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Principles of Flight Simulation [Kõva köide]

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  • Formaat: Hardback, 471 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 28-Jan-2010
  • Kirjastus: American Institute of Aeronautics & Astronautics
  • ISBN-10: 1600867030
  • ISBN-13: 9781600867033
Teised raamatud teemal:
Principles of Flight SimulationSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: Hardback, 471 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 28-Jan-2010
  • Kirjastus: American Institute of Aeronautics & Astronautics
  • ISBN-10: 1600867030
  • ISBN-13: 9781600867033
Teised raamatud teemal:
Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9781600867033.html
Märksõnad:
Principles of Flight Simulation is a comprehensive guide to flight simulator design, covering the modeling, algorithms, and software which underpin flight simulation. The book covers the mathematical modeling and software which underpin flight simulation. The detailed equations of motion used to model aircraft dynamics are developed and then applied to the simulation of flight control systems and navigation systems. Real-time computer graphics algorithms are developed to implement aircraft displays and visual systems, covering OpenGL and OpenSceneGraph. The book also covers techniques used in motion platform development, the design of instructor stations and validation and qualification of simulator systems. An exceptional feature of ""Principles of Flight Simulation"" is access to a complete suite of software to enable experienced engineers to develop their own flight simulator - something that should be well within the capability of many university engineering departments and research organizations.The book brings together mathematical modeling, computer graphics, real-time software, flight control systems, avionics, and simulator validation into one of the faster growing application areas in engineering. Featuring full color images and photographs, ""Principles of Flight Simulation"" will appeal to senior and postgraduate students of system dynamics, flight control systems, avionics, and computer graphics, as well as to engineers in related disciplines covering mechanical, electrical, and computer systems engineering needing to develop simulation facilities.
About the Author xiii
Preface xv
Glossary xvii
1 Introduction
1
1.1 Historical Perspective
1
1.1.1 The First 40 Years of Flight 1905-1945
1
1.1.2 Analogue Computing, 1945-1965
3
1.1.3 Digital Computing, 1965-1985
5
1.1.4 The Microelectronics Revolution, 1985–present
6
1.2 The Case for Simulation
9
1.2.1 - Safety
9
1.2.2 Financial Benefits
10
1.2.3 Training Transfer
11
1.2.4 Engineering Flight Simulation
13
1.3 The Changing Role of Simulation
14
1.4 The Organization of a Flight Simulator
16
1.4.1 Equations of Motion
16
1.4.2 Aerodynamic Model
17
1.4.3 Engine Model
18
1.4.4 Data Acquisition
18
1.4.5 Gear Model
19
1.4.6 Weather Model
19
1.4.7 Visual System
20
1.4.8 Sound System
21
1.4.9 Motion System
21
1.4.10 Control Loading
22
1.4.11 Instrument Displays
23
1.4.12 Navigation Systems
23
1.4.13 Maintenance
24
1.5 The Concept of Real-time Simulation
24
1.6 Pilot Cues
27
1.6.1 Visual Cueing
28
1.6.2 Motion Cueing
29
1.7 Training versus Simulation
30
1.8 Examples of Simulation
32
1.8.1 Commercial Flight Training
32
1.8.2 Military Flight Training
34
1.8.3 Ab Initio Flight Training
34
1.8.4 Land Vehicle Simulators
34
1.8.5 Engineering Flight Simulators
35
1.8.6 Aptitude Testing
36
1.8.7 Computer-based Training
36
1.8.8 Maintenance Training
37
References
37
2 Principles of Modelling
41
2.1 Modelling Concepts
41
2.2 Newtonian Mechanics
43
2.3 Axes Systems
51
2.4 Differential Equations
53
2.5 Numerical Integration
56
2.5.1 Approximation Methods
56
2.5.2 First-order Methods
58
2.5.3 Higher-order Methods
59
2.6 Real-time Computing
63
2.7 Data Acquisition
67
2.7.1 Data Transmission
67
2.7.2 Data Acquisition
69
2.8 Flight Data
74
2.9 Interpolation
77
2.10 Distributed Systems
82
2.11 A Real-time Protocol
91
2.12 Problems in Modelling
92
References
96
3 Aircraft Dynamics
97
3.1 Principles of Flight Modelling
97
3.2 The Atmosphere
98
3.3 Forces
100
3.3.1 Aerodynamic Lift
100
3.3.2 Aerodynamic Side force
104
3.3.3 Aerodynamic Drag
105
3.3.4 Propulsive Forces
106
3.3.5 Gravitational Force
107
3.4 Moments
107
3.4.1 Static Stability
109
3.4.2 Aerodynamic Moments
111
3.4.3 Aerodynamic Derivatives
113
3.5 Axes Systems
114
3.5.1 The Body Frame
115
3.5.2 Stability Axes
117
3.5.3 Wind Axes
117
3.5.4 Inertial Axes
118
3.5.5 Transformation between Axes
118
3.5.6 Earth-centred Earth-fixed (ECEF) Frame
119
3.5.7 Latitude and Longitude
122
3.6 Quaternions
122
3.7 Equations of Motion
124
3.8 Propulsion
127
3.8.1 Piston Engines
128
3.8.2 Jet Engines
136
3.9 The Landing Gear
138
3.10 The Equations Collected
143
3.11 The Equations Revisited – Long Range Navigation
148
3.11.1 Coriolis Acceleration
150
References
154
4 Simulation of Flight Control Systems
157
4.1 The Laplace Transform
157
4.2 Simulation of Transfer Functions
161
4.3 PID Control Systems
163
4.4 Trimming
169
4.5 Aircraft Flight Control Systems
171
4.6 The Turn Coordinator and the Yaw Damper
172
4.7 The Auto-throttle
176
4.8 Vertical Speed Management
179
4.9 Altitude Hold
182
4.10 Heading Hold
185
4.11 Localizer Tracking
189
4.12 Auto-land Systems
191
4.13 Flight Management Systems
195
References
201
5 Aircraft Displays
203
5.1 Principles of Display Systems
203
5.2 Line Drawing
205
5.3 Character Generation
211
5.4 2D Graphics Operations
214
5.5 Textures
216
5.6 OpenGL®
219
5.7 Simulation of Aircraft Instruments
227
5.8 Simulation of EFIS Displays
235
5.8.1 Attitude Indicator
237
5.8.2 Altimeter
239
5.8.3 Airspeed Indicator
240
5.8.4 Compass Card
241
5.9 Head-up Displays
242
References
246
6 Simulation of Aircraft Navigation Systems
247
6.1 Principles of Navigation
247
6.2 Navigation Computations
250
6.3 Map Projections
252
6.4 Primary Flight Information
254
6.4.1 Attitude Indicator
254
6.4.2 Altimeter
255
6.4.3 Airspeed Indicator
255
6.4.4 Compass
255
6.4.5 Vertical Speed Indicator
255
6.4.6 Turn Indicator
255
6.4.7 Slip Ball
255
6.5 Automatic Direction Finding (ADF)
255
6.6 VHF Omnidirectional Range (VOR)
257
6.7 Distance Measuring Equipment (DME)
258
6.8 Instrument Landing Systems (ILS)
259
6.9 The Flight Director
260
6.10 Inertial Navigation Systems
263
6.10.1 Axes
264
6.10.2 INS Equations
264
6.10.3 INS Error Model
268
6.10.4 Validation of the INS Model
272
6.11 Global Positioning Systems
274
References
282
Further Reading
283
7 Model Validation
285
7.1 Simulator Qualification and Approval
285
7.2 Model Validation Methods
288
7.2.1 Cockpit Geometry
291
7.2.2 Static Tests
291
7.2.3 Open-loop Tests
294
7.2.4 Closed-loop Tests
294
7.3 Latency
298
7.4 Performance Analysis
305
7.5 Longitudinal Dynamics
312
7.6 Lateral Dynamics
323
7.7 Model Validation in Perspective
328
References
329
8 Visual Systems
331
8.1 Background
331
8.2 The Visual System Pipeline
332
8.3 3D Graphics Operations
336
8.4 Real-time Image Generation
343
8.4.1 A Rudimentary Real-time Wire Frame IG System
343
8.4.2 An OpenGL Real-time IG System
347
8.4.3 An OpenGL Real-time Textured IG System
350
8.4.4 An OpenSceneGraph IG System
352
8.5 Visual Database Management
364
8.6 Projection Systems
370
8.7 Problems in Visual Systems
374
References
376
9 The Instructor Station
377
9.1 Education, Training and Instruction
377
9.2 Part-task Training and Computer-based Training
378
9.3 The Role of the Instructor
379
9.4 Designing the User Interface
380
9.4.1 Human Factors
382
9.4.2 Classification of User Operations
383
9.4.3 Structure of the User Interface
384
9.4.4 User Input Selections
388
9.4.5 Instructor Commands
394
9.5 Real-time Interaction
398
9.6 Map Displays
404
9.7 Flight Data Recording
409
9.8 Scripting
413
References
421
10 Motion Systems 423
10.1 Motion or No Motion?
423
10.2 Physiological Aspects of Motion
425
10.3 Actuator Configurations
428
10.4 Equations of Motion
432
10.5 Implementation of a Motion System
436
10.6 Hydraulic Actuation
443
10.7 Modelling Hydraulic Actuators
447
10.8 Limitations of Motion Systems
451
10.9 Future Motion Systems
453
References
454
Index 457
David Allerton is Professor of Computer Systems Engineering in the Department of Automatic Control and Systems Engineering at the University of Sheffield. He is a Fellow of the Royal Aeronautical Society (FRAeS) and the Institution of Electrical Engineers (FIEE). He has been a Lecturer at the University of Southampton and the Professor of Avionics at Cranfield University. He has served on several national committees and is a member and past-Chairman of the Royal Aeronautical Society's Flight Simulation Group.