| To the Instructor: About this Book |
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viii | |
| Acknowledgments |
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xviii | |
| Media and Supplements |
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xix | |
| To the Student: Statistical Thinking |
|
xxii | |
| About the Authors |
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xxix | |
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Part I Collecting and Exploring Data |
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Chapter 1 Picturing Distributions with Graphs |
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3 | (36) |
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Individuals and variables |
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4 | (1) |
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Identifying categorical and quantitative variables |
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4 | (3) |
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Categorical variables: pie charts and bar graphs |
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7 | (6) |
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Quantitative variables: histograms |
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13 | (3) |
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16 | (4) |
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Quantitative variables: dotplots |
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20 | (2) |
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22 | (4) |
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Discussion: (Mis)adventures in data entry |
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26 | (13) |
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Chapter 2 Describing Quantitative Distributions with Numbers |
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39 | (28) |
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Measures of center: median, mean |
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40 | (5) |
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Measures of spread: percentiles, standard deviation |
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45 | (5) |
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Graphical displays of numerical summaries |
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50 | (3) |
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Spotting suspected outliers* |
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53 | (2) |
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Discussion: Dealing with outliers |
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55 | (3) |
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Organizing a statistical problem |
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58 | (9) |
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Chapter 3 Scatter plots and Correlation |
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67 | (26) |
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Explanatory and response variables |
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67 | (2) |
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Relationship between two quantitative variables: scatterplots |
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69 | (6) |
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Adding categorical variables to scatterplots |
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75 | (3) |
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Measuring linear association: correlation |
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78 | (15) |
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93 | (30) |
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The least-squares regression line |
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94 | (5) |
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Facts about least-squares regression |
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99 | (3) |
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Outliers and influential observations |
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102 | (3) |
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Working with logarithm transformations* |
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105 | (2) |
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Cautions about correlation and regression |
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107 | (4) |
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Association does not imply causation |
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111 | (12) |
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Chapter 5 Two-Way Tables* |
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123 | (18) |
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124 | (2) |
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Conditional distributions |
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126 | (5) |
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131 | (10) |
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Chapter 6 Samples and Observational Studies |
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141 | (24) |
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Observation versus experiment |
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141 | (3) |
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144 | (2) |
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146 | (6) |
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152 | (3) |
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Cohorts and case-control studies |
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155 | (10) |
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Chapter 7 Designing Experiments |
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165 | (32) |
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165 | (3) |
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Randomized comparative experiments |
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168 | (5) |
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Common experimental designs |
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173 | (5) |
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Cautions about experimentation |
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178 | (4) |
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Ethics in experimentation |
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182 | (3) |
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Discussion: The Tuskegee syphilis study |
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185 | (12) |
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Chapter 8 Collecting and Exploring Data: Part I Review |
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197 | (18) |
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199 | (3) |
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Comprehensive review exercises |
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202 | (5) |
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Large data sets exercises |
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207 | (3) |
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210 | (1) |
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210 | (5) |
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Part II From Chance to Inference |
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Chapter 9 Essential Probability Rules |
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215 | (26) |
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215 | (5) |
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220 | (2) |
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222 | (2) |
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Discrete versus continuous probability models |
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224 | (5) |
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229 | (3) |
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232 | (9) |
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Chapter 10 Independence and Conditional Probabilities* |
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241 | (30) |
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Relationships among several events |
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241 | (4) |
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245 | (3) |
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General probability rules |
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248 | (6) |
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254 | (4) |
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258 | (4) |
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Discussion: Making sense of conditional probabilities in diagnostic tests |
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262 | (9) |
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Chapter 11 The Normal Distributions |
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271 | (28) |
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271 | (3) |
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274 | (2) |
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The standard Normal distribution |
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276 | (2) |
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Finding Normal probabilities |
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278 | (4) |
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282 | (3) |
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Using the standard Normal table* |
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285 | (3) |
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288 | (11) |
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Chapter 12 Discrete Probability Distributions* |
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299 | (24) |
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The binomial setting and binomial distributions |
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299 | (2) |
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301 | (4) |
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Binomial mean and standard deviation |
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305 | (3) |
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The Normal approximation to binomial distributions |
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308 | (2) |
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The Poisson distributions |
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310 | (2) |
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312 | (11) |
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Chapter 13 Sampling Distributions |
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323 | (24) |
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Parameters and statistics |
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324 | (1) |
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Statistical estimation and sampling distributions |
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325 | (4) |
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The sampling distribution of x |
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329 | (3) |
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The central limit theorem |
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332 | (4) |
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The sampling distribution of p |
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336 | (4) |
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The law of large numbers* |
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340 | (7) |
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Chapter 14 Introduction to Inference |
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347 | (28) |
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348 | (2) |
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Margin of error and confidence level |
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350 | (3) |
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Confidence intervals for the mean μ |
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353 | (3) |
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356 | (2) |
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P-value and statistical significance |
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358 | (6) |
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Tests for a population mean |
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364 | (3) |
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Tests from confidence intervals |
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367 | (8) |
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Chapter 15 Inference in Practice |
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375 | (28) |
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Conditions for inference in practice |
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376 | (3) |
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How confidence intervals behave |
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379 | (4) |
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How hypothesis tests behave |
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383 | (5) |
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Discussion: The scientific approach |
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388 | (3) |
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Planning studies: selecting an appropriate sample size* |
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391 | (12) |
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Chapter 16 From Chance to Inference: Part II Review |
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403 | (14) |
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405 | (3) |
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Comprehensive review exercises |
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408 | (2) |
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Advanced topics (optional material) |
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410 | (3) |
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413 | (1) |
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413 | (4) |
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Part III Statistical Inference |
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Chapter 17 Inference about a Population Mean |
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417 | (28) |
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417 | (2) |
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419 | (2) |
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The one-sample t confidence interval |
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421 | (5) |
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426 | (4) |
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Matched pairs t procedures |
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430 | (5) |
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Robustness of t procedures |
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435 | (10) |
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Chapter 18 Comparing Two Means |
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445 | (28) |
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Comparing two population means |
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445 | (4) |
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449 | (11) |
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460 | (2) |
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Avoid the pooled two-sample t procedures* |
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462 | (1) |
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Avoid inference about standard deviations* |
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462 | (11) |
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Chapter 19 Inference about a Population Proportion |
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473 | (22) |
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474 | (2) |
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Large-sample confidence intervals for a proportion |
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476 | (4) |
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Accurate confidence intervals for a proportion |
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480 | (2) |
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Choosing the sample size* |
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482 | (2) |
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Hypothesis tests for a proportion |
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484 | (11) |
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Chapter 20 Comparing Two Proportions |
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495 | (30) |
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Two-sample problems: proportions |
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495 | (1) |
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The sampling distribution of a difference between proportions |
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496 | (1) |
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Large-sample confidence intervals for comparing proportions |
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497 | (4) |
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Accurate confidence intervals for comparing proportions |
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501 | (3) |
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Hypothesis tests for comparing proportions |
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504 | (4) |
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Relative risk and odds ratio* |
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508 | (6) |
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Discussion: Assessing and understanding health risks |
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514 | (11) |
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Chapter 21 The Chi-Square Test for Goodness of Fit |
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525 | (20) |
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Hypotheses for goodness of fit |
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525 | (3) |
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Expected counts and chi-square statistic |
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528 | (2) |
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The chi-square test for goodness of fit |
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530 | (4) |
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Interpreting significant chi-square results |
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534 | (2) |
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Conditions for the chi-square test |
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536 | (9) |
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Chapter 22 The Chi-Square Test for Two-Way Tables |
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545 | (28) |
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545 | (3) |
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Hypotheses for two-way tables of counts |
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548 | (1) |
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Expected counts and chi-square statistic |
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549 | (6) |
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555 | (2) |
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Conditions for the chi-square test |
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557 | (4) |
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The chi-square test and the two-sample z test* |
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561 | (12) |
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Chapter 23 Inference for Regression |
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573 | (32) |
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The regression parameters |
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575 | (5) |
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Testing the hypothesis of no linear relationship |
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580 | (3) |
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Testing lack of correlation* |
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583 | (3) |
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Confidence intervals for the regression slope |
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586 | (1) |
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Inference about prediction |
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587 | (4) |
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Checking the conditions for inference |
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591 | (14) |
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Chapter 24 One-Way Analysis of Variance: Comparing Several Means |
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605 | (30) |
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605 | (4) |
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609 | (2) |
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The analysis of variance F test |
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611 | (6) |
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617 | (4) |
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Details of ANOVA calculations* |
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621 | (14) |
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Chapter 25 Statistical Inference: Part III Review |
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635 | (1) |
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Essential concepts from Parts I and II |
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635 | (2) |
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637 | (4) |
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Comprehensive review exercises: inference selection |
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641 | (2) |
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Comprehensive review exercises: analysis and conclusion |
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643 | (5) |
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648 | (2) |
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650 | (1) |
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650 | (1) |
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651 | (32) |
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683 | (1) |
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684 | (1) |
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Table B Standard Normal Probabilities |
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685 | (2) |
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Table C t Distribution Critical Values |
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687 | (1) |
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Table D Chi-square Distribution Critical Values |
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688 | (1) |
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Table E Critical Values of the Correlation r |
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689 | (1) |
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Table F F Distribution Critical Values |
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690 | (5) |
| Answers to Selected Exercises |
|
695 | (26) |
Some Studies Recurring Across
Chapters |
|
721 | (2) |
| Index |
|
723 | (6) |
| Symbols |
|
729 | |
