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Practical Aspects of Active Phased Array Antenna Development Unabridged edition [Kõva köide]

  • Formaat: Hardback, 274 pages, kõrgus x laius x paksus: 254x178x23 mm, kaal: 771 g
  • Ilmumisaeg: 31-May-2023
  • Kirjastus: Artech House Publishers
  • ISBN-10: 1630819891
  • ISBN-13: 9781630819897
Teised raamatud teemal:
Practical Aspects of Active Phased Array Antenna Development Unabridged editionSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: Hardback, 274 pages, kõrgus x laius x paksus: 254x178x23 mm, kaal: 771 g
  • Ilmumisaeg: 31-May-2023
  • Kirjastus: Artech House Publishers
  • ISBN-10: 1630819891
  • ISBN-13: 9781630819897
Teised raamatud teemal:
Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9781630819897.html
Märksõnad:
This book provides a practical and comprehensive guide to the design, analysis, and development of an active phased array antenna system. Reflecting the authors decades of experience with these systems, the book is unique in that it pulls together in one volume key information from several disciplines and covers all the components of an active phased array antenna system, giving you the full scope of knowledge necessary to confidently design systems with high reliability and maintainability. It walks you through the multiple aspects of the active phased array antenna system design, with inputs from diverse specialties such as aperture design, T/R module design, hybrid lab, beam steering control, mechanical engineering, and manufacturing helping you avoid problems that often require the redesign of some of the components of the antenna system. You will find step-by-step guidance on the design and analysis of an active phased array antenna system, including T/R modules, DC/DC converters, beamformers, beam steering controller, antenna packaging, thermal management, and antenna calibration in the field. You will also find details on antenna design for high reliability and clutter improvement factor, digital beamforming arrays, and strategies for cost reduction. With its unique coverage and practical approach, this is an important book for engineers new to the field as well as experienced antenna and radar engineers working on active phased array antenna systems.
Preface xv
1 Practical Aspects of Active Phased Array Antenna Development
1(18)
1.1 Introduction
1(3)
1.2 Active Phased Array Antenna System
4(1)
1.3 Passive Phased Array Antenna
5(3)
1.4 Passive Phased Array Antenna Limitations
8(1)
1.5 Active Phased Array Antenna
8(2)
1.6 Key Radar System-Level Advantages of Active Phased Arrays over Passive Phased Arrays
10(2)
1.6.1 Increased Sensitivity
10(1)
1.6.2 Improved Target Detection in Clutter
10(1)
1.6.3 Improved Waveform and Pattern Flexibility
10(1)
1.6.4 Improved Wideband Operation
10(1)
1.6.5 Increased Reliability
11(1)
1.6.6 Reduced Prime Power Requirement
11(1)
1.6.7 Reduced Cost
11(1)
1.6.8 Lower Noise Temperature/Figure
11(1)
1.6.9 Adaptive and Digital Beamforming
11(1)
1.7 Tracking Radar Performance Metric
12(1)
1.8 Introductions to the
Chapters
13(4)
1.9 Concluding Remarks
17(1)
References
18(1)
2 Analysis and Design of Linear and Planar Phased Arrays
19(34)
2.1 Introduction
19(1)
2.2 Analysis of Linear Arrays
19(4)
2.3 Low Sidelobes for Linear Arrays
23(1)
2.4 Low Sidelobe Aperture Distributions
23(4)
2.4.1 Dolph-Chebyshev Aperture Distribution
23(2)
2.4.2 Taylor Distribution for Linear Arrays
25(1)
2.4.3 Bayliss Distribution for Difference Patterns
26(1)
2.4.4 Implementation of Monopulse Beams for an Active Planar Phased Array Antenna
26(1)
2.5 Analysis and Synthesis of Planar Arrays
27(6)
2.5.1 Rectangular Grid
28(3)
2.5.2 Triangular Array Element Grid
31(2)
2.6 Comparison of Rectangular and Triangular Grids
33(1)
2.7 Minimize the Number of Elements for a Grating Lobe-Free Pattern Using a Tilted Array
34(4)
2.8 Directivity and Gain of Active Arrays
38(2)
2.9 Effect of Amplitude and Phase Errors on the Phased Array Antenna Performance
40(4)
2.9.1 Quantization Errors
40(2)
2.9.2 RMS Sidelobe Level Due to Amplitude and Phase Errors
42(2)
2.10 Beam Pointing Error Due to Phase Quantization
44(1)
2.11 Bandwidth Criteria for Active Phased Array Antennas
44(3)
2.11.1 Instantaneous Bandwidth
45(1)
2.11.2 Phased Array Operating Bandwidth
46(1)
2.12 Moderate Instantaneous Wide Bandwidth Array by Applying Amplitude Taper in the Receiver
47(3)
2.13 Concluding Remarks
50(1)
References
50(3)
3 Transmit/Receive Modules
53(30)
3.1 Introduction
53(1)
3.2 T/R Module Architecture
54(5)
3.2.1 Control Module
56(1)
3.2.2 Integration of T/R Module with DC-to-DC Converter
57(1)
3.2.3 Common Leg T/R Module Architecture
58(1)
3.3 Active Phased Array Performance Improvement
59(2)
3.3.1 GaN Wide Bandgap Power Amplifiers
60(1)
3.4 T/R Module Key Performance Parameters
61(6)
3.4.1 Power-Added Efficiency
61(1)
3.4.2 T/R Module Noise Figure
62(1)
3.4.3 Noise Figure of a Cascaded Network
62(1)
3.4.4 T/R Module Noise Temperature
63(1)
3.4.5 1-dB Compression Point
64(1)
3.4.6 Third-Order Intercept Point
65(2)
3.5 T/R Module Architecture Trade-Offs
67(2)
3.6 T/R Module Architectures for Circular Polarization
69(1)
3.7 T/R Module Construction
70(1)
3.8 Thermal Stack-Up of the T/R Module
71(2)
3.9 Integration of MMIC, Control Module, and DC-to-DC Converters
73(1)
3.10 T/R Module Stability
74(1)
3.11 T/R Module Reliability
75(1)
3.12 T/R Module Cost
76(2)
3.13 Performance Requirements of T/R Modules
78(1)
3.14 Application of Silicon Germanium (SiGe) BiCMOS Technology in T/R Modules
79(2)
3.15 Concluding Remarks
81(1)
References
81(2)
4 Beamformer Architectures for Active Phased Array Antennas
83(20)
4.1 Introduction
83(3)
4.2 Beamformer Networks for Passive Phased Array Antennas
86(4)
4.3 Beamformer Networks for Active Phased Array Antennas
90(4)
4.3.1 Multiple Independent Receive Beams
91(3)
4.4 Impact of Beamformer Architecture on System Noise Figure
94(3)
4.5 Beamformer Architectures for High Reliability
97(1)
4.6 Beamformer Networks for Wideband Active Phased Array Antennas
97(4)
4.7 Concluding Remarks
101(1)
References
102(1)
5 Radiating Elements
103(22)
5.1 Introduction
103(1)
5.2 Printed Circuit Radiating Elements
104(3)
5.2.1 Printed Circuit Wideband Radiating Elements
106(1)
5.3 Waveguide Radiating Elements
107(3)
5.3.1 A Wideband Tapered Double-Ridged Waveguide Element Fed by a Coaxial Probe
109(1)
5.4 Radome Heating for Ice Inhibition
110(2)
5.5 Wideband Parallel Waveguide Phased Array Radiator
112(2)
5.6 Mutual Coupling Between Radiating Elements
114(2)
5.7 Selection of the Radiating Element Type
116(1)
5.8 Radiating Element Design Process
117(4)
5.9 Phased Array Radiation Pattern Calculation by Using the Mutual Coupling Between Elements in a Small Array
121(1)
5.10 Concluding Remarks
122(1)
References
122(3)
6 Beam Steering and DC Power Distribution
125(12)
6.1 Active Phased Array Antenna Beam Steering Controller
125(4)
6.1.1 Active Phased Array Distributed Beam Steering Controller
126(2)
6.1.2 Active Phased Array Centralized Beam Steering Controller
128(1)
6.2 Active Phased Array Power Distribution
129(5)
6.2.1 DC-to-DC Converter Key Requirements
130(1)
6.2.2 Distributed Power System
130(2)
6.2.3 Centralized Power System
132(1)
6.2.4 Average versus Peak DC-to-DC Converters
133(1)
6.2.5 Comparison of Distributed and Centralized Power Systems
134(1)
6.3 Concluding Remarks
134(1)
References
135(2)
7 Active Phased Array Antenna Packaging
137(18)
7.1 Introduction
137(3)
7.2 Array Packaging Concepts
140(4)
7.2.1 Tile Array Construction and Cooling Methods
141(1)
7.2.2 Brick Array Packaging
141(1)
7.2.3 Components of an LRU
142(1)
7.2.4 Thermal Management
143(1)
7.3 Active Array Antenna Brick Packaging Schemes
144(5)
7.3.1 Sliding Vertical Cold Plate Active Array Packaging
145(1)
7.3.2 Edge-Cooled, Horizontal Cold Plate Array Packaging
146(2)
7.3.3 Vertical Fixed Cold Plate Packaging Concept
148(1)
7.4 LRU to the Radiating Element RF Connections
149(1)
7.5 Structural Design
150(1)
7.6 Active Array Antenna Radome Design
150(3)
7.7 Concluding Remarks
153(1)
References
153(2)
8 Active Phased Array Antenna Design for High Reliability
155(20)
8.1 Introduction
155(1)
8.2 Antenna MTBF
156(2)
8.3 Active Phased Array Antenna Architecture Description for High Reliability
158(2)
8.4 Maximizing the Array MTBCF
160(2)
8.5 Antenna MTBF for Different Cluster Sizes
162(4)
8.6 Increasing Array MTBCF with Redundant Power Supplies
166(3)
8.7 Driver Amplifier Boosters in the Active Phased Array Beamformers
169(1)
8.8 Lifecycle Maintenance Cost Estimation of an Active Phased Array Antenna
170(3)
8.9 Active Phased Array Antenna Availability and Sparing
173(1)
8.10 Concluding Remarks
174(1)
References
174(1)
9 Active Phased Array Design for High Clutter Improvement Factor
175(10)
9.1 Introduction
175(1)
9.2 Centralized Phased Array Architecture
176(3)
9.3 Distributed Array Architecture
179(3)
9.4 Concluding Remarks
182(1)
References
183(2)
10 Active Phased Array Antenna Calibration
185(16)
10.1 Introduction
185(1)
10.2 Active Array Calibration Using Mutual Coupling Between Array and External Elements
186(2)
10.3 Active Array Calibration Technique Using Mutual Coupling Between Array Elements
188(2)
10.4 Active Array Calibration Technique Using Mutual Coupling Between One Calibration Element and All Array Elements
190(1)
10.5 Active Array Calibration Technique Using Mutual Coupling Between a Few Dedicated Internal Elements and the Array Elements
191(7)
10.5.1 Calibration Procedure
193(2)
10.5.2 Required Number of Calibration Elements
195(1)
10.5.3 Calibration Accuracy
196(1)
10.5.4 Effect on Array Packaging
197(1)
10.6 Concluding Remarks
198(1)
References
198(3)
11 Digital Beamforming for Active Phased Array Antennas
201(12)
11.1 Introduction
201(2)
11.2 Dynamic Range Improvement
203(1)
11.3 Digital Beamforming at the Subarray Level
204(2)
11.4 Digital Beamforming of Multiple Simultaneously Independent Receiver Beams
206(1)
11.5 Angle Tracking Accuracy
207(1)
11.6 Adaptive Digital Beamforming
208(2)
11.6.1 Adapting Nulling in Analog Arrays
209(1)
11.7 Exciter Noise and Clutter Attenuation
210(1)
11.8 Concluding Remarks
211(1)
References
211(2)
12 Cost Reduction Strategies for Active Phased Array Antennas
213(28)
12.1 Introduction
213(2)
12.2 High Cost of Current Active Phased Array Antennas
215(1)
12.3 SPY-1 Array Antenna Cost Reduction
216(1)
12.4 Improvements in Technology and Manufacturing Processes
217(1)
12.5 Paradigms
218(3)
12.5.1 Legacy Systems
218(1)
12.5.2 Commercial Parts and Processes Are Not Adequate for Military Applications
218(1)
12.5.3 Cost-Pius Contracts
219(1)
12.5.4 Lack of Incentives
219(1)
12.5.5 Schedule Limitations Do Not Permit Any Design Changes
220(1)
12.5.6 The Benefits of Competition to the Buyer: An Automobile Industry Example
220(1)
12.5.7 Use the Best Available Technology
220(1)
12.5.8 Changes Will Increase Program Costs and Schedule Delays
221(1)
12.6 Design Philosophy
221(2)
12.6.1 Bottom-Up
221(1)
12.6.2 Top-Down
222(1)
12.7 Cost Reduction Strategies
223(15)
12.7.1 Optimizing T/R Module RF Output Power Levels for Phased Array Antenna Cost, Size, Prime Power, and Dissipated Heat
223(4)
12.7.2 Trading the Number of Array Faces for a Hemispherical Field of View
227(1)
12.7.3 Band-Aid Solutions
228(1)
12.7.4 Antenna Architecture
229(1)
12.7.5 Minimize the Number of Interfaces
230(1)
12.7.6 LRU Size versus Cost
231(1)
12.7.7 Radiating Element
232(1)
12.7.8 T/R Modules
232(2)
12.7.9 Module Packaging
234(1)
12.7.10 DC Power Distribution
235(1)
12.7.11 Beamformers, Cables, and Connectors
235(1)
12.7.12 Power-Added-Efficiency and Cost
236(1)
12.7.13 Active Phased Array Antennas for Wide Bandwidth Operation
236(1)
12.7.14 Antenna Assembly and Test
237(1)
12.8 Concluding Remarks
238(1)
References
239(2)
Appendix
241(6)
T/R Module Requirements and Flow Down to the Components
241(1)
T/R Module Requirements Flow Down (Transmit Channel)
241(2)
T/R Module Requirements Flow Down (Receive Channel)
243(4)
List of Acronyms 247(4)
About the Author 251(2)
Index 253