| Foreword to the Third Edition |
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xvii | |
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xix | |
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lxiii | |
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I History, Sources, and Nature of International Investment Law |
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1 | (34) |
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1 The history of international investment law |
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2 | (13) |
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2 | (2) |
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b The emergence of an international minimum standard |
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4 | (2) |
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c Developments after the Second World War |
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6 | (2) |
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d The evolution of investment protection treaties |
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8 | (2) |
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e The quest for a multilateral framework |
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10 | (3) |
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13 | (2) |
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2 The sources of international investment law |
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15 | (9) |
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16 | (1) |
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b Bilateral investment treaties |
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16 | (2) |
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c Sectoral and regional treaties |
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18 | (4) |
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d Customary international law |
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22 | (1) |
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e General principles of law |
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22 | (1) |
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23 | (1) |
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24 | (1) |
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3 The nature of international investment law |
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24 | (11) |
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a Investment law and trade law |
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25 | (1) |
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b Balancing duties and benefits |
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26 | (1) |
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c The investor's perspective: a long-term risk |
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27 | (1) |
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d The host State's perspective: attracting foreign investment |
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28 | (2) |
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e International investment law and sovereign regulation |
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30 | (1) |
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f International investment law and good governance |
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31 | (2) |
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g Obligations for investors |
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33 | (2) |
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II Interpretation and Intertemporal Application of Investment Treaties |
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35 | (23) |
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1 The interpretation of investment treaties |
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35 | (14) |
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a The general rule of treaty interpretation |
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36 | (3) |
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39 | (2) |
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c The relevance of other treaties |
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41 | (1) |
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d Interpretative statements |
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42 | (3) |
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e The authority of `precedents' |
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45 | (2) |
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f Towards a greater uniformity of interpretation |
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47 | (2) |
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2 Application of investment treaties in time |
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49 | (9) |
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a The date relevant to determine jurisdiction |
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49 | (1) |
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b The timing of investments, events, and disputes |
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50 | (2) |
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c Applicable law and jurisdiction |
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52 | (3) |
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d Relevant dates under the ICSID Convention |
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55 | (3) |
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58 | (24) |
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1 Private foreign investors |
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58 | (2) |
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2 Nationality of individuals |
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60 | (3) |
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3 Nationality of corporations |
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63 | (4) |
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4 A local company as a foreign investor |
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67 | (4) |
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71 | (3) |
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74 | (4) |
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78 | (4) |
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82 | (40) |
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1 Terminology and concept |
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83 | (2) |
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2 Definitions of investment |
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85 | (5) |
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85 | (1) |
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b Definitions in national laws |
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85 | (1) |
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c Definitions in treaties |
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86 | (4) |
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3 A general concept of investment? |
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90 | (6) |
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a `Investment' in Article 25 of the ICSID Convention |
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90 | (1) |
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91 | (5) |
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96 | (3) |
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96 | (1) |
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97 | (1) |
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97 | (1) |
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98 | (1) |
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e Intellectual property rights |
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98 | (1) |
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99 | (1) |
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5 The unity of an investment |
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99 | (3) |
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6 The origin of the investment |
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102 | (2) |
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7 Investments in the host State's territory |
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104 | (2) |
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104 | (1) |
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b Pre-shipment inspections |
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105 | (1) |
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106 | (1) |
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8 Investment in accordance with host State law |
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106 | (8) |
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a Illegality in contract-based disputes |
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107 | (1) |
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b Illegality in disputes based on domestic legislation |
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107 | (1) |
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c Illegality in treaty-based disputes |
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107 | (3) |
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d Illegality in making the investment |
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110 | (1) |
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e The nature of the violated rules |
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111 | (1) |
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f Severity of the violation |
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112 | (1) |
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g Toleration of illegality by the host State |
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113 | (1) |
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h Illegalities committed by the host State |
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114 | (1) |
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114 | (8) |
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a Customary international law |
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115 | (1) |
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b Shareholding as a form of investment |
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116 | (1) |
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117 | (1) |
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117 | (3) |
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e The nature of the protected rights |
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120 | (2) |
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122 | (10) |
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1 Types of investment contracts |
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122 | (2) |
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124 | (1) |
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125 | (1) |
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126 | (3) |
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5 Renegotiation and adaptation |
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129 | (1) |
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6 Relationship to investment treaties |
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130 | (2) |
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VI Admission and Establishment |
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132 | (14) |
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1 The right to control admission and establishment |
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132 | (1) |
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2 The move towards economic liberalism |
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133 | (1) |
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134 | (1) |
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4 The right to admission and the right of establishment |
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135 | (1) |
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5 Treaty models of admission |
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136 | (4) |
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a The admission clause model |
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136 | (1) |
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b The right of establishment model |
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137 | (3) |
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6 Performance requirements |
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140 | (2) |
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7 The inception of an investment |
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142 | (4) |
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a Pre-investment activities |
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143 | (1) |
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b The existence of investment activities |
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144 | (2) |
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146 | (40) |
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1 The object of an expropriation |
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147 | (4) |
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a Expropriation of contract rights |
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147 | (2) |
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149 | (2) |
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2 Expropriation as an act of government |
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151 | (2) |
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153 | (29) |
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153 | (4) |
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b Some illustrative cases |
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157 | (6) |
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c Severity of the deprivation |
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163 | (2) |
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165 | (2) |
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167 | (2) |
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169 | (2) |
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g Legitimate expectations |
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171 | (3) |
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174 | (6) |
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180 | (2) |
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4 The legality of an expropriation |
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182 | (4) |
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VIII Standards of Protection |
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186 | (110) |
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1 Fair and equitable treatment |
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186 | (44) |
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186 | (2) |
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188 | (2) |
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190 | (1) |
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d Definitions of fair and equitable treatment |
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191 | (4) |
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e Relationship of FET to other standards |
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195 | (3) |
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f Fair and equitable treatment and customary international law |
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198 | (7) |
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g Specific applications of the fair and equitable treatment standard |
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205 | (1) |
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aa Stability and consistency |
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205 | (3) |
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bb Legitimate expectations |
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208 | (4) |
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212 | (2) |
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dd Compliance with contractual obligations |
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214 | (2) |
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ee Procedural propriety and due process |
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216 | (5) |
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ff Application of domestic law |
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221 | (2) |
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gg Freedom from coercion and harassment |
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223 | (2) |
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225 | (3) |
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228 | (2) |
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230 | (1) |
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2 Full protection and security |
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230 | (9) |
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231 | (1) |
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b The standard of liability |
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232 | (2) |
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c Protection against physical violence and harassment |
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234 | (1) |
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235 | (3) |
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e Relationship to customary international law |
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238 | (1) |
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3 Arbitrary or discriminatory measures |
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239 | (13) |
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239 | (1) |
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240 | (1) |
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c The meaning of `arbitrary' |
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241 | (1) |
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aa Rational decision-making |
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242 | (3) |
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245 | (1) |
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246 | (1) |
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247 | (2) |
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d The meaning of `discriminatory' |
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249 | (1) |
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aa The basis of comparison |
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250 | (1) |
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251 | (1) |
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252 | (11) |
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253 | (1) |
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b The basis of comparison: like circumstances |
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254 | (2) |
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c Less favourable treatment |
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256 | (3) |
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d Is there a justification for the differentiation? |
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259 | (2) |
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e The relevance of discriminatory intent |
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261 | (1) |
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f The relevance of WTO case law |
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262 | (1) |
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263 | (1) |
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5 Most-favoured-nation treatment |
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263 | (8) |
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264 | (1) |
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b The ejusdem generis rule |
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265 | (1) |
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c The scope of MFN clauses |
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266 | (1) |
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d Variations of MFN clauses |
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267 | (2) |
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e MFN and substantive rights |
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269 | (2) |
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271 | (15) |
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272 | (3) |
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b Effective application of umbrella clauses |
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275 | (3) |
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c Restrictive application of umbrella clauses |
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278 | (4) |
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d Umbrella clauses and privity of contract |
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282 | (3) |
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e Umbrella clauses and unilateral undertakings |
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285 | (1) |
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286 | (4) |
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290 | (6) |
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291 | (1) |
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b Types of covered transfers |
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292 | (2) |
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c Inward and outward transfers |
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294 | (1) |
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d Transfers in accordance with host State law |
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294 | (1) |
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e Currencies, exchange rates, and delay |
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294 | (1) |
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295 | (1) |
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IX Emergency Situations and Armed Conflicts |
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296 | (17) |
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296 | (1) |
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2 Effects of violence under traditional international law |
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297 | (1) |
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3 The ILC Articles on State Responsibility |
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297 | (6) |
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298 | (4) |
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302 | (1) |
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303 | (6) |
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a Emergencies and armed conflicts in the law of treaties |
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303 | (2) |
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b Treaty provisions dealing with emergencies and armed conflicts |
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305 | (1) |
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aa Compensation for losses clauses |
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305 | (2) |
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307 | (2) |
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309 | (4) |
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313 | (16) |
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313 | (2) |
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2 Organs, provinces, and municipalities |
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315 | (7) |
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316 | (1) |
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b Provinces and municipalities |
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317 | (1) |
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c The role of domestic law |
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317 | (1) |
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318 | (1) |
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319 | (1) |
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319 | (2) |
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321 | (1) |
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3 Exercise of governmental authority |
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322 | (3) |
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322 | (2) |
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b Exercise of governmental authority in the particular instance |
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324 | (1) |
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4 Instruction, direction, or control |
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325 | (4) |
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a Effective and specific control |
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325 | (2) |
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327 | (1) |
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327 | (2) |
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XI Political Risk Insurance |
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329 | (5) |
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329 | (1) |
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2 Different types of insurance |
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330 | (1) |
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331 | (1) |
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332 | (1) |
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5 Disputes between investors and insurers |
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333 | (1) |
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XII Settling Investment Disputes |
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334 | (117) |
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334 | (5) |
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334 | (4) |
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b Disputes between States |
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338 | (1) |
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2 The limited usefulness of domestic courts |
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339 | (1) |
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3 Settlement of investor-State disputes by arbitration and conciliation |
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340 | (2) |
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4 Arbitration institutions and regimes |
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342 | (7) |
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342 | (2) |
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b ICSID Additional Facility |
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344 | (1) |
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c Non-ICSID investment arbitration |
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345 | (1) |
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aa The International Chamber of Commerce |
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346 | (1) |
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bb The London Court of International Arbitration |
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347 | (1) |
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347 | (1) |
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dd The Iran-United States Claims Tribunal |
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348 | (1) |
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ee The Permanent Court of Arbitration |
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348 | (1) |
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349 | (5) |
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349 | (1) |
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b The legal nature of the dispute |
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350 | (1) |
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c The directness of the dispute in relation to the investment |
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351 | (2) |
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353 | (1) |
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6 The parties to investment disputes |
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354 | (6) |
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354 | (2) |
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356 | (2) |
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c The investor's nationality |
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358 | (1) |
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d The significance of the Additional Facility |
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359 | (1) |
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7 Consent to investment arbitration |
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360 | (19) |
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a Consent by direct agreement |
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361 | (1) |
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b Consent through host State legislation |
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362 | (2) |
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c Consent through bilateral treaties |
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364 | (4) |
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d Consent through multilateral treaties |
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368 | (1) |
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e The irrevocability of consent |
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369 | (3) |
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372 | (4) |
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g The interpretation of consent |
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376 | (3) |
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8 Conditions for the institution of proceedings |
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379 | (8) |
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a Waiting periods for amicable settlement |
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379 | (2) |
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b The requirement to resort to domestic courts |
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381 | (3) |
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384 | (2) |
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386 | (1) |
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9 MrN clauses and dispute settlement |
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387 | (5) |
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a The wording of MFN clauses |
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387 | (1) |
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b MFN treatment and conditions for the institution of proceedings |
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388 | (1) |
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c MFN treatment and consent |
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389 | (3) |
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392 | (1) |
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10 Treaty claims and contract claims |
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392 | (7) |
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a The selection of domestic courts in contracts |
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392 | (3) |
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b Jurisdiction of international tribunals over contract claims |
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395 | (2) |
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c Distinguishing treaty claims from contract claims |
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397 | (2) |
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399 | (17) |
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399 | (1) |
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b Institution of proceedings |
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400 | (1) |
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c Constitution and composition of the tribunal |
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401 | (3) |
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404 | (3) |
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407 | (2) |
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f Written and oral procedure |
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409 | (2) |
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411 | (1) |
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h Settlement and discontinuance |
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411 | (1) |
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412 | (1) |
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413 | (2) |
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k Amicus curiae participation |
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415 | (1) |
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416 | (9) |
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416 | (4) |
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b Host State law and international law |
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420 | (4) |
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c Special issues of applicable law |
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424 | (1) |
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425 | (6) |
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a Satisfaction and restitution |
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425 | (1) |
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b Damages for an illegal act |
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426 | (2) |
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c Compensation for expropriation |
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428 | (2) |
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430 | (1) |
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431 | (2) |
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433 | (13) |
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a Review in non-ICSID arbitration |
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434 | (1) |
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b Annulment of awards under the ICSID Convention |
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435 | (3) |
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aa Improper constitution of tribunal |
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438 | (1) |
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439 | (2) |
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441 | (1) |
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dd Serious departure from a fundamental rule of procedure |
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441 | (2) |
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ee Failure to state reasons |
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443 | (1) |
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c Supplementation and rectification under the ICSID Convention |
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444 | (1) |
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d Interpretation under the ICSID Convention |
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445 | (1) |
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e Revision under the ICSID Convention |
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445 | (1) |
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446 | (5) |
| Index |
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