Preface |
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xiii | |
Preface to the SI Edition |
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xvi | |
Digital Resources |
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xvii | |
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List of Symbols, Units, and Notation |
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xxiii | |
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1 | (42) |
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Case Study: Transformation of the Grid |
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2 | (20) |
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1.1 History of Electric Power Systems |
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22 | (7) |
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1.2 Present and Future Trends |
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29 | (3) |
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1.3 Electric Utility Industry Structure |
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32 | (2) |
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1.4 Computers in Power System Engineering |
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34 | (1) |
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35 | (8) |
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43 | (48) |
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Case Study: Investing for the Future |
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44 | (1) |
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45 | (2) |
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2.2 Instantaneous Power in Single-Phase AC Circuits |
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47 | (5) |
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52 | (6) |
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58 | (2) |
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2.5 Balanced Three-Phase Circuits |
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60 | (8) |
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2.6 Power in Balanced Three-Phase Circuits |
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68 | (5) |
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2.7 Advantages of Balanced Three-Phase versus Single-Phase Systems |
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73 | (2) |
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75 | (16) |
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Chapter 3 Power Transformers |
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91 | (68) |
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Case Study: Transformer Innovation in a Changing Energy Landscape---Part I |
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92 | (4) |
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3.1 The Ideal Transformer |
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96 | (7) |
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3.2 Equivalent Circuits for Practical Transformers |
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103 | (6) |
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109 | (8) |
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3.4 Three-Phase Transformer Connections and Phase Shift |
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117 | (5) |
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3.5 Per-Unit Equivalent Circuits of Balanced Three-Phase Two-Winding Transformers |
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122 | (5) |
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3.6 Three-Winding Transformers |
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127 | (4) |
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131 | (2) |
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3.8 Transformers with Off-Nominal Turns Ratios |
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133 | (26) |
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Chapter 4 Transmission Line Parameters |
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159 | (64) |
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Case Study 1 Renewables, Resiliency Drive Transmission Upgrades |
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160 | (1) |
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Case Study 2 Greenlink Nevada to Drive Job Creation, Economic Recovery from Covid-19 |
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161 | (2) |
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4.1 Transmission Line Design Considerations |
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163 | (5) |
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168 | (3) |
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171 | (1) |
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4.4 Inductance: Solid Cylindrical Conductor |
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172 | (5) |
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4.5 Inductance: Single-Phase Two-Wire Line and Three-Phase Three-Wire Line with Equal Phase Spacing |
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177 | (2) |
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4.6 Inductance: Composite Conductors, Unequal Phase Spacing, Bundled Conductors |
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179 | (8) |
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4.7 Series Impedances: Three-Phase Line with Neutral Conductors and Earth Return |
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187 | (5) |
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4.8 Electric Field and Voltage: Solid Cylindrical Conductor |
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192 | (3) |
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4.9 Capacitance: Single-Phase, Two-Wire Line and Three-Phase, Three-Wire Line with Equal Phase Spacing |
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195 | (2) |
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4.10 Capacitance: Stranded Conductors, Unequal Phase Spacing, Bundled Conductors |
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197 | (4) |
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4.11 Shunt Admittances: Lines with Neutral Conductors and Earth Return |
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201 | (5) |
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4.12 Electric Field Strength at Conductor Surfaces and at Ground Level |
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206 | (3) |
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4.13 Parallel Circuit Three-Phase Lines |
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209 | (14) |
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Chapter 5 Transmission Lines: Steady-State Operation |
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223 | (60) |
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Case Study: Opportunities For Embedded High-Voltage Direct Current |
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225 | (11) |
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5.1 Medium and Short Line Approximations |
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236 | (7) |
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5.2 Transmission-Line Differential Equations |
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243 | (5) |
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248 | (3) |
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251 | (9) |
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260 | (1) |
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261 | (5) |
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5.7 Reactive Compensation Techniques |
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266 | (17) |
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283 | (74) |
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Case Study: Xcel Energy Strengthens the Grid with Advanced SVCs |
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284 | (3) |
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6.1 Direct Solutions to Linear Algebraic Equations: Gauss Elimination |
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287 | (5) |
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6.2 Iterative Solutions to Linear Algebraic Equations: Jacobi and Gauss-Seidel |
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292 | (6) |
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6.3 Iterative Solutions to Nonlinear Algebraic Equations: Newton-Raphson |
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298 | (5) |
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6.4 The Power Flow Problem |
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303 | (6) |
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6.5 Power Flow Solution by Gauss-Seidel |
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309 | (2) |
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6.6 Power Flow Solution by Newton-Raphson |
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311 | (10) |
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6.7 Control of Power Flow |
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321 | (6) |
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327 | (3) |
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6.9 Fast Decoupled Power Flow |
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330 | (1) |
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331 | (1) |
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6.11 Power Flow Modeling of Wind and Solar Generation |
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332 | (3) |
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6.12 Realistic and Large-Scale Power Flow Models |
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335 | (12) |
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Design Project 1 New Solar |
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347 | (3) |
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Design Project 1 Transmission System Design Costs |
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350 | (1) |
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Design Project 2 Electric Grid Voltage Control Design |
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351 | (2) |
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Design Project 3 Power Flow/Short Circuits |
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353 | (4) |
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Chapter 7 Power System Economics and Optimization |
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357 | (46) |
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Case Study: Electricity Markets in the United States |
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359 | (17) |
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7.1 Generator and Load Economics |
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376 | (2) |
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378 | (13) |
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391 | (6) |
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7.4 Unit Commitment and Longer Term Optimization |
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397 | (1) |
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398 | (5) |
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Chapter 8 Symmetrical Faults |
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403 | (40) |
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Case Study: Pumped Storage Hydro: Then and Now |
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404 | (3) |
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8.1 Series R--L Circuit Transients |
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407 | (3) |
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8.2 Three-Phase Short Circuit---Unloaded Synchronous Machine |
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410 | (4) |
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8.3 Power System Three-Phase Short Circuits |
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414 | (3) |
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417 | (9) |
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8.5 Circuit Breaker and Fuse Selection |
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426 | (15) |
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Design Project 3 Power Flow/Short Circuits |
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441 | (2) |
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Chapter 9 Symmetrical Components |
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443 | (48) |
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Case Study: The Ups and Downs of Gravity Energy Storage |
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444 | (3) |
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9.1 Definition of Symmetrical Components |
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447 | (6) |
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9.2 Sequence Networks of Impedance Loads |
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453 | (8) |
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9.3 Sequence Networks of Series Impedances |
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461 | (2) |
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9.4 Sequence Networks of Three-Phase Lines |
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463 | (2) |
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9.5 Sequence Networks of Rotating Machiness |
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465 | (6) |
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9.6 Per-Unit Sequence Models of Three-Phase, Two-Winding Transformers |
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471 | (6) |
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9.7 Per-Unit Sequence Models of Three-Phase, Three-Winding Transformers |
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477 | (2) |
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9.8 Power in Sequence Networks |
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479 | (12) |
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Chapter 10 Unsymmetrical Faults |
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491 | (48) |
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Case Study 1 ABB Commissions Switchgear Installation with New Eco-Efficient Gas |
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493 | (1) |
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Case Study 2 Transforming the Transmission Industry: The rapid adoption of Green Gas for Grid (g3) signals a global change in environmental responsibility |
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493 | (2) |
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Case Study 3 PG&E to Use SF6-Free Products From Siemens |
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495 | (1) |
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10.1 System Representation |
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495 | (6) |
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10.2 Single Line-to-Ground Fault |
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501 | (4) |
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505 | (3) |
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10.4 Double Line-to-Ground Fault |
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508 | (7) |
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10.5 Sequence Bus Impedance Matrices |
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515 | (20) |
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Design Project 3 Power Flow/Short Circuits |
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535 | (2) |
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Design Project 4 Circuit Breaker Selection |
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537 | (2) |
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Chapter 11 System Protection |
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539 | (68) |
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Case Study: On Good Behavior |
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541 | (7) |
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11.1 System Protection Components |
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548 | (1) |
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11.2 Instrument Transformers |
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549 | (7) |
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556 | (4) |
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11.4 Radial System Protection |
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560 | (4) |
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11.5 Reclosers, Fuses, and Sectionalizers |
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564 | (4) |
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568 | (2) |
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11.7 Protection of a Two-Source System with Directional Relays |
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570 | (1) |
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571 | (3) |
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11.9 Line Protection with Impedance (Distance) Relays |
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574 | (6) |
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11.10 Differential Relays |
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580 | (2) |
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11.11 Bus Protection with Differential Relays |
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582 | (1) |
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11.12 Transformer Protection with Differential Relays |
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583 | (5) |
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588 | (1) |
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589 | (18) |
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Chapter 12 Power System Stability |
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607 | (64) |
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Case Study: The Impact of Renewables on Operational Security |
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610 | (8) |
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618 | (6) |
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12.2 Simplified Synchronous Machine Model and System Equivalents |
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624 | (2) |
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12.3 The Equal-Area Criterion |
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626 | (10) |
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12.4 Numerical Integration of the Swing Equation |
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636 | (4) |
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12.5 Multimachine Stability |
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640 | (8) |
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12.6 A Two-Axis Synchronous Machine Model |
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648 | (5) |
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12.7 Wind Turbine and Solar PV Machine Models |
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653 | (7) |
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660 | (2) |
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12.9 Design Methods for Improving Power System Stability |
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662 | (9) |
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Chapter 13 Power System Controls |
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671 | (34) |
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Case Study: The Software-Defined Power Grid: How software and sensors are bringing century-old grid technology into the modern age |
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674 | (4) |
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13.1 Generator-Voltage Control |
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678 | (5) |
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13.2 Turbine-Governor Control |
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683 | (7) |
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13.3 Load-Frequency Control |
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690 | (4) |
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13.4 Power System Stabilizer Control |
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694 | (11) |
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Chapter 14 Transmission Lines: Transient Operation |
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705 | (66) |
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Case Study: Surge Arresters VariSTAR Station-Class Type AZE Surge Arresters for Systems through 345 kV IEEE Certified |
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707 | (13) |
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14.1 Traveling Waves on Single-Phase Lossless Lines |
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720 | (3) |
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14.2 Boundary Conditions for Single-Phase Lossless Lines |
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723 | (9) |
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14.3 Bewley Lattice Diagram |
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732 | (6) |
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14.4 Discrete-Time Models of Single-Phase Lossless Lines and Lumped RLC Elements |
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738 | (7) |
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745 | (4) |
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14.6 Multiconductor Lines |
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749 | (3) |
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14.7 Power System Overvoltages |
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752 | (6) |
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14.8 Insulation Coordination |
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758 | (13) |
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Chapter 15 Power Distribution |
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771 | (66) |
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Case Study: High-Frequency Power Electronics at the Grid Edge: A Bottom-Up Approach Toward the Smart Grid |
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772 | (17) |
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15.1 Introduction to Distribution |
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789 | (2) |
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15.2 Primary Distribution |
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791 | (9) |
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15.3 Secondary Distribution |
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800 | (5) |
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15.4 Transformers in Distribution Systems |
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805 | (10) |
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15.5 Shunt Capacitors in Distribution Systems |
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815 | (5) |
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15.6 Distribution Software |
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820 | (1) |
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15.7 Distribution Reliability |
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821 | (4) |
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15.8 Distribution Automation |
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825 | (3) |
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828 | (9) |
Appendix |
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837 | (4) |
Index |
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841 | |