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  • Formaat: Multiple-component retail product, kõrgus x laius x paksus: 274x213x18 mm, kaal: 862 g, Contains 1 Paperback / softback and 1 Digital online
  • Ilmumisaeg: 15-Mar-2018
  • Kirjastus: Pearson
  • ISBN-10: 0134802764
  • ISBN-13: 9780134802763
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Practical Research: Planning and Design Plus Mylab Education with Pearson Etext -- Access Card Package 12th ed.Suurem pilt
  • Formaat: Multiple-component retail product, kõrgus x laius x paksus: 274x213x18 mm, kaal: 862 g, Contains 1 Paperback / softback and 1 Digital online
  • Ilmumisaeg: 15-Mar-2018
  • Kirjastus: Pearson
  • ISBN-10: 0134802764
  • ISBN-13: 9780134802763
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An engaging, cross-disciplinary guide to research methodology
Practical Research: Planning and Design is a do-it-yourself, how-to manual for planning and conducting research. Suitable for a wide variety of courses in basic research methodology, the book uses a conversational tone, step-by-step instructions, and practical suggestions to guide the reader from the selection of a problem to the preparation of a completed report.

The 12th Edition has been updated to include the latest technology-based strategies and online tools. Other key changes include a better balance between quantitative and qualitative methods, the addition of a new chapter on action research, and a new integrated MyLab.

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0134802764 / 9780134802763 Practical Research: Planning and Design plus MyLab Education with Pearson eText -- Access Card Package
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  • 0134776186 / 9780134776187 MyLab Education with Pearson eText -- Access Card -- for Practical Research: Planning and Design



Preface iii
Acknowledgments viii
PART I The Fundamentals
Chapter 1 The Nature and Tools of Research
1(29)
What Research Is Not
1(1)
What Research Is
2(6)
Philosophical Assumptions Underlying Research Methodologies
8(2)
Tools of Research
10(1)
The Library and Its Resources
10(1)
Computer Technology
11(1)
Measurement
11(1)
Statistics
11(2)
Language
13(2)
Practical Application: Communicating Effectively Through Writing
15(4)
Guidelines: Writing to Communicate
15(2)
Guidelines: Using the Tools in Word-Processing Software
17(2)
The Human Mind
19(7)
Critical Thinking
19(1)
Deductive Logic
20(1)
Inductive Reasoning
21(1)
Scientific Method
22(1)
Theory Building
23(1)
Collaboration with Other Minds
24(2)
Reflections on Noteworthy Research
26(1)
Exploring Research in Your Field
26(1)
Practical Application: Identifying Important Tools in Your Discipline
27(1)
Checklist: Interviewing an Expert Researcher
28(1)
For Further Reading
28(2)
PART II Focusing Your Research Efforts
Chapter 2 The Problem: The Heart of the Research Process
30(28)
Finding Research Projects
30(2)
Practical Application: Identifying and Presenting the Research Problem or Question
32(7)
Guidelines: Choosing an Appropriate Problem or Question
32(2)
Guidelines: Writing a Purpose Statement
34(4)
Checklist: Evaluating a Purpose Statement
38(1)
Dividing the Main Research Problem or Question into Subproblems
39(1)
Subproblems Versus Pseudo-Subproblems
40(1)
Characteristics of Subproblems
40(1)
Identifying Subproblems
41(2)
Taking a Paper-and-Pencil Approach
41(1)
Using Mind-Mapping (Brainstorming) Software
42(1)
Every Research Problem Needs Further Delineation
43(1)
Identifying a Relevant Theoretical or Conceptual Framework
44(1)
Stating Hypotheses
45(1)
Distinguishing Between Research Hypotheses and Null Hypotheses in Quantitative Research
45(1)
Identifying the General Concepts and Possibly Also Specific Variables That Are the Focus of the Investigation
46(3)
Conceptual Analysis Exercise: Identifying Independent, Dependent, Mediating, and Moderating Variables
49(1)
Defining Terms
49(1)
Stating Assumptions
50(1)
Identifying Delimitations and Limitations
50(1)
Importance of the Study
51(1)
Writing the First
Chapter or Section of a Research Proposal
51(1)
Practical Application: Writing the First Section of a Proposal
52(3)
Checklist: Evaluating Your Proposed Research Project
54(1)
Practical Application: Reappraising a Proposed Research Problem
55(1)
Guidelines: Fine-Tuning Your Research Problem or Question
55(1)
For Further Reading
56(2)
Chapter 3 Review of the Related Literature
58(24)
Understanding the Role of the Literature Review
58(1)
Strategies for Locating Related Literature
59(1)
Using the Library Catalog
60(2)
Using Online Databases
62(3)
Consulting with Reference Librarians
65(1)
Surfing the Internet
66(1)
Using Citations and Reference Lists of Scholars Who Have Gone Before You
67(1)
Identifying Your Sources: The Importance of Adhering to an Appropriate Style Manual
67(1)
Practical Application: Planning a Literature Search
68(4)
Guidelines: Using Your Library Time Efficiently
69(3)
Practical Application: Evaluating the Research of Others
72(2)
Checklist: Evaluating a Research Article
73(1)
Knowing When to Quit
74(1)
Organizing and Synthesizing the Literature into a Cohesive Review
74(1)
Practical Application: Writing the Literature Review
75(3)
Guidelines: Writing a Clear and Cohesive Literature Review
75(3)
A Sample Literature Review
78(3)
For Further Reading
81(1)
Chapter 4 Planning Your Research Project
82(43)
Planning a General Approach
83(1)
Research Planning Versus Research Methodology
83(1)
The Nature and Role of Data in Research
84(1)
Data Are Transient and Ever Changing
84(1)
Primary Data Versus Secondary Data
85(1)
Planning for Data Collection
86(2)
Linking Data and Research Methodology
88(1)
Comparing Quantitative and Qualitative Methodologies
88(3)
Combining Quantitative and Qualitative Designs
90(1)
Practical Application: Choosing a General Research Approach
91(2)
Guidelines: Deciding Whether to Use a Quantitative or Qualitative Approach
91(2)
Choosing Methods That Enhance the Value of Your Research Project
93(1)
Enhancing the Credibility of Your Findings
93(2)
Enhancing the Generalizability of Your Findings
95(1)
Choosing Appropriate Assessment Strategies
96(1)
Distinguishing Between Substantial and Intangible Phenomena
96(3)
Assessing Intangible Phenomena: An Example
97(2)
Types of Measurement Scales
99(3)
Nominal Scales
99(1)
Ordinal Scales
100(1)
Interval Scales
100(1)
Ratio Scales
101(1)
Conceptual Analysis Exercise: Identifying Scales of Measurement
102(7)
Validity and Reliability in Assessment
103(1)
Validity of Assessment Strategies
104(2)
Reliability of Assessment Strategies
106(3)
Thinking of Validity and Reliability as Reflections of Error in Your !, Assessments
109(1)
Conceptual Analysis Exercise: Identifying Problems with Validity and Reliability in Assessment Strategies
109(2)
Ethical Issues in Research
111(1)
Protection from Harm
111(1)
Voluntary and Informed Participation
112(2)
Right to Privacy
114(1)
Honesty with Professional Colleagues
115(1)
Institutional Review Boards
115(1)
Professional Codes of Ethics
116(1)
Practical Application: Planning an Ethical Research Study
116(1)
Checklist: Determining Whether Your Proposed Study Is Ethically Defensible
116(1)
Critically Scrutinizing Your Overall Plan
117(1)
Practical Application: Judging the Feasibility of a Research Project
118(1)
Checklist: Determining Whether a Proposed Research Project Is Realistic and Practical
118(1)
When You Can't Anticipate Everything in Advance: The Value of a Pilot Study
119(1)
Practical Application: Developing a Plan of Attack
120(1)
Using Project Management Software and Electronic Planners
120(2)
Keeping an Optimistic and Task-Oriented Outlook
122(1)
For Further Reading
122(3)
Chapter 5 Writing the Research Proposal
125(21)
Characteristics of a Proposal
126(1)
A Proposal Is a Straightforward Document
126(1)
A Proposal Is Not a Literary Production
127(1)
A Proposal Is Clearly Organized
127(1)
Organizing and Writing a Research Proposal
127(1)
Formatting Headings and Subheadings
128(1)
Practical Application: Writing Your Proposal
129(10)
Guidelines: Writing the First Draft
130(4)
Guidelines: Revising Your Proposal
134(5)
Practical Application: Strengthening Your Proposal
139(1)
Checklist: Evaluating An Early Draft Of A Research Proposal
140(1)
Final Thoughts About Proposal Writing
140(1)
A Sample Research Proposal
141(4)
For Further Reading
145(1)
PART III Research Designs
Chapter 6 Descriptive Research
146(46)
Descriptive Research Designs
146(1)
Observation Studies
147(1)
Correlational Research
148(2)
A Caution About Interpreting Correlational Results
149(1)
Developmental Designs
150(2)
Experience-Sampling Methods
152(1)
Survey Research
153(1)
Face-to-Face and Telephone Interviews
153(1)
Questionnaires
154(1)
Planning for Data Collection in a Descriptive Study
154(1)
Practical Application: Using Checklists, Rating Scales, and Rubrics
155(3)
Practical Application: Computerizing Observations
158(1)
Practical Application: Planning and Conducting Interviews in a Quantitative Study
159(1)
Guidelines: Conducting Interviews in a Quantitative Study
159(1)
Practical Application: Constructing and Administering a Questionnaire
160(10)
Guidelines: Constructing a Questionnaire
161(4)
Guidelines: Using Technology to Facilitate Questionnaire Administration and Data Analysis
165(1)
Guidelines: Maximizing Your Return Rate for a Questionnaire
166(4)
Practical Application: Using the Internet to Collect Data for a Descriptive Study
170(1)
Choosing a Sample in a Descriptive Study
171(1)
Sampling Designs
172(6)
Probability Sampling
172(5)
Nonprobability Sampling
177(1)
Sampling in Surveys of Very Large Populations
178(1)
Practical Application: Identifying a Sufficient Sample Size
179(1)
Practical Application: Choosing an Appropriate Sample in Descriptive Research
180(1)
Checklist: Considering the Nature of the Population When Identifying Your Sampling Procedure
180(1)
Common Sources of Bias in Descriptive Studies
181(1)
Sampling Bias
181(2)
Instrumentation Bias
183(1)
Response Bias
183(1)
Researcher Bias
184(1)
Practical Application: Acknowledging the Probable Presence of Bias in Descriptive Research
184(2)
Guidelines: Identifying Possible Sampling Bias in Questionnaire Research
184(1)
Checklist: Identifying Potential Sources of Bias in a Descriptive Study
185(1)
Interpreting Data in Descriptive Research
186(1)
Some Final Suggestions
186(1)
A Sample Dissertation
187(3)
For Further Reading
190(2)
Chapter 7 Experimental, Quasi-Experimental, and Ex Post Facto Designs
192(36)
The Importance of Control
194(1)
Controlling for Confounding Variables
195(4)
Types of Experimental, Quasi-Experimental, and Ex Post Facto Designs
199(1)
Pre-Experimental Designs
200(1)
Design 1 One-Shot Experimental Case Study
200(1)
Design 2 One-Group Pretest--Posttest Design
201(1)
Design 3 Static Group Comparison
201(1)
True Experimental Designs
202(1)
Design 4 Control-Group Pretest--Posttest Design
202(1)
Design 5 Solomon Four-Group Design
202(1)
Design 6 Control-Group Posttest-Only Design
203(1)
Design 7 Within-Subjects Design
203(2)
Quasi-Experimental Designs
205(1)
Design 8 Nonrandomized Control-Group Pretest--Posttest Design
205(1)
Design 9 Simple Time-Series Design
205(1)
Design 10 Control-Group Time-Series Design
206(1)
Design 11 Reversal Time-Series Design
206(1)
Design 12 Alternating-Treatments Design
207(1)
Design 13 Multiple-Baseline Design
207(2)
Using Designs 11, 12, and 13 in Single-Case Intervention Research
209(2)
Ex Post Facto Designs
211(1)
Design 14 Simple Ex Post Facto Design
212(1)
Factorial Designs
212(1)
Design 15 Two-Factor Experimental Design
212(1)
Design 16 Combined Experimental and Ex Post Facto Design
213(4)
Conceptual Analysis Exercise: Identifying Quantitative Research Designs
217(1)
Practical Application: Determining Possible Cause-and-Effect Relationships
218(2)
Checklist: Looking for Confounding Variables
218(2)
Meta-Analyses
220(1)
Conducting Experiments on the Internet
220(1)
Testing Your Hypotheses, and Beyond
221(1)
Practical Application: Acknowledging the Probable Presence of Bias in Experimental Research
221(2)
Checklist: Identifying Potential Sources of Bias and Potential Threats to External Validity in an Experimental, Quasi-Experimental, or Ex Post Facto Study
222(1)
A Sample Dissertation
223(4)
For Further Reading
227(1)
Chapter 8 Qualitative Research Methods
228(31)
Research Problems and Methodology Choice in Qualitative Research
229(1)
Potential Advantages of a Qualitative Approach
230(1)
Qualitative Research Designs
230(1)
Case Study
230(1)
Ethnography
231(2)
Phenomenological Study
233(1)
Grounded Theory Study
233(1)
Narrative Inquiry
234(1)
Content Analysis
235(2)
Conceptual Analysis Exercise: Choosing a Qualitative Research Design
237(1)
Collecting Data in Qualitative Research
238(1)
Practical Application: Ensuring That Qualitative Data Collection Yields Credible, Trustworthy Data
239(2)
Practical Application: Selecting an Appropriate Sample for a Qualitative Study
241(2)
Practical Application: Making Observations in a Qualitative 1 Study
243(1)
Practical Application: Planning and Conducting Interviews in a Qualitative Study
244(7)
Guidelines: Conducting a Productive Interview
245(4)
An Example in International Relations
249(1)
Using Technology to Facilitate Collection of Interview Data
250(1)
Criteria for Evaluating Qualitative Research
251(1)
Practical Application: Planning the Logistics of a Qualitative Study
252(1)
Checklist: Pinning Down the Methodology of a Qualitative Study
252(1)
A Sample Dissertation
253(4)
For Further Reading
257(2)
Chapter 9 Mixed-Methods Designs
259(21)
When Mixed-Methods Designs Are Most Useful and Appropriate
260(1)
General Categories of Mixed-Methods Research
261(1)
Convergent Designs
261(2)
Exploratory Sequential Designs
263(1)
Explanatory Sequential Designs
264(1)
Longitudinal Mixed-Methods Designs
265(1)
Multiphase Iterative Designs
266(1)
Conceptual Analysis Exercise: Identifying Mixed-Methods Research Designs
267(2)
Planning a Mixed-Methods Study
269(1)
Identifying Research Questions and Hypotheses
269(1)
Conducting the Literature Review
270(1)
Choosing One or More Appropriate Samples
270(1)
Ensuring That the Study Will Have Reasonable Credibility
271(1)
Analyzing and Interpreting the Data
272(1)
Special Ethical Considerations in Mixed-Methods Research
272(1)
Practical Application: Deciding Whether to Use a Mixed-Methods Design
273(1)
Checklist: Pinning Down the Logistics and Feasibility of a Mixed-Methods Study
273(1)
A Sample Dissertation
274(4)
For Further Reading
278(2)
Chapter 10 Action Research and Participatory Designs
280(23)
Action-Oriented Models and Designs
282(1)
Action Research/Teacher Research
282(2)
Design-Based Research (DBR)
284(1)
Participatory Action Research (PAR) and Youth Participatory Action Research (YPAR)
285(2)
Community-Based Research (CBR) Models
287(3)
Course-Based Action Research
288(1)
Community-Based Participatory Research
289(1)
Community-Based Qualitative Research
289(1)
Conceptual Analysis Exercise: Choosing an Action-Oriented Design
290(1)
Practical Application: Deciding Whether to Use Action Research and/or a Participatory Design
291(2)
Checklist: Pinning Down the Logistics and Feasibility of Action Research, a Participatory Design, or a Combination of the Two
291(2)
Data Collection and Analysis in Action Research
293(1)
Disseminating the Findings of Action Research Projects
294(2)
Practical Application: Using Community Forums as a Means of Disseminating the Results of Action Research and Participatory Research Projects
296(1)
Guidelines: Planning and Conducting an Effective Community Forum
296(1)
A Sample Research Report
297(4)
For Further Reading
301(2)
PART IV Data Analyses
Chapter 11 Analyzing Quantitative Data
303(41)
Exploring and Organizing a Data Set
303(2)
Organizing Data to Make Them Easier to Think About and Interpret
305(3)
Using Computer Spreadsheets to Organize and Analyze Data
308(1)
Choosing Appropriate Statistics
309(1)
Functions of Statistics
310(1)
Statistics as Estimates of Population Parameters
310(1)
Considering the Nature of the Data
311(4)
Single-Group Versus Multi-Group Data
311(1)
Continuous Versus Discrete Variables
311(1)
Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, and Ratio Data
311(1)
Normal and Non-Normal Distributions
312(2)
Choosing Between Parametric and Nonparametric Statistics
314(1)
Descriptive Statistics
315(1)
Measures of Central Tendency
315(4)
Curves Determine Means
317(1)
Measures of Central Tendency as Predictors
318(1)
Measures of Variability: Dispersion and Deviation
319(5)
How Great Is the Spread?
320(1)
Using the Mean and Standard Deviation to Calculate Standard Scores
321(2)
Keeping Measures of Central Tendency and Variability in Perspective
323(1)
Measures of Association: Correlation
324(3)
How Validity and Reliability of Assessment Strategies Affect Correlation Coefficients
326(1)
A Reminder About Correlations
327(1)
Inferential Statistics
327(1)
Estimating Population Parameters
327(3)
An Example: Estimating a Population Mean
328(1)
Point Versus Interval Estimates
329(1)
Testing Hypotheses
330(5)
Making Errors in Hypothesis Testing
331(2)
Examples of Statistical Techniques for Testing Hypotheses
333(2)
Meta-Analysis
335(1)
Using Statistical Software Packages
336(1)
Interpreting the Data
337(1)
Practical Application: Analyzing and Interpreting Data in a Quantitative Study
338(1)
Checklist: Choosing Statistical Procedures
338(1)
A Sample Dissertation
339(3)
For Further Reading
342(2)
Chapter 12 Analyzing Qualitative and Mixed-Methods Data
344(28)
Qualitative Analysis Strategies
345(1)
General Strategies for Organizing and Analyzing Qualitative Data
345(6)
Creswell's Data Analysis Spiral
351(1)
An Example: Data Analysis in a Grounded Theory Study
351(2)
An Example: Data Analysis in a Content Analysis Study
353(1)
An Example: Data Analysis in an Ethnographic Study
354(1)
Practical Application: Using Computer Databases to Facilitate Data Organization and Analysis
355(1)
Acknowledging the Role of Researcher-as-Instrument in Qualitative Research
356(1)
Practical Application: Planning Data Analysis for a Qualitative Study
357(2)
Checklist: Pinning Down the Data Analysis in a Qualitative Study
357(2)
Analyzing and Interpreting Mixed-Methods Data
359(3)
Practical Application: Using Computer Software Programs to Facilitate Mixed-Methods Data Analysis
362(1)
Systematic Reviews of Qualitative and Mixed-Methods Studies
363(1)
Practical Application: Observing How Experienced Researchers Have Conducted Qualitative and Mixed-Methods Research
364(2)
Checklist: Evaluating a Qualitative or Mixed-Methods Study
365(1)
A Sample Dissertation
366(5)
For Further Reading
371(1)
PART V Research Reports
Chapter 13 Planning and Preparing a Final Research Report
372(26)
Getting Started
372(1)
Surfing the Internet for Writing Assistance
373(1)
Learn by Looking
373(1)
Essential Elements of a Research Report
373(1)
Explanation of the Research Problem or Question
374(1)
Description of Study Design and Data-Collection Methods
374(1)
Presentation of the Data and Their Analyses
374(2)
Interpretations of the Data
376(1)
Identification of Possible Weaknesses of the Study
377(1)
Summary and Connections to a Broader Context
378(1)
Maintaining Your Academic Integrity
378(1)
Front Matter and End Matter
379(1)
Preliminary Pages
379(1)
Footnotes and Endnotes
380(1)
Reference List
380(3)
Appendix Content
383(1)
Organizing a Research Report
383(2)
Writing--and Finishing!--a Report
385(1)
Practical Application: Writing Your Final Report
386(2)
Guidelines: Writing a Clear, Coherent Report
386(2)
Practical Application: Developing a Writing Schedule
388(1)
Guidelines: Pinning Down and Adhering to a Workable Schedule
388(1)
Practical Application: Critiquing a Final Research Report
389(3)
Checklist: Criteria for Critiquing a Research Report
390(2)
Beyond the Unpublished Research Report: Presenting and Publishing
392(1)
Conference Presentations
392(1)
Practical Application: Presenting Your Research at a Professional Conference
392(2)
Guidelines: Presenting an Effective Paper or Poster
393(1)
Journal Articles
394(1)
Sharing Authorship
395(1)
Responding to Reviewers' Critiques
395(1)
A Closing Thought
396(1)
For Further Reading
396(2)
APPENDICES
Appendix A Using a Spreadsheet: Microsoft Excel
398(8)
Using Excel to Keep Track of Literature Resources
398(2)
Using Excel to Record and Recode Data
400(3)
Reorganizing Data in Excel
403(1)
Using Excel to Perform Simple Statistical Analyses
404(2)
Appendix B Using SPSS
406(6)
Creating a Data Set
406(2)
Computing Basic Descriptive Statistics
408(1)
Computing Inferential Statistics
409(3)
Glossary 412(10)
References 422(7)
Index 429