to Categorize Electricity Generation
41(3)
1.7.2 Thermodynamics of Conventional Power Generation Systems
44(1)
1.7.2.1 Categorization of Power Cycles
45(1)
1.7.2.2 Work in Moving Boundary Systems (Closed Systems)
46(1)
1.7.2.3 Work in Control Volumes
47(2)
1.7.2.4 Performance Evaluation Parameters
49(2)
1.7.2.5 Idealization of Power Generation Systems
51(1)
1.8 Questions and Problems
52(53)
1.8.1 Energy and Society
52(5)
1.8.2 Primary Energy Sources
57(3)
1.8.3 Introduction to Electricity
60(8)
1.8.4 Structure of Electrical Infrastructure
68(5)
1.8.5 Electricity Transmission Lines
73(2)
1.8.6 Regulated versus Deregulated Electricity Market
75(1)
1.8.7 Introduction to Conventional Power Generation Systems
76(2)
1.8.8 Open-Ended Questions
78(1)
1.8.9 General
79(26)
2 Introduction to Steam Power Plants
105(90)
2.1 Introduction
106(1)
2.2 History of Steam Power Generation
107(9)
2.3 Thermodynamics of Steam Power Plants
116(61)
2.3.1 Simple Rankine Cycles
124(9)
2.3.2 Effects of Various Operating Parameters on Rankine Cycles
133(1)
2.3.2.1 Effects of Superheating Steam in Steam Generator
133(4)
2.3.2.2 Effects of Steam Generator Pressure
137(2)
2.3.2.3 Supercritical Steam Power Plants
139(1)
2.3.2.4 Effects of Pressure and Temperature of Turbine Exhaust
140(3)
2.3.3 Reheat Rankine Cycles
143(4)
2.3.4 Regenerative Rankine Cycles
147(2)
2.3.4.1 Open Feedwater Heaters
149(6)
2.3.4.2 Closed Feedwater Heaters
155(13)
2.3.5 Deviation of Actual Steam Cycles from Ideal Rankine Cycles
168(1)
2.3.5.1 Internal Irreversibilities
168(6)
2.3.5.2 External Irreversibilities
174(3)
2.4 Questions and Problems
177(18)
2.4.1 Introduction
177(1)
2.4.2 History of Steam Power Generation
177(2)
2.4.3 Thermodynamics of Steam Power Plants
179(7)
2.4.4 Open-Ended Questions
186(1)
2.4.5 General
187(8)
3 Steam Generators: Water-Steam Side
195(72)
3.1 Introduction
195(3)
3.1.1 Introduction to Water-Steam Side of Steam Generators
196(2)
3.1.2 Thermodynamics of Steam Generation for Steam Power Cycles
198(1)
3.2 Historical Development of Steam Generators
198(12)
3.2.1 Early Steam Generators
198(5)
3.2.2 Water-Tube Steam Generators
203(2)
3.2.3 Bent-Tube Steam Generators
205(2)
3.2.4 Waterwall Tubes
207(1)
3.2.5 Economizers
208(1)
3.2.6 Reheaters
208(1)
3.2.7 Pressure and Temperature of Stream Generators
209(1)
3.3 Arrangement of Modern Steam Generators
210(5)
3.3.1 Radiant and Convection Sections of Steam Generators
213(2)
3.4 Components of Modern Steam Generators
215(17)
3.4.1 Waterwall Tubes
215(3)
3.4.2 Drum
218(1)
3.4.2.1 Calculation of Wall Thickness of Pressure Vessels
219(4)
3.4.2.2 Steam Separation
223(2)
3.4.3 Circulation of Water
225(2)
3.4.4 Superheaters and Reheaters
227(2)
3.4.5 Economizers
229(1)
3.4.6 Relative Heat Absorption in the Economizer, Evaporator, and Superheater
230(2)
3.5 Once-Through Steam Generators
232(2)
3.6 Control of Steam Generators
234(10)
3.6.1 Temperature Measurement
238(1)
3.6.1.1 Thermocouples
238(2)
3.6.1.2 Resistance Temperature Detectors
240(1)
3.6.2 Superheated Steam Temperature Control
240(3)
3.6.3 Drum Water Level Control
243(1)
3.6.4 Safety and Relief Valves
244(1)
3.7 Operation, Start-up and Shutdown, Manufacturing, and Maintenance of Steam Generators
244(3)
3.7.1 Operation of Steam Generators
244(1)
3.7.2 Start-up and Shutdown of Steam Generators
245(1)
3.7.3 Manufacturing of Steam Generators
246(1)
3.7.4 Maintenance of Steam Generators
246(1)
3.8 Design of Steam Generators
247(2)
3.9 Questions and Problems
249(18)
3.9.1 Introduction
249(1)
3.9.2 Historical Development of Early Steam Generators
250(4)
3.9.3 Arrangement of Modern Steam Generators
254(3)
3.9.4 Components of Modern Steam Generators
257(4)
3.9.5 Once-Through Steam Generators
261(1)
3.9.6 Control of Steam Generators
261(1)
3.9.7 Operation, Start-up and Shutdown, Manufacturing, and Maintenance of Steam Generators
262(1)
3.9.8 General
263(4)
4 Steam Generators: Fire Side
267(148)
4.1 Introduction
268(1)
4.2 Thermodynamics of Ideal Gases
269(6)
4.2.1 Ideal Gas Mixture
270(2)
4.2.2 Dalton Model
272(1)
4.2.3 Internal Energy, Enthalpy, and Entropy of Ideal Gas Mixture
273(2)
4.3 Thermodynamics of Combustion Process
275(15)
4.3.1 Combustion Reactions
275(9)
4.3.2 Conservation of Energy for Systems Involving Combustion
284(1)
4.3.2.1 Enthalpy of Formation
285(3)
4.3.2.2 Enthalpy of Combustion and Heating Values
288(2)
4.3.2.3 Adiabatic Flame Temperature
290(1)
4.4 Fuels
290(2)
4.5 Coal
292(28)
4.5.1 Coal Formation
292(1)
4.5.2 Coal Consumption
293(2)
4.5.3 Coal Resources
295(2)
4.5.4 Coal Analysis
297(1)
4.5.4.1 Proximate Analysis
298(3)
4.5.4.2 Ultimate Analysis
301(1)
4.5.4.3 Classification of Coal
302(3)
4.5.4.4 Derivative Fuels from Coal
305(2)
4.5.5 Coal Extraction
307(2)
4.5.6 Coal Preparation
309(1)
4.5.6.1 Coal Sizing
309(1)
4.5.6.2 Screens
309(2)
4.5.6.3 Coal Size Reduction
311(3)
4.5.6.4 Coal Cleaning
314(1)
4.5.6.5 Transportation of Coal to Power Plants
315(1)
4.5.6.6 Storage of Coal in Power Plants
316(2)
4.5.7 Other Solid Fuels
318(1)
4.5.7.1 Biomass
318(1)
4.5.7.2 Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)
319(1)
4.6 Combustion of Coal
320(45)
4.6.1 Hand Feeding
320(1)
4.6.2 Mechanical Stokers
321(1)
4.6.2.1 Grates
321(2)
4.6.2.2 Fuel Feeding Systems
323(2)
4.6.2.3 Air Systems
325(1)
4.6.2.4 Design Considerations
325(1)
4.6.3 Pulverized Coal Combustion Systems
326(1)
4.6.3.1 Overall Firing Systems
327(2)
4.6.3.2 Coal Feeder System
329(1)
4.6.3.3 Pulverization-Related Coal Properties
330(1)
4.6.3.4 Pulverizers
330(6)
4.6.4 Burning of Pulverized Coal
336(3)
4.6.4.1 NOx Production
339(1)
4.6.4.2 Pre-NOx Restriction Era Pulverized Coal Burners
340(1)
4.6.4.3 Low NOx Burners
341(4)
4.6.4.4 Corner-Fired or Tangential Burners
345(3)
4.6.4.5 Cyclone-Furnace Firing
348(2)
4.6.4.6 Furnaces
350(2)
4.6.4.7 Sootblowers
352(1)
4.6.4.8 Ash Handling
352(2)
4.6.4.9 Excess Air
354(1)
4.6.4.10 Ignition Systems
354(1)
4.6.4.11 Fluidized-Bed Combustion
355(7)
4.6.4.12 Burning of Municipal Solid Wastes
362(3)
4.7 Liquid Fuels
365(2)
4.7.1 Transportation and Storage of Liquid Fuels
367(1)
4.8 Gaseous Fuels
367(7)
4.8.1 Natural Gas
368(1)
4.8.2 Hydrogen
368(1)
4.8.3 Transportation and Storage of Natural Gas
369(2)
4.8.4 Combustion Systems for Liquid and Gaseous Fuels
371(1)
4.8.4.1 Wall-Fired Burners
371(2)
4.8.4.2 Corner-Firing Systems
373(1)
4.8.4.3 Igniters for Liquid and Gaseous-Fired Burners
374(1)
4.9 Combustion Air System
374(11)
4.9.1 Providing Air for Combustion
374(2)
4.9.2 Fans
376(3)
4.9.3 Fan Selection or Sizing
379(1)
4.9.4 Air Auxiliary Systems
380(1)
4.9.5 Air Preheater
381(2)
4.9.6 Stack and Natural Draft
383(2)
4.10 Questions and Problems
385(30)
4.10.1 Introduction
385(1)
4.10.2 Thermodynamics of Ideal Gases
385(2)
4.10.3 Thermodynamics of Combustion Process
387(1)
4.10.4 Fuels
388(1)
4.10.5 Coal
388(6)
4.10.6 Combustion of Coal
394(9)
4.10.7 General
403(12)
5 Emission Reduction in Steam Generators
415(36)
5.1 Introduction
416(2)
5.2 Nitrogen Oxide Emissions
418(6)
5.2.1 Reduction of Nitrogen Oxide Emissions
421(1)
5.2.2 Selective Catalytic Reduction
421(3)
5.2.3 Selective Non-catalytic Reduction
424(1)
5.3 Sulfur Oxide Emissions
424(5)
5.3.1 Reduction of Sulfur Oxide Emissions
425(1)
5.3.2 Wet Flue Gas Desulfurization
425(3)
5.3.3 Dry and Semi-dry Flue Gas Desulfurization
428(1)
5.3.4 SO3 Reduction
428(1)
5.4 Particulate Matter Emissions
429(4)
5.4.1 Electrostatic Precipitators
429(2)
5.4.2 Fabric Filters or Baghouses
431(2)
5.5 Global Climate Change and Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions
433(10)
5.5.1 Causes of the Climate Change
433(5)
5.5.2 Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions
438(1)
5.5.3 CO2 Capture and Sequestration Systems
438(1)
5.5.4 Pre-combustion CO2 Capture Systems
439(1)
5.5.5 Oxygen-Firing Systems
439(1)
5.5.6 Post-combustion CO2 Capture
440(2)
5.5.7 CO2 Capture by Microalgae
442(1)
5.6 Other Emissions and Environmental Problems
443(1)
5.6.1 Carbon Monoxide Emissions
443(1)
5.6.2 Mercury Emissions
444(1)
5.6.3 Sight and Noise Pollution
444(1)
5.7 Questions and Problems
444(7)
5.7.1 Introduction
444(1)
5.7.2 Nitrogen Oxide Emissions
445(1)
5.7.3 Sulfur Oxide Emissions
445(1)
5.7.4 Particulate Matter Emissions
446(1)
5.7.5 Global Climate Change and Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions
446(2)
5.7.6 Other Emissions and Environmental Problems
448(1)
5.7.7 Open-Ended Questions
448(1)
5.7.8 General
448(3)
6 Steam Turbines
451(68)
6.1 Introduction
452(2)
6.2 Impulse Turbines
454(23)
6.2.1 Single Impulse Blades
455(5)
6.2.2 Actual Impulse Blades
460(8)
6.2.3 Single-Stage Impulse Turbines
468(5)
6.2.4 Velocity-Compounded Impulse Turbines
473(2)
6.2.5 Pressure-Compounded Impulse Turbines
475(2)
6.3 Reaction Turbines
477(4)
6.4 Modern Utility Steam Turbines
481(15)
6.4.1 Impulse Stages versus Reaction Stages
481(1)
6.4.2 Configuration of Modern Steam Turbines
482(1)
6.4.3 Twisted Blades
483(1)
6.4.4 Blade Materials and Sealing
484(1)
6.4.5 Turbine Rotors
485(2)
6.4.6 Turbine Casings and Bearings
487(2)
6.4.7 Gland Steam Seal Systems
489(2)
6.4.8 Axial Thrust in Steam Turbines
491(4)
6.4.9 Turbine Arrangements
495(1)
6.5 Turbine Control
496(2)
6.6 Generators
498(2)
6.7 Control of Generators
500(2)
6.8 Questions and Problems
502(17)
6.8.1 Introduction
502(1)
6.8.2 Impulse Turbines
502(2)
6.8.3 Reaction Turbines
504(1)
6.8.4 Modern Utility Steam Turbines
505(4)
6.8.5 Generators
509(1)
6.8.6 Control of Generators and Turbines
509(1)
6.8.7 General
510(9)
7 Condensate-Feedwater Systems
519(50)
7.1 Introduction
520(1)
7.2 Condensers
520(10)
7.2.1 Direct-Contact Condensers
522(2)
7.2.2 Surface Condensers
524(5)
7.2.3 Noncondensable Gases and Deaeration Process in Condensers
529(1)
7.3 General Discussion on Pumps
530(4)
7.4 Condensate Pumps
534(1)
7.5 Feedwater Heaters
535(5)
7.5.1 Closed Feedwater Heaters
536(4)
7.5.2 Steam Trap
540(1)
7.6 Open Feedwater Heaters
540(6)
7.6.1 Spray Deaerators
542(1)
7.6.2 Spray-Scrubber Deaerators
543(1)
7.6.3 Spry-Tray Deaerators
544(1)
7.6.4 Other Functions of Deaerators
544(2)
7.7 Feedwater Pumps
546(1)
7.8 Treatment of Feedwater and Makeup Water
547(9)
7.8.1 Chemical Control of pH
548(1)
7.8.2 Makeup Water Treatment
549(1)
7.8.3 Makeup Water Treatment Systems
549(1)
7.8.4 Water Demineralization
550(1)
7.8.4.1 Ion Exchange Demineralizers
551(2)
7.8.4.2 Reverse Osmosis (RO) Units
553(2)
7.8.4.3 Evaporators
555(1)
7.8.4.4 Other Components of Makeup Water Systems...
555(1)
7.8.5 Condensate Polishing
556(1)
7.9 Questions and Problems
556(13)
7.9.1 Condensers
556(2)
7.9.2 Application of Pumps in Steam Power Plants
558(1)
7.9.3 Condensate Pumps
559(1)
7.9.4 Feedwater Heaters
560(1)
7.9.5 Open Feedwater Heaters
560(1)
7.9.6 Feedwater Pumps
561(1)
7.9.7 Treatment of Feedwater and Makeup Water
561(1)
7.9.8 General
562(7)
8 Cooling Systems (Circulating Water Systems)
569(36)
8.1 Introduction
570(1)
8.2 Once-Through Circulating Water Systems
571(3)
8.2.1 Components of Once-Through Systems
572(2)
8.2.2 Cooling Ponds and Lakes
574(1)
8.3 Closed Circulating Water Systems -- Wet Cooling Towers
574(18)
8.3.1 Water Flow-Related Components in Wet Cooling Towers
576(1)
8.3.1.1 Water Transportation and Distribution System
576(1)
8.3.1.2 Fill bank
577(3)
8.3.1.3 Cold Water Basin
580(1)
8.3.2 Air Flow-Related Components in Wet Cooling Towers
581(1)
8.3.2.1 Mechanical Draft Cooling Towers
582(2)
8.3.2.2 Components of Induced Draft Cooling Towers (Air Flow)
584(2)
8.3.2.3 Natural Draft Cooling Towers
586(5)
8.3.2.4 Hybrid Hyperbolic Cooling Towers
591(1)
8.4 Combined Once-Through and Wet Cooling Towers
592(1)
8.5 Closed Circulating Water Systems - Dry Cooling Towers
593(3)
8.5.1 Direct Dry Cooling Towers or Air-Cooled Condensers
594(1)
8.5.2 Indirect Dry Cooling Towers
594(2)
8.6 Hybrid Wet and Dry Cooling Towers
596(1)
8.7 Challenge of Environmental Problems
597(1)
8.8 Questions and Problems
597(8)
8.8.1 Introduction
597(1)
8.8.2 Once-Through Circulating Water Systems
598(1)
8.8.3 Closed Circulating Water Systems -- Wet Cooling Towers
598(2)
8.8.4 Combined Once-Through and Wet Cooling Towers
600(1)
8.8.5 Closed Circulating water Systems -- Dry Cooling Towers
600(1)
8.8.6 Hybrid Wet and Dry Cooling Towers
600(1)
8.8.7 General
601(4)
9 Gas Turbines
605(126)
9.1 Introduction
606(1)
9.2 Thermodynamic of Gas Power Cycles
607(47)
9.2.1 Brayton Cycle as an Ideal Cycle for Gas Turbine Power Systems
614(9)
9.2.2 Effects of Compressor Pressure Ratio on Efficiency and Specific Work Output of Brayton Cycle
623(8)
9.2.3 Brayton Cycle with Irreversibilities and Losses
631(7)
9.2.4 Brayton Cycle with Regenerator
638(4)
9.2.5 Brayton Cycles with Compressor Intercoolers
642(4)
9.2.6 Brayton Cycles with Turbine Reheaters
646(8)
9.3 Brief History of Gas Turbines
654(4)
9.4 Applications of Gas Turbines
658(8)
9.4.1 Transportation Applications
658(5)
9.4.2 Mechanical Drive Applications
663(1)
9.4.3 Gas Turbines for Electricity Generation
664(1)
9.4.3.1 Aeroderivative Gas Turbines
664(1)
9.4.3.2 Non-Aeroderivative Gas Turbines
665(1)
9.4.3.3 Micro Gas Turbines
666(1)
9.5 Gas Turbine Components
666(37)
9.5.1 Compressors
667(1)
9.5.1.1 Axial Compressors
667(4)
9.5.1.2 Centrifugal Compressors
671(1)
9.5.1.3 Compressor Performance
672(6)
9.5.2 Combustion Chambers
678(1)
9.5.2.1 Diffusion-Type Combustion Chambers
679(3)
9.5.2.2 Can Combustors
682(1)
9.5.2.3 Annular Combustors
683(1)
9.5.2.4 Can-Annular Combustors
684(1)
9.5.2.5 Silo-Type Combustors
684(1)
9.5.2.6 Low Emission and Low NOx Combustors
685(4)
9.5.2.7 Other Components of Combustion Chambers
689(1)
9.5.3 Gas Turbines
690(1)
9.5.3.1 Axial Gas Turbine Blades
691(2)
9.5.3.2 Turbine Blade Cooling
693(1)
9.5.3.3 Gas Turbine Arrangements
694(2)
9.5.4 Auxiliary Systems and Components
696(1)
9.5.4.1 Compressor Inlet Air Cooling Systems
696(5)
9.5.4.2 Regenerators
701(1)
9.5.4.3 Other Auxiliary Components
701(2)
9.6 Operation of Gas Turbine Units
703(6)
9.6.1 Start-up Sequence
703(2)
9.6.2 Normal Operation
705(1)
9.6.3 Gas Turbine Control Systems
706(1)
9.6.4 Instruments and Sensors
706(1)
9.6.5 Maintenance of Gas Turbines
707(1)
9.6.6 Standards for Gas Turbine Performance Tests
708(1)
9.7 Questions and Problems
709(22)
9.7.1 Introduction
709(1)
9.7.2 Thermodynamic of Gas Power Systems
709(5)
9.7.3 Applications of Gas Turbines
714(1)
9.7.4 Gas Turbine Components
715(4)
9.7.5 Operation of Gas Turbine Units
719(1)
9.7.6 General
720(11)
10 Combined Cycle Power Plants and Cogeneration Plants
731(28)
10.1 Introduction
732(3)
10.2 Efficiency of Combined Cycle Power Plants
735(3)
10.3 Configuration of Combined Cycle Power Plants
738(1)
10.4 Heat Recovery Steam Generators (HRSGs)
739(5)
10.4.1 Single-Pressure HRSGs
740(2)
10.4.2 Multiple-Pressure HRSGs
742(2)
10.5 Cogeneration Plants
744(2)
10.5.1 Back-Pressure CHP Plants
746(1)
10.5.2 Extraction CHP Plants
746(1)
10.6 Integrated Gasification Combined Cycles
746(4)
10.6.1 Gasification Process
748(1)
10.6.2 Pressurized Fluidized-Bed Combustion Combined Cycle Power Plants
749(1)
10.6.3 Binary Vapor Cycles
750(1)
10.7 Questions and Problems
750(9)
10.7.1 Introduction
750(1)
10.7.2 Efficiency of Combined Cycle Power Plants
751(1)
10.7.3 Configuration of Combined Cycle Power Plants
751(1)
10.7.4 Heat Recovery Steam Generators (HRSGs)
752(1)
10.7.5 Cogeneration Plants
753(1)
10.7.6 Integrated Gasification Combined Cycles
753(1)
10.7.7 General
754(5)
11 Solar Energy and Photovoltaic Solar Units
759(146)
11.1 Nature of Solar Energy
760(21)
11.1.1 Solar Energy Production on the Sun
761(1)
11.1.2 Extraterrestrial Radiation
762(3)
11.1.3 Solar Radiation and Geometric Relationship of the Sun and Earth
765(4)
11.1.4 Apparent Movement of the Sun across the Sky
769(4)
11.1.5 Traveling of Solar Radiation through the Atmosphere
773(3)
11.1.6 Measurement of Solar Irradiance
776(1)
11.1.7 Insolation Maps
777(4)
11.2 Solar Photovoltaic Power Generation
781(81)
11.2.1 History of Solar Photovoltaic Power Generation
782(8)
11.2.2 Applications of Photovoltaic Solar Units
790(1)
11.2.3 Principles of Solar Photovoltaic Cell Operation
791(1)
11.2.3.1 Semiconductors
791(7)
11.2.3.2 Operation of Solar Cells
798(5)
11.2.3.3 Losses in Solar Cells
803(2)
11.2.4 Electricity Generated in Photovoltaic Solar Cells
805(1)
11.2.4.1 Current-Voltage Curve of Solar Cells
805(6)
11.2.4.2 Connecting Solar Cells
811(4)
11.2.4.3 Effects of Shadow on Performance of Solar Systems
815(1)
11.2.4.4 Efficiency of Solar Photovoltaic Units
816(3)
11.2.4.5 Fill Factor of Solar Photovoltaic Cells
819(2)
11.2.4.6 Modeling of Solar Photovoltaic Cells
821(1)
11.2.5 Balance of Plant for PV Systems
822(1)
11.2.5.1 Batteries and Charge Controllers
822(1)
11.2.5.2 Inverters
823(1)
11.2.5.3 Wiring Systems
824(1)
11.2.5.4 Mounting Systems
824(1)
11.2.5.5 Other Components
825(1)
11.2.6 Cost of Solar PV Units and Financial Models
825(1)
11.2.6.1 Cost of Solar PV Units
825(2)
11.2.6.2 Financial Models for Exchanging Generated Solar Electricity with Utilities
827(2)
11.2.7 Sizing of Solar PV Systems
829(1)
11.2.7.1 Load Determination for Residential and Commercial Applications
830(4)
11.2.7.2 Sizing Grid-Connected Solar PV Arrays
834(4)
11.2.7.3 Consideration in Sizing Off-Grid Solar PV Arrays
838(1)
11.2.8 Commercial Software Tools to Simulate Performance of Solar PV Units
839(1)
11.2.9 Different Types of Solar Photovoltaic Cells
840(1)
11.2.10 First Generation: Crystalline Silicon-Based PV Cells
840(2)
11.2.10.1 Manufacturing of Crystalline Silicon PV Cells
842(6)
11.2.10.2 Alternative Manufacturing Methods of Silicon Crystalline Cells
848(1)
11.2.10.3 Concluding Remarks on Crystalline Silicon PV Units and Their Future
849(1)
11.2.11 Second Generation: Thin Film Solar PV Cells
850(1)
11.2.11.1 Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) Solar PV Cells
851(2)
11.2.11.2 Copper Indium Gallium Selenide (CIGS) Solar PV Cells
853(1)
11.2.11.3 Amorphous Silicon (a-Si)
854(1)
11.2.11.4 Gallium Arsenide (GaAs)
855(1)
11.2.12 Third Generation: Emerging Solar Cell Technologies
856(1)
11.2.12.1 Multi-Junction Solar Cells
856(1)
11.2.12.2 Concentrating PV (CPV) Units
857(1)
11.2.12.3 Organic Solar Cells
858(1)
11.2.12.4 Perovskite Solar Cells
858(1)
11.2.12.5 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
859(1)
11.2.12.6 Quantum Dot Solar Cells
859(1)
11.2.12.7 Hybrid PV Systems
860(1)
11.2.12.8 Comparison of Various Solar Cell Technologies and Their Future
860(2)
11.3 Extra Learning Resources
862(2)
11.3.1 Nature of Solar Energy
862(1)
11.3.2 Solar Photovoltaic Power Generation
862(2)
11.4 Questions and Problems
864(41)
11.4.1 Nature of Solar Energy
864(4)
11.4.2 History of Solar Photovoltaic Power Generation
868(1)
11.4.3 Applications of Photovoltaic Solar Cells
869(1)
11.4.4 Principles of Solar Photovoltaic Cell Operation
870(5)
11.4.5 Electricity Generated in Photovoltaic Solar Cell
875(6)
11.4.6 Balance of Plant for PV Systems
881(1)
11.4.7 Financial Models for Exchanging Generated Solar Electricity with Utilities
882(1)
11.4.8 Sizing of Solar PV Systems
883(2)
11.4.9 First Generation: Crystalline Silicon-Based PV Cells
885(2)
11.4.10 Second Generation: Thin Film Solar PV Cells
887(2)
11.4.11 Third Generation: Emerging Solar Cell Technologies
889(1)
11.4.12 Open-Ended Questions
890(1)
11.4.13 General
890(15)
12 Solar Thermal Energy
905(40)
12.1 Introduction
906(1)
12.2 Low-Temperature Solar Thermal Energy Applications for Buildings
906(5)
12.2.1 Unglazed Solar Water Heaters
908(1)
12.2.2 Flat-Plate Solar Water Heaters
908(2)
12.2.3 Evacuated Tube Solar Water Heaters
910(1)
12.2.4 Efficiency and Operation of Solar Water Heaters
910(1)
12.3 Introduction and Brief History of High-Temperature Solar Thermal Energy Utilization
911(4)
12.4 Solar Thermal Power Plants with a Central Receiver
915(11)
12.4.1 Heliostats
916(1)
12.4.1.1 Heliostat Control Systems
917(1)
12.4.1.2 Heliostat Field
918(3)
12.4.2 Central Receivers
921(1)
12.4.2.1 External Receivers
921(2)
12.4.2.2 Cavity Receivers
923(1)
12.4.2.3 Volumetric Receivers
924(2)
12.4.2.4 Thermal Losses in Receivers
926(1)
12.5 Solar Thermal Power Plants with Distributed or Dispersed Collectors
926(4)
12.5.1 Line-Focus Collectors
927(2)
12.5.2 Point-Focus Collectors
929(1)
12.6 Heat-Transfer Fluid
930(2)
12.7 Power Generation Units
932(3)
12.7.1 Stirling Engines
933(1)
12.7.2 Thermal Energy Storage
934(1)
12.8 Environmental Impacts of Solar Thermal Energy Plants
935(1)
12.9 Questions and Problems
935(10)
12.9.1 Low-Temperature Solar Thermal Energy Applications for Buildings
935(1)
12.9.2 Solar Electricity Generation
936(4)
12.9.3 General
940(5)
13 Wind Energy
945(54)
13.1 Introduction
946(1)
13.2 History of Wind Energy
947(4)
13.3 Wind Formation
951(1)
13.4 Power of Wind
952(2)
13.5 Maximum Theoretical Efficiency of Wind Turbines
954(5)
13.6 Wind Energy Evaluation
959(9)
13.6.1 Wind Classification
959(1)
13.6.2 Wind Property Measurements
959(3)
13.6.3 Statistical Analysis of Wind Data
962(4)
13.6.4 Variation of Wind Speed as a Function of Height
966(2)
13.6.5 Effect of Variations of Density and Relative Humidity of Air
968(1)
13.6.6 Wind Energy Maps
968(1)
13.7 Wind Turbine Categorization
968(12)
13.7.1 Lift-Force Dominant Wind Turbines and Drag-Force Dominant Wind Turbines
970(6)
13.7.2 Vertical-Axis Wind Turbines
976(2)
13.7.3 Horizontal-Axis Wind Turbines
978(2)
13.7.4 Grid-Connected and Stand-Alone Wind Turbines
980(1)
13.7.5 Small and Hybrid Wind Turbines
980(1)
13.8 Operation of Wind Turbines and Power Curves
980(2)
13.9 Control of Wind Turbine Power Output
982(3)
13.9.1 Stall-Regulated and Pitch-Regulated Wind Turbines
983(1)
13.9.2 Constant Speed and Variable Speed Wind Turbines
984(1)
13.10 Wind Turbine Components
985(4)
13.11 Environmental Impacts of Wind Turbines
989(1)
13.12 Questions and Problems
989(10)
13.12.1 Introduction
989(1)
13.12.2 Wind Formation
989(1)
13.12.3 Power of Wind and Wind Energy Evaluation
990(2)
13.12.4 Wind Turbine Categorization
992(1)
13.12.5 Operation and Control of Wind Turbines
993(1)
13.12.6 Wind Turbine Components
994(1)
13.12.6 General
995(4)
14 Ocean Renewable Energy
999(26)
14.1 Introduction
1000(1)
14.2 Wave Energy Sources
1000(11)
14.2.1 Energy and Power of Wave
1001(1)
14.2.2 Different Wave Energy Converters
1002(2)
14.2.2.1 Point Absorbers
1004(1)
14.2.2.2 Oscillating Water Columns/Chambers
1005(1)
14.2.2.3 Attenuators
1005(3)
14.2.2.4 Overtopping Devices
1008(1)
14.2.2.5 Oscillating Wave Surge Converters
1009(1)
14.2.2.6 Submerged Pressure Differential Converters
1010(1)
14.2.3 Concluding Remarks on Wave Energy Converters
1010(1)
14.3 Tidal Energy
1011(7)
14.3.1 Tidal Gravitational Potential Energy
1011(5)
14.3.2 Tidal Kinetic Energy
1016(1)
14.3.2.1 Horizontal Axis Turbines
1017(1)
14.3.2.2 Vertical Axis Turbines
1017(1)
14.4 Ocean Thermal Energy
1018(1)
14.5 Ocean Current Energy
1019(1)
14.6 Salinity Gradient Energy
1019(1)
14.7 Questions and Problems
1020(5)
14.7.1 Introduction
1020(1)
14.7.2 Wave Energy Sources
1020(2)
14.7.3 Tidal Energy
1022(1)
14.7.4 Ocean Thermal, current, and salinity gradient Energy
1022(1)
14.7.5 General
1023(2)
15 Geothermal Energy
1025(50)
15.1 Introduction
1026(1)
15.2 Origin of Thermal Energy of Earth and Its Potentials
1027(2)
15.3 Geothermal Energy Assessments
1029(1)
15.4 Applications of Geothermal Energy
1030(2)
15.5 Past and Present of Geothermal Energy
1032(3)
15.5.1 History of Geothermal Energy Utilizations
1032(1)
15.5.2 Current Status of Geothermal Energy
1033(2)
15.6 Characteristics of Geothermal Resources
1035(3)
15.6.1 Hydrothermal Geothermal Reservoirs
1035(2)
15.6.2 Hot Rock Geothermal Reservoirs
1037(1)
15.7 Exploration for Geothermal Resources
1038(3)
15.8 Drilling for Geothermal Resources
1041(4)
15.9 Geothermal Power Generation Units
1045(11)
15.9.1 Vapor-Dominated Geothermal Units
1046(4)
15.9.2 Liquid-Dominated Geothermal Units
1050(4)
15.9.3 Binary Cycles
1054(2)
15.10 Enhanced Geothermal Systems
1056(3)
15.11 Other Ideas and Concepts for Geothermal Energy
1059(1)
15.12 Environmental Impacts
1060(2)
15.13 Questions and Problems
1062(13)
15.13.1 Introduction
1062(1)
15.13.2 Geothermal Energy Assessments
1063(1)
15.13.3 Applications of Geothermal Energy
1063(1)
15.13.4 Characteristics of Geothermal Resources
1064(1)
15.13.5 Exploration for Geothermal Resources
1065(1)
15.13.6 Drilling for Geothermal Resources
1065(1)
15.13.7 Geothermal Power Generation Units
1066(2)
15.13.8 Enhanced Geothermal Systems
1068(1)
15.13.9 Other Ideas and Concepts for Geothermal Energy...
1068(1)
15.13.10 General
1069(6)
16 Energy Storage Systems
1075(62)
16.1 Introduction
1076(4)
16.1.1 Energy Storage: Fossil Fuel-Based versus Renewable Energy-Based Electrical Infrastructure
1076(4)
16.2 Characterization of Energy Storage Technologies
1080(2)
16.3 Gravitational Energy Storage Systems
1082(10)
16.3.1 Energy Storage by Raising Mass
1082(2)
16.3.2 Pumped Hydroelectric Energy Storage Systems
1084(2)
16.3.2.1 Energy and Power in Pumped Hydroelectric Energy Storage Plants
1086(3)
16.3.2.2 Reservoirs in Pumped Hydroelectric Energy Storage Plants
1089(2)
16.3.2.3 Turbine-Pump Assembly
1091(1)
16.4 Compressed Air Energy Storage Systems
1092(7)
16.4.1 Compressed Air Containers
1095(4)
16.5 Flywheel Energy Storage Systems
1099(4)
16.6 Battery Storage Systems
1103(11)
16.6.1 Lead-Acid Batteries
1104(8)
16.6.2 Lithium-Ion Batteries
1112(1)
16.6.3 Molten-Salt Batteries
1113(1)
16.6.4 Nickel-Based Batteries
1114(1)
16.6.5 Other Battery Types
1114(1)
16.7 Direct Electricity Storage Systems
1114(4)
16.7.1 Supercapacitor Energy Storage Systems
1115(3)
16.7.2 Superconducting Coils Energy Storage Systems
1118(1)
16.8 Thermal Energy Storage Systems
1118(2)
16.9 Questions and Problems
1120(17)
16.9.1 Introduction
1120(1)
16.9.2 Characterization of Energy Storage Technologies
1121(2)
16.9.3 Gravitational Energy Storage
1123(2)
16.9.4 Compressed Air Energy Storage Systems
1125(1)
16.9.5 Flywheel Energy Storage Systems
1126(1)
16.9.6 Batteries
1127(2)
16.9.7 Direct Electricity Storage Systems
1129(1)
16.9.8 Thermal Energy Storage Systems
1130(1)
16.9.9 General
1131(6)
Appendix 1 Supplemental Tables 1137(60)
Index 1197
Farshid Zabihian has over 25 years of academic and industrial experience in the energy industry. He is currently an Associate Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at California State University, Sacramento. He earned a MASc and BSc, both in mechanical engineering, at the Iran University of Science and Technology and Amirkabir University of Technology, Iran, respectively. He worked in the power generation industry for about a decade in various capacities before returning to academia. He earned a PhD in Mechanical Engineering in 2011 from Ryerson University, Canada. He was the recipient of the Governor Generals Academic Gold Medal, the highest academic honor at the graduate level in Canada. He was previously an Assistant Professor at West Virginia University Institute of Technology between 2011 and 2016. He joined Sacramento State in 2016. His research focus is on sustainable electricity generation, including renewable energy resources and advanced fossil fuel power plants, through experimental and numerical approaches. He has published over 110 journal and conference papers, books, and book chapters. He also enjoys integrating sustainability into his teaching at the college level and beyond.