Preface |
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xiii | |
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List of Symbols, Units, and Notation |
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xix | |
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1 | (30) |
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Case Study: The Future Beckons: Will the Electric Power Industry Head the Call? |
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2 | (8) |
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1.1 History of Electric Power Systems |
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10 | (7) |
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1.2 Present and Future Trends |
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17 | (4) |
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1.3 Electric Utility Industry Structure |
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21 | (1) |
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1.4 Computers in Power System Engineering |
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22 | (2) |
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1.5 Power World Simulator |
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24 | (7) |
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31 | (59) |
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Case Study: Making Microgrids Work |
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32 | (14) |
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46 | (1) |
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2.2 Instantaneous Power in Single-Phase AC Circuits |
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47 | (6) |
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53 | (5) |
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58 | (2) |
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2.5 Balanced Three-Phase Circuits |
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60 | (8) |
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2.6 Power in Balanced Three-Phase Circuits |
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68 | (6) |
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2.7 Advantages of Balanced Three-Phase Versus Single-Phase Systems |
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74 | (16) |
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Chapter 3 Power Transformers |
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90 | (69) |
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Case Study: PJM Manages Aging Transformer Fleet |
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91 | (5) |
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3.1 The Ideal Transformer |
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96 | (6) |
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3.2 Equivalent Circuits for Practical Transformers |
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102 | (6) |
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108 | (8) |
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3.4 Three-Phase Transformer Connections and Phase Shift |
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116 | (5) |
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3.5 Per-Unit Equivalent Circuits of Balanced Three-Phase Two-Winding Transformers |
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121 | (5) |
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3.6 Three-Winding Transformers |
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126 | (4) |
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130 | (1) |
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3.8 Transformers with Off-Nominal Turns Ratios |
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131 | (28) |
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Chapter 4 Transmission Line Parameters |
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159 | (74) |
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Case Study: Transmission Line Conductor Design Comes of Age |
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160 | (4) |
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Case Study: Six Utilities Share Their Perspectives on Insulators |
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164 | (5) |
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4.1 Transmission Line Design Considerations |
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169 | (5) |
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174 | (3) |
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177 | (1) |
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4.4 Inductance: Solid Cylindrical Conductor |
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178 | (5) |
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4.5 Inductance: Single-Phase Two-Wire Line and Three-Phase Three-Wire Line with Equal Phase Spacing |
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183 | (2) |
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4.6 Inductance: Composite Conductors, Unequal Phase Spacing, Bundled Conductors |
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185 | (8) |
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4.7 Series Impedances: Three-Phase Line with Neutral Conductors and Earth Return |
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193 | (6) |
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4.8 Electric Field and Voltage: Solid Cylindrical Conductor |
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199 | (2) |
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4.9 Capacitance: Single-Phase Two-Wire Line and Three-Phase Three-Wire Line Equal Phase Spacing |
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201 | (3) |
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4.10 Capacitance: Stranded Conductors, Unequal Phase Spacing, Bundled Conductors |
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204 | (3) |
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4.11 Shunt Admittances: Lines with Neutral Conductors and Earth Return |
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207 | (5) |
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4.12 Electric Field Strength at Conductor Surfaces and at Ground Level |
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212 | (3) |
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4.13 Parallel Circuit Three-Phase Lines |
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215 | (18) |
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Chapter 5 Transmission Lines: Steady-State Operation |
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233 | (61) |
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Case Study: The ABCs of HVDC Transmission Technologies |
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234 | (14) |
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5.1 Medium and Short Line Approximations |
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248 | (6) |
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5.2 Transmission-Line Differential Equations |
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254 | (6) |
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260 | (2) |
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262 | (9) |
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271 | (2) |
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273 | (4) |
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5.7 Reactive Compensation Techniques |
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277 | (17) |
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294 | (85) |
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Case Study: Future Vision |
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295 | (10) |
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Case Study: Characteristics of Wind Turbine Generators for Wind Power Plants |
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305 | (6) |
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6.1 Direct Solutions to Linear Algebraic Equations: Gauss Elimination |
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311 | (4) |
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6.2 Iterative Solutions to Linear Algebraic Equations: Jacobi and Gauss-Seidel |
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315 | (6) |
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6.3 Iterative Solutions to Nonlinear Algebraic Equations: Newton-Raphson |
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321 | (4) |
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6.4 The Power-Flow Problem |
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325 | (6) |
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6.5 Power-Flow Solution by Gauss-Seidel |
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331 | (3) |
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6.6 Power-Flow Solution by Newton-Raphson |
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334 | (9) |
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6.7 Control of Power Flow |
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343 | (6) |
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349 | (3) |
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6.9 Fast Decoupled Power Flow |
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352 | (1) |
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353 | (1) |
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6.11 Power-Flow Modeling of Wind Generation |
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354 | (25) |
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366 | (13) |
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Chapter 7 Symmetrical Faults |
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379 | (40) |
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Case Study: The Problem of Arcing Faults in Low-Voltage Power Distribution Systems |
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380 | (2) |
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7.1 Series R-L Circuit Transients |
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382 | (3) |
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7.2 Three-Phase Short Circuit---Unloaded Synchronous Machine |
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385 | (4) |
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7.3 Power System Three-Phase Short Circuits |
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389 | (3) |
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392 | (8) |
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7.5 Circuit Breaker and Fuse Selection |
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400 | (19) |
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417 | (2) |
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Chapter 8 Symmetrical Components |
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419 | (52) |
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Case Study: Circuit Breakers Go High Voltage |
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421 | (7) |
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8.1 Definition of Symmetrical Components |
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428 | (5) |
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8.2 Sequence Networks of Impedance Loads |
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433 | (8) |
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8.3 Sequence Networks of Series Impedances |
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441 | (2) |
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8.4 Sequence Networks of Three-Phase Lines |
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443 | (2) |
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8.5 Sequence Networks of Rotating Machines |
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445 | (6) |
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8.6 Per-Unit Sequence Models of Three-Phase Two-Winding Transformers |
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451 | (5) |
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8.7 Per-Unit Sequence Models of Three-Phase Three-Winding Transformers |
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456 | (3) |
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8.8 Power in Sequence Networks |
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459 | (12) |
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Chapter 9 Unsymmetrical Faults |
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471 | (45) |
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Case Study: Fires at U.S. Utilities |
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472 | (1) |
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9.1 System Representation |
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473 | (5) |
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9.2 Single Line-to-Ground Fault |
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478 | (5) |
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483 | (2) |
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9.4 Double Line-to-Ground Fault |
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485 | (7) |
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9.5 Sequence Bus Impedance Matrices |
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492 | (24) |
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512 | (1) |
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513 | (3) |
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Chapter 10 System Protection |
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516 | (63) |
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Case Study: The Future of Power Transmission |
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518 | (7) |
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10.1 System Protection Components |
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525 | (1) |
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10.2 Instrument Transformers |
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526 | (7) |
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533 | (4) |
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10.4 Radial System Protection |
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537 | (4) |
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541 | (4) |
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545 | (1) |
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10.7 Protection of Two-Source System with Directional Relays |
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546 | (1) |
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547 | (4) |
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10.9 Line Protection with Impedance (Distance) Relays |
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551 | (6) |
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10.10 Differential Relays |
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557 | (2) |
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10.11 Bus Protection with Differential Relays |
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559 | (1) |
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10.12 Transformer Protection with Differential Relays |
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560 | (5) |
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565 | (1) |
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566 | (13) |
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Chapter 11 Transient Stability |
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579 | (60) |
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Case Study: Real-Time Dynamic Security Assessment |
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581 | (9) |
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590 | (6) |
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11.2 Simplified Synchronous Machine Model and System Equivalents |
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596 | (2) |
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11.3 The Equal-Area Criterion |
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598 | (10) |
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11.4 Numerical Integration of the Swing Equation |
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608 | (5) |
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11.5 Multimachine Stability |
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613 | (8) |
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11.6 A Two-Axis Synchronous Machine Model |
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621 | (4) |
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11.7 Wind Turbine Machine Models |
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625 | (7) |
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11.8 Design Methods for Improving Transient Stability |
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632 | (7) |
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Chapter 12 Power System Controls |
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639 | (51) |
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Case Study: Overcoming Restoration Challenges Associated with Major Power System Disturbances |
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642 | (10) |
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12.1 Generator-Voltage Control |
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652 | (5) |
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12.2 Turbine-Governor Control |
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657 | (6) |
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12.3 Load-Frequency Control |
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663 | (4) |
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667 | (13) |
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680 | (10) |
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Chapter 13 Transmission Lines: Transient Operation |
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690 | (67) |
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Case Study: VariStar® Type AZE Surge Arresters |
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691 | (4) |
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Case Study: Change in the Air |
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695 | (12) |
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13.1 Traveling Waves on Single-Phase Lossless Lines |
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707 | (3) |
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13.2 Boundary Conditions for Single-Phase Lossless Lines |
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710 | (9) |
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13.3 Bewley Lattice Diagram |
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719 | (5) |
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13.4 Discrete-Time Models of Single-Phase Lossless Lines and Lumped RLC Elements |
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724 | (7) |
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731 | (4) |
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13.6 Multiconductor Lines |
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735 | (3) |
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13.7 Power System Overvoltages |
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738 | (7) |
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13.8 Insulation Coordination |
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745 | (12) |
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Chapter 14 Power Distribution |
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757 | (57) |
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Case Study: The Path of the Smart Grid |
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759 | (11) |
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14.1 Introduction to Distribution |
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770 | (2) |
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14.2 Primary Distribution |
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772 | (13) |
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14.3 Transformers in Distribution Systems |
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785 | (1) |
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14.4 Transformers in Distribution Systems |
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785 | (10) |
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14.5 Shunt Capacitors in Distribution Systems |
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795 | (5) |
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14.6 Distribution Software |
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800 | (1) |
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14.7 Distribution Reliability |
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801 | (3) |
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14.8 Distribution Automation |
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804 | (3) |
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807 | (7) |
Appendix |
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814 | (4) |
Index |
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818 | |