| Foreword |
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xviii | |
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| Preface |
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xix | |
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xxvi | |
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xxvii | |
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xxviii | |
| Abbreviations |
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xxx | |
| Introduction: Private Forestry In The British Context |
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1 | (10) |
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Changes in support of private forestry |
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4 | (1) |
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Ownership of private woodlands |
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5 | (3) |
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8 | (1) |
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9 | (2) |
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Chapter One Trees, Timbers And Forest Measurement |
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11 | (30) |
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1 Britain's woodland heritage |
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11 | (4) |
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Native (indigenous) trees |
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12 | (1) |
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Exotic (introduced) trees |
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13 | (2) |
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2 Identification of trees |
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15 | (5) |
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Winter twigs (or young shoots) and buds |
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15 | (1) |
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16 | (1) |
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17 | (1) |
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18 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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3 Identification of timbers |
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20 | (11) |
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26 | (2) |
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28 | (3) |
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31 | (10) |
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Timber measurement - general |
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32 | (2) |
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Measuring the volume of a standing tree |
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34 | (1) |
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Measuring the volume of a stand |
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35 | (2) |
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Measuring the volume of felled timber |
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37 | (1) |
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38 | (1) |
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39 | (1) |
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39 | (2) |
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Chapter Two Nursery Practice, Seed And Forest Genetics |
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41 | (27) |
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41 | (16) |
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Whether to start a nursery |
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41 | (1) |
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42 | (1) |
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43 | (1) |
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44 | (1) |
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44 | (1) |
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44 | (1) |
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45 | (1) |
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46 | (2) |
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Precision-sowing with undercutting |
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48 | (1) |
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Protection of nursery stock |
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48 | (1) |
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Container grown seedlings |
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49 | (1) |
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Genetically-improved Sitka spruce |
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49 | (1) |
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50 | (1) |
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51 | (1) |
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Production of ornamental trees and shrubs |
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51 | (1) |
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52 | (1) |
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52 | (1) |
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52 | (1) |
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Weed control in transplant lines |
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53 | (1) |
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Weed control on fallow ground |
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53 | (1) |
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53 | (2) |
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55 | (1) |
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55 | (1) |
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56 | (1) |
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57 | (5) |
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58 | (2) |
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60 | (1) |
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Extraction and storage of seed |
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60 | (1) |
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61 | (1) |
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62 | (1) |
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3 Genetics in silviculture: tree improvement by selection and breeding |
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62 | (6) |
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66 | (2) |
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Chapter Three Factors Of The Forest Site |
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68 | (35) |
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69 | (18) |
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69 | (1) |
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Temperature (warmth/cold; drought/frost) |
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69 | (2) |
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Rainfall (wetness/dryness): precipitation and evaporation |
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71 | (2) |
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73 | (1) |
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74 | (1) |
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74 | (1) |
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75 | (1) |
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75 | (1) |
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76 | (1) |
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Air pollution and plant health |
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76 | (3) |
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Global warming -- the `greenhouse effect' |
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79 | (1) |
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80 | (7) |
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2 Ground vegetation as indicating site factors |
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87 | (3) |
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90 | (9) |
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91 | (1) |
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91 | (1) |
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91 | (2) |
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Soil and site classifications for forestry |
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93 | (2) |
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Maps of land capability for forestry |
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95 | (1) |
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95 | (2) |
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97 | (1) |
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Soil, geological and tree relationships |
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97 | (1) |
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98 | (1) |
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99 | (4) |
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100 | (3) |
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Chapter Four Silvicultural Characteristics And Species Choice |
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103 | (46) |
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1 Silvicultural characteristics |
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103 | (17) |
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105 | (6) |
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111 | (9) |
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120 | (18) |
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120 | (2) |
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122 | (1) |
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Site factors influencing species choice |
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123 | (3) |
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126 | (4) |
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130 | (5) |
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135 | (3) |
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3 Pure crops or mixtures? |
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138 | (5) |
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138 | (1) |
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138 | (1) |
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139 | (1) |
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140 | (1) |
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141 | (1) |
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141 | (2) |
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143 | (6) |
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143 | (2) |
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Forestry Commission broadleaved policy |
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145 | (1) |
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The Government's measures for broadleaves |
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146 | (1) |
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Ancient semi-natural woodland |
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146 | (1) |
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147 | (2) |
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Chapter Five Establishing Plantations And Special Tree Crops |
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149 | (64) |
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1 Establishing plantations |
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149 | (41) |
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150 | (1) |
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Ground preparation by cultivation |
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151 | (1) |
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Ground preparation by chemical treatment |
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152 | (1) |
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152 | (2) |
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154 | (1) |
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154 | (2) |
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156 | (6) |
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Spacing: narrow (close) versus wide planting |
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162 | (3) |
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165 | (2) |
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167 | (1) |
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168 | (3) |
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171 | (1) |
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172 | (6) |
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178 | (1) |
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179 | (1) |
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Afforestation in uplands (Plantation silviculture) |
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180 | (2) |
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Restocking conifers in uplands |
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182 | (3) |
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185 | (1) |
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185 | (1) |
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Costs of establishing plantations |
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186 | (2) |
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Operational costs of establishing plantations |
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188 | (2) |
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2 Establishing special tree crops |
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190 | (23) |
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Decorative quality broadleaved timber |
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190 | (1) |
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Ornamental (decorative) foliage |
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191 | (1) |
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191 | (2) |
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193 | (5) |
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198 | (4) |
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202 | (2) |
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204 | (2) |
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Hedgerows and hedgerow trees |
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206 | (2) |
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Land reclamation and forestry |
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208 | (2) |
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210 | (3) |
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Chapter Six After-Care (Tending) Of Plantations |
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213 | (35) |
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1 Cleaning, rack-cutting, brashing and pruning |
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214 | (5) |
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214 | (1) |
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215 | (1) |
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215 | (2) |
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217 | (2) |
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2 Fertilizing established plantations (top-dressing) |
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219 | (4) |
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219 | (3) |
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222 | (1) |
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Top-dressing of broadleaves |
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223 | (1) |
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3 Protection against insect pests and diseases |
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223 | (8) |
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224 | (3) |
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Insects and storm-damaged trees |
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227 | (1) |
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228 | (1) |
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229 | (1) |
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229 | (1) |
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230 | (1) |
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4 Protection against animals and birds |
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231 | (8) |
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231 | (7) |
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238 | (1) |
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Assessment of wildlife damage in forests |
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239 | (1) |
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239 | (3) |
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6 Maintenance of woodlands |
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242 | (1) |
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242 | (1) |
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7 Costs of plantations to the thicket-stage |
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243 | (5) |
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243 | (1) |
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243 | (1) |
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Operational costs of after-care (tending) of plantations |
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244 | (1) |
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245 | (3) |
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Chapter Seven Silvicultural Systems, The `Normal' Forest, Natural Regeneration And Enrichment |
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248 | (43) |
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248 | (25) |
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250 | (1) |
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Regular (even-aged) silviculture |
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250 | (1) |
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Irregular (uneven-aged) silviculture |
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251 | (1) |
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251 | (1) |
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252 | (1) |
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252 | (3) |
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255 | (1) |
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The history of irregular silviculture in Britain |
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255 | (2) |
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Garfitt's contribution to irregular silviculture |
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257 | (1) |
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Bradford-Hutt Plan for continuous canopy forestry |
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258 | (4) |
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Economics of irregular silviculture |
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262 | (2) |
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264 | (9) |
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Conversion of silvicultural systems |
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273 | (1) |
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2 The `normal' forest and sustained yield |
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273 | (2) |
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275 | (10) |
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Natural regeneration of broadleaves |
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276 | (1) |
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Preparing for natural regeneration |
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276 | (2) |
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278 | (1) |
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Tending of young natural regeneration |
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279 | (1) |
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Examples of broadleaved natural regeneration |
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279 | (2) |
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Natural regeneration of broadleaves in the uplands |
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281 | (1) |
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Natural regeneration of conifers |
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281 | (2) |
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An example of natural regeneration of conifers |
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283 | (1) |
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Economics of natural regeneration |
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284 | (1) |
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285 | (1) |
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286 | (5) |
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287 | (4) |
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291 | (30) |
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1 Thinning classes and regimes |
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291 | (5) |
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292 | (4) |
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2 Traditional thinning chiefly in lowland stands |
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296 | (8) |
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298 | (2) |
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300 | (3) |
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Epicormic branches and knots |
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303 | (1) |
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304 | (1) |
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3 Thinning of broadleaves and mixtures chiefly in lowland stands |
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304 | (3) |
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Mixtures of broadleaves and conifers |
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305 | (1) |
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306 | (1) |
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4 Current thinning of conifers chiefly in uplands |
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307 | (3) |
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307 | (1) |
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308 | (2) |
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5 Economic aspects of thinning |
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310 | (2) |
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312 | (3) |
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312 | (1) |
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313 | (2) |
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315 | (1) |
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8 Respacing of upland conifers |
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316 | (3) |
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316 | (1) |
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317 | (1) |
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Chemical thinning in the pole-stage |
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318 | (1) |
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319 | (1) |
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9 Harvesting of thinnings |
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319 | (2) |
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320 | (1) |
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Chapter Nine Britain's Forest Resource And Timber Industry |
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321 | (52) |
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1 Britain's forest resource |
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321 | (3) |
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The case for national forestry |
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322 | (2) |
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2 Britain's timber industry |
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324 | (8) |
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326 | (1) |
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326 | (1) |
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Future timber supply and demand |
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327 | (1) |
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328 | (1) |
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328 | (1) |
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Small diameter roundwood processing |
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328 | (1) |
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329 | (2) |
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Forecasting and achieving production of roundwood |
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331 | (1) |
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3 Properties of British-grown timbers |
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332 | (19) |
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334 | (1) |
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Properties of the main British-grown timbers |
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335 | (1) |
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335 | (7) |
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342 | (5) |
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Determinants of wood quality |
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347 | (1) |
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Improving quality of British conifers |
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347 | (1) |
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Sawn softwood: stress grading and strength classes |
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348 | (1) |
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349 | (2) |
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4 Utilization of British-grown roundwood |
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351 | (22) |
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Broadleaved utilization categories |
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355 | (1) |
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355 | (4) |
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359 | (1) |
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Conifer utilization categories |
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360 | (1) |
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360 | (3) |
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363 | (4) |
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Wood processing industries using small diameter roundwood |
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367 | (1) |
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368 | (1) |
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The export pulpwood market |
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369 | (1) |
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369 | (1) |
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Particleboard (chipboard) |
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370 | (1) |
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370 | (1) |
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Cement-bonded board, moulded-wood, and wood wool |
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370 | (1) |
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371 | (2) |
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373 | (38) |
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373 | (3) |
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2 Techniques of harvesting |
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376 | (13) |
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378 | (2) |
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Harvesting windthrown trees |
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380 | (2) |
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Whole tree harvesting: forest bioniass |
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382 | (2) |
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384 | (3) |
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Combined costs of harvesting |
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387 | (1) |
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387 | (1) |
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Combined costs of harvesting and transporting |
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388 | (1) |
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389 | (5) |
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390 | (1) |
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390 | (1) |
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Road considerations in regard to harvesting system |
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391 | (1) |
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392 | (1) |
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Road planning and construction |
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393 | (1) |
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Timber traffic on highways |
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393 | (1) |
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4 Interaction of harvesting and restocking |
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394 | (1) |
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5 Environmental considerations in harvesting |
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395 | (2) |
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6 Conversion; and estate sawmilling |
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397 | (8) |
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397 | (2) |
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Peeling and pointing by machine |
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399 | (2) |
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Conversion in wood-yard or depot |
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401 | (1) |
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402 | (3) |
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405 | (6) |
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405 | (2) |
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407 | (2) |
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409 | (2) |
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Chapter Eleven Marketing And Prices |
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411 | (34) |
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1 Timber and other woodland produce |
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411 | (7) |
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Determinants of sale value |
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411 | (1) |
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412 | (2) |
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414 | (1) |
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415 | (2) |
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417 | (1) |
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2 Forestry Commission marketing policy |
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418 | (1) |
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419 | (2) |
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419 | (1) |
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420 | (1) |
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Sales of converted products |
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420 | (1) |
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421 | (1) |
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421 | (1) |
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422 | (1) |
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5 Methods of marketing timber |
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422 | (3) |
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Particulars and Conditions of Sale |
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423 | (1) |
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424 | (1) |
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424 | (1) |
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425 | (2) |
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Outlook for timber prices |
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426 | (1) |
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7 Timber price-size relationship |
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427 | (3) |
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Price-size curves for roundwood |
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427 | (3) |
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430 | (9) |
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432 | (1) |
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433 | (2) |
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Standing parcels of broadleaves |
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435 | (1) |
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Wood processing industries using small diameter roundwood |
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436 | (1) |
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436 | (1) |
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Pulpmills using broadleaves |
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436 | (1) |
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437 | (2) |
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Wood wool and Moulded-wood mills |
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439 | (1) |
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9 Prices of converted roundwood products |
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439 | (6) |
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439 | (4) |
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443 | (2) |
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Chapter Twelve Forest Planning |
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445 | (16) |
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445 | (6) |
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445 | (1) |
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446 | (1) |
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Maximum mean annual increment |
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447 | (1) |
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Classification by yield classes |
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447 | (1) |
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447 | (1) |
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Estimating yield class of unplanted land |
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448 | (1) |
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448 | (3) |
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451 | (1) |
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The effect of variations in growth rate |
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451 | (1) |
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The effect of different treatments |
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451 | (1) |
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2 Yield models for forest management |
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451 | (4) |
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452 | (2) |
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Choosing the right yield model |
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454 | (1) |
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Using yield models to forecast production |
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455 | (1) |
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3 Data collection and use |
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455 | (6) |
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456 | (2) |
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458 | (1) |
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Planning, organizing and controlling wood production |
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458 | (1) |
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458 | (1) |
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459 | (2) |
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Chapter Thirteen Forest Management |
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461 | (63) |
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1 Choice of forestry intensity |
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461 | (2) |
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463 | (4) |
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464 | (1) |
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464 | (2) |
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466 | (1) |
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466 | (1) |
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3 Management primarily for wood production |
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467 | (4) |
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4 Management to include non-wood benefits |
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471 | (5) |
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472 | (1) |
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Guidelines for broadleaved management |
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473 | (1) |
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Guidelines for management of ancient semi-natural woodlands |
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473 | (1) |
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General management considerations |
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474 | (1) |
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Progress of the Broadleaved Policy |
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475 | (1) |
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5 Management for landscape |
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476 | (8) |
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Coniferous woodlands in the landscape |
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476 | (1) |
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Broadleaved woodlands in the landscape |
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477 | (1) |
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477 | (2) |
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Afforestation: landscape principles and guidelines |
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479 | (5) |
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6 Management for recreation |
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484 | (1) |
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7 Management for wildlife conservation |
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485 | (17) |
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487 | (1) |
|
Effect of silvicultural systems |
|
|
487 | (2) |
|
|
|
489 | (5) |
|
Managing wildlife in woodlands |
|
|
494 | (1) |
|
The approach to nature conservation |
|
|
495 | (2) |
|
|
|
497 | (2) |
|
|
|
499 | (3) |
|
|
|
502 | (2) |
|
9 Management for sporting |
|
|
504 | (6) |
|
|
|
505 | (2) |
|
Wildfowl, fishing and foxhunting |
|
|
507 | (2) |
|
|
|
509 | (1) |
|
Economics of game management |
|
|
509 | (1) |
|
10 Urban woods, community forests, and new national forests |
|
|
510 | (4) |
|
Urban and urban fringe woods |
|
|
510 | (2) |
|
|
|
512 | (2) |
|
|
|
514 | (1) |
|
|
|
514 | (6) |
|
Integrating forestry and farming |
|
|
515 | (1) |
|
|
|
516 | (1) |
|
Short rotation coppice crops |
|
|
517 | (1) |
|
|
|
517 | (3) |
|
|
|
520 | (1) |
|
|
|
520 | (4) |
|
|
|
521 | (3) |
|
Chapter Fourteen Managerial Economics Of Private Forestry |
|
|
524 | (39) |
|
|
|
524 | (4) |
|
|
|
525 | (1) |
|
The effect of time-scales on financial calculations |
|
|
526 | (1) |
|
|
|
526 | (2) |
|
|
|
528 | (1) |
|
2 Measures of profitability |
|
|
528 | (5) |
|
|
|
531 | (1) |
|
|
|
532 | (1) |
|
3 Economic appraisal for management decisions |
|
|
533 | (1) |
|
4 Principles of economic appraisal |
|
|
534 | (3) |
|
Non-wood benefits and costs |
|
|
536 | (1) |
|
5 Data and formation of assumptions for economic appraisal |
|
|
537 | (2) |
|
|
|
537 | (1) |
|
|
|
537 | (1) |
|
|
|
538 | (1) |
|
|
|
538 | (1) |
|
|
|
538 | (1) |
|
6 Applications of economic appraisal |
|
|
539 | (9) |
|
|
|
539 | (1) |
|
|
|
540 | (2) |
|
Options in after-care (tending) |
|
|
542 | (2) |
|
|
|
544 | (1) |
|
Options in clear-felling and restocking |
|
|
544 | (2) |
|
Options in roading and extraction |
|
|
546 | (1) |
|
|
|
547 | (1) |
|
Conclusion of the appraisal |
|
|
547 | (1) |
|
7 Profitablility of private forestry |
|
|
548 | (11) |
|
Scarcity of financial data |
|
|
549 | (1) |
|
Factors which influence profitability |
|
|
550 | (1) |
|
Comparison with State forestry profitability |
|
|
550 | (1) |
|
Profitability of conifers |
|
|
551 | (2) |
|
Profitability of broadleaves |
|
|
553 | (5) |
|
Forestry compared with agriculture |
|
|
558 | (1) |
|
8 Forests and the social good |
|
|
559 | (4) |
|
|
|
560 | (1) |
|
|
|
561 | (2) |
|
Chapter Fifteen Support For Private Forestry |
|
|
563 | (29) |
|
1 State support and incentives |
|
|
563 | (2) |
|
2 Grants and other subsidies |
|
|
565 | (5) |
|
|
|
565 | (1) |
|
Storm damage restocking supplement |
|
|
566 | (1) |
|
Grants for new native pinewoods |
|
|
567 | (1) |
|
Woodland Management Grants |
|
|
567 | (2) |
|
Grants for farmland planting |
|
|
569 | (1) |
|
|
|
570 | (1) |
|
Grants for amenity planting |
|
|
570 | (1) |
|
|
|
570 | (9) |
|
|
|
571 | (2) |
|
Capital gains tax on land following the disposal of woodlands |
|
|
573 | (1) |
|
Inheritance tax on woodlands |
|
|
573 | (4) |
|
|
|
577 | (1) |
|
|
|
577 | (1) |
|
|
|
577 | (1) |
|
Estate forest tree nurseries |
|
|
577 | (1) |
|
|
|
577 | (1) |
|
|
|
578 | (1) |
|
Grants (taxation incidence) |
|
|
578 | (1) |
|
|
|
578 | (1) |
|
|
|
578 | (1) |
|
4 Controls and restraints |
|
|
579 | (3) |
|
|
|
579 | (1) |
|
Environmental assessment of afforestation projects |
|
|
579 | (1) |
|
Indicative forestry strategies |
|
|
580 | (1) |
|
Consultation with statutory authorities |
|
|
580 | (1) |
|
|
|
580 | (1) |
|
|
|
581 | (1) |
|
5 Other aid and encouragement |
|
|
582 | (3) |
|
|
|
582 | (2) |
|
Health and safety at work |
|
|
584 | (1) |
|
6 Forest research and development |
|
|
585 | (7) |
|
|
|
590 | (2) |
|
Chapter Sixteen Woodland Accounts And Forestry Valuations |
|
|
592 | (20) |
|
|
|
592 | (2) |
|
|
|
592 | (1) |
|
|
|
592 | (2) |
|
|
|
594 | (1) |
|
|
|
594 | (3) |
|
|
|
594 | (1) |
|
|
|
595 | (1) |
|
|
|
595 | (1) |
|
Scale economies/diseconomies |
|
|
596 | (1) |
|
|
|
597 | (1) |
|
|
|
598 | (2) |
|
|
|
600 | (12) |
|
|
|
600 | (2) |
|
Types of forestry valuations |
|
|
602 | (2) |
|
Methods of forestry valuations |
|
|
604 | (1) |
|
Young plantations up to 5 years old |
|
|
604 | (1) |
|
Thicket-stage plantations 8 to 15 years old |
|
|
605 | (2) |
|
Pole-stage to mid-age crops |
|
|
607 | (1) |
|
Nearly or quite mature crops |
|
|
608 | (1) |
|
|
|
608 | (1) |
|
|
|
608 | (1) |
|
|
|
609 | (1) |
|
|
|
609 | (1) |
|
Effect of grants, taxation and other personal circumstances |
|
|
609 | (1) |
|
|
|
609 | (1) |
|
Valuation of non-wood benefits |
|
|
610 | (1) |
|
|
|
610 | (1) |
|
|
|
610 | (2) |
|
Chapter Seventeen Investment In Private Forestry |
|
|
612 | (26) |
|
1 The case for investment |
|
|
612 | (10) |
|
|
|
613 | (3) |
|
Selection of a forestry investment |
|
|
616 | (1) |
|
Types of forestry investment |
|
|
617 | (2) |
|
The commercial case for investment in private forestry |
|
|
619 | (1) |
|
Specific investment objectives |
|
|
620 | (1) |
|
Management of forestry investments |
|
|
621 | (1) |
|
2 The market for woodlands and plantable land |
|
|
622 | (9) |
|
Forestry Commission disposals of woodlands and plantable land: 1981-90 |
|
|
622 | (2) |
|
Private sector sales of woodlands: 1981--90 |
|
|
624 | (1) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
624 | (1) |
|
Market values of woodlands and plantable land |
|
|
625 | (1) |
|
|
|
626 | (1) |
|
|
|
626 | (2) |
|
Types of investors in private woodlands |
|
|
628 | (2) |
|
|
|
630 | (1) |
|
|
|
631 | (1) |
|
4 Forestry in the European Community |
|
|
632 | (3) |
|
5 European forestry and timber trends |
|
|
635 | (3) |
| References |
|
638 | (1) |
| Index |
|
639 | |
