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Principles of International Taxation 8th edition [Pehme köide]

  • Formaat: Paperback / softback, 712 pages, kõrgus x laius: 234x156 mm, kaal: 1062 g
  • Ilmumisaeg: 29-Sep-2021
  • Kirjastus: Bloomsbury Professional
  • ISBN-10: 1526519550
  • ISBN-13: 9781526519559
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  • Formaat: Paperback / softback, 712 pages, kõrgus x laius: 234x156 mm, kaal: 1062 g
  • Ilmumisaeg: 29-Sep-2021
  • Kirjastus: Bloomsbury Professional
  • ISBN-10: 1526519550
  • ISBN-13: 9781526519559
Teised raamatud teemal:
The book provides a clear introduction to international taxation and presents its material in a global context, explaining policy, legal issues and planning points central to taxation issues, primarily from the viewpoint of a multinational group of companies. It uses examples and diagrams throughout to aid the readers understanding and offers more in-depth material on many important areas of the subject.

Traditionally published every 2 years in both print and digital formats, this content is a core requirement for student reading lists at both undergraduate and post graduate level.

Fully updated to cover all new tax legislation and developments in light of the OECD BEPS project implementation, key areas to be included in this new edition are:

- changes proposed by BEPS 2.0 in relation to taxation and the digital economy, including Pillar Two and the proposed new UN Model Article 12B; - further progress on the implantation of OECD Base Erosion and Profit Shifting implementation, including: -- an update on the implementation of BEPS recommendations including artificial avoidance of permanent establishment status and prevention of treaty abuse; -- the implementation of transfer pricing documentation and country-by-country reporting; -- multilateral instrument implementation; - the impact of Covid-19 on international taxation; - further developments in European direct taxation including the transparency package, directives on anti-tax avoidance and the common corporate tax base and state aid cases (Apple in particular) and updates to the Directive on Administrative Cooperation, and the new communication on Business Taxation for the 21st Century. - Proposals in relation to the taxation of digital business, in particular the OECDs unified approach and the UN modifications to the Model Double Taxation Convention. - Proposals for a global minimum corporate tax rate to curb base erosion and tax competition.

Muu info

This highly accessible text deals with the policy, legal issues and planning points central to international taxation, using simple examples and diagrams throughout to aid the reader's understanding
Preface x
Abbreviations xix
Glossary xxi
Table of Statutes xxix
Table of Statutory Instruments xxxi
Table of European Legislation xxxiii
Table of Cases xxxvii
Chapter 1 Introduction to Taxation 1(23)
Overview
1(1)
Why governments levy taxes
2(1)
Elements of taxes
2(2)
Evaluating taxes and tax systems
4(1)
Equity
4(1)
Economic efficiency
4(1)
Types of taxes
5(5)
Consumption taxes
5(2)
Wealth taxes
7(1)
Personal income tax
7(1)
Capital gains
8(1)
Corporation tax
9(1)
The flat tax debate
10(1)
Tax expenditures
11(1)
Compliance and administrative costs
12(1)
Tax compliance
13(1)
Tax administration
14(1)
Taxpayer Rights
14(1)
Tax avoidance and evasion
15(2)
Tax policy and reform
17(1)
US Reforms
18(1)
The digital economy
18(1)
Comparative taxation
19(1)
Some non-tax legal issues
19(2)
Summary
21(1)
Further reading
21(3)
Chapter 2 Introduction to International Taxation 24(31)
Overview
24(1)
History
24(1)
Jurisdiction to tax and public international law
25(1)
Essential concepts: residence and source
26(2)
International tax principles
28(6)
Fundamental 1: Tax should not impede international trade
28(3)
Fundamental 2: Tax follows connection
31(3)
Fundamental 3: Tax once
34(1)
Tax planning in multinational enterprises
34(4)
Federal systems and local-level taxes
37(1)
Tax administration
38(1)
Role of supranational organizations
39(2)
Cross-border enforcement
41(1)
Collection from non-residents
42(1)
Recognition of foreign entities
42(1)
Tax competition
43(1)
The OECD's BEPS Project
44(1)
The base erosion problem
44(1)
Globalization of business
45(4)
What makes BEPS activity possible?
46(1)
Main targets of BEPS
47(2)
US Tax Reform
49(1)
The Digital Tax Agenda
50(1)
Tax certainty
51(1)
Summary
51(1)
Further reading
52(3)
Chapter 3 The Right to Tax Individuals 55(12)
Overview
55(1)
Introduction
55(1)
Approaches to determining tax residence
56(2)
Time spent in a particular country
56(1)
Connections with a particular country
57(1)
Residence rules adopted for other purposes
57(1)
Citizenship by investment
57(1)
Comparing approaches
58(1)
Consequences of tax residence
58(1)
Double taxation
59(1)
Comparative approaches
60(6)
Canada
60(1)
United States
61(2)
Germany
63(1)
Japan
63(1)
India
64(1)
Ireland
64(1)
United Kingdom
65(1)
Further reading
66(1)
Chapter 4 The Right to Tax Companies 67(19)
Overview
67(1)
Introduction
67(1)
Approaches to determining tax residence of companies
68(12)
'Central management and control' - the case law basis
69(3)
More recent case law on central management and control
72(5)
Comparative approaches to company residence
77(3)
Effect of digital communications
80(1)
Company residence and DTTs: the tie-breaker tests
80(4)
Further reading
84(2)
Chapter 5 The Double Tax Problem 86(16)
Overview
86(1)
Historical context
87(1)
The basic problem
87(1)
Double tax relief
88(9)
Choosing between methods of double tax relief
93(4)
Qualifying foreign tax
97(1)
Withholding taxes
98(3)
Further reading
101(1)
Chapter 6 Double Tax Relief in Practice 102(15)
Overview
102(1)
Variations on the credit method
103(4)
Credit relief in the US
104(1)
Problems with the credit method
105(2)
Variations on the exemption method
107(2)
Exemption with participation
107(1)
Exemption with progression
108(1)
Exemption method in practice
109(3)
From credit to exemption method: Japan
112(1)
From credit to exemption method - the UK tax
113(1)
Credit method as a disincentive to locate a holding company in the UK
113(1)
Further reading
114(3)
Chapter 7 Double Tax Treaties 117(60)
Overview
117(1)
Introduction
118(2)
Brief History of double tax treaties
120(1)
Relationship to domestic law
121(1)
Creation of a double tax treaty
122(3)
Signing
122(1)
Entry into force
123(1)
Effective date
123(1)
Protocols to double tax treaties
123(1)
The Multilateral Instrument
124(1)
The OECD Model Tax Convention
125(5)
The US Model
127(2)
UN Model
129(1)
Allocating the right to tax
130(1)
Main articles in the OECD MTC
131(29)
Title and Preamble
131(1)
Article 1: Persons covered
131(1)
Article 2: Taxes covered
131(1)
Article 3: General definitions
132(1)
Article 4: Resident
132(2)
Articles 5 and 7: Taxation of business profits
134(1)
Article 6: Income from immovable property
135(1)
Article 8: International transport
135(1)
Article 9: Associated enterprises
135(1)
Article 10: Dividends
136(5)
Article 11: Interest
141(1)
Article 12: Royalties
142(2)
Article 13: Capital gains
144(2)
Article 14: Independent personal services
146(1)
Article 15: Income from employment
147(1)
Article 16: Directors' fees
147(1)
Article 17: Entertainers and sportspersons
148(1)
Article 18: Pensions
149(1)
Article 19: Government service
149(1)
Article 20: Students
149(1)
Article 21: Other income
150(1)
Article 22: Capital
150(1)
Article 23: Double tax relief
151(2)
Article 24: Non-discrimination
153(1)
Article 25: Mutual agreement procedure
153(3)
Article 26: Exchange of information
156(3)
Article 27: Assistance in the collection of taxes
159(1)
Article 28: Diplomats
160(1)
Article 29: Entitlement to Benefits
160(1)
'Most favoured nation' articles
160(1)
Interpretation of tax treaties
161(6)
Significance of the OECD Commentary
162(2)
What definitions should be used?
164(2)
The 'competent authority' process
166(1)
Double tax treaty override - further detailed consideration
167(3)
Remedies available if a state overrides its treaties
169(1)
Tax treaty override by the United States
169(1)
Use of multilateral treaties
170(1)
The future of tax treaties
170(1)
Further reading
170(2)
In More Detail
172(5)
Interpretation of tax treaties
172(5)
Chapter 8 Internationally Mobile Employees 177(12)
Overview
177(1)
Introduction
178(1)
General principles
179(1)
Article 15 of the OECD Model
179(4)
International hiring out of labour
180(2)
International hiring out of labour - UK position
182(1)
International hiring out of labour - China
183(1)
International ship, boat and aircraft crew
183(1)
Remunerating internationally mobile employees
183(1)
Share incentives
184(1)
Directors' remuneration
185(2)
Tax equalization arrangements
185(1)
Social security arrangements
186(1)
Further reading
187(2)
Chapter 9 Permanent Establishments 189(47)
Overview
189(2)
Introduction
191(2)
Fixed place of business
193(7)
What is meant by 'fixed'?
194(1)
Duration of presence
195(1)
Whose business?
195(2)
The premises of agents
197(1)
Is it 'at the disposal' of the foreign enterprise?
198(1)
Fixed place of business: examples
199(1)
Construction sites
200(3)
Time limit
200(1)
One site or several?
201(2)
'Preparatory or auxiliary' activities
203(4)
The anti-fragmentation rule
205(2)
Agency PEs
207(6)
Dependent agents
207(2)
Independent agents
209(1)
Commissionaire arrangements
210(2)
Group companies as PEs
212(1)
UN MTC: fixed place of business
213(1)
The 'services' permanent establishment
213(1)
Dependent agent under the UN Model
213(1)
Domestic law
214(1)
Attribution of Profits to PEs
214(11)
Article 7
215(1)
The Authorised OECD Approach (AOA)
216(1)
Step 1: the functional and factual analysis
217(2)
Step 2: allocating profits to the PE
219(3)
Fragmented activities
222(1)
Allocation of profits to dependent agent PEs
223(1)
The UN Model - 'force of attraction' principle
224(1)
PE - an outdated concept?
225(4)
The Digital Economy
226(3)
Further reading
229(2)
In More Detail
231(5)
Commissionnaire Arrangements
231(5)
Chapter 10 Taxation of Cross-border Services 236(26)
Overview
236(1)
Cross-border trade in services
237(1)
Types of cross-border services
238(3)
Possible tax treatment of cross-border services
239(1)
Withholding tax on payments for services
240(1)
Services in the MTCs
241(1)
Deemed services PEs
241(8)
How Article 5 applies to services
242(1)
The services PE and the independent personal services Article in the UN MTC
243(2)
The services PE in the OECD Commentary
245(4)
'Same or connected projects'
249(1)
Basis of taxation
250(2)
Place of performance of the services
251(1)
Location where services are utilized
251(1)
A base erosion approach: the place of payment
252(1)
Services in 'construction' PEs
252(2)
Insurance services
254(1)
Royalties or technical service fees?
255(4)
UN MTC Article 12A
258(1)
Interaction of articles concerning services
259(1)
Further reading
260(2)
Chapter 11 Introduction to Tax Havens 262(20)
Overview
262(1)
Rationale for the use of tax havens
263(4)
What is a tax haven?
264(2)
Types of tax havens
266(1)
Growth of the offshore financial sector
267(7)
Early history
267(2)
Scale of tax haven usage
269(1)
The banking sector
270(2)
Tax havens and the UK government
272(1)
Tax havens and the US government
272(1)
Tax havens and tax evasion
273(1)
Which countries are tax havens?
274(4)
The EU Haven Blacklist
274(1)
The Tax Justice Network Corporate Tax Haven Index
275(1)
NGO estimates of haven usage
275(3)
The future of tax havens
278(1)
Further reading
279(3)
Chapter 12 Foreign Expansion: Structure and Location 282(17)
Overview
282(1)
Choosing the business structure
283(15)
Structuring: using a foreign branch
283(2)
Structuring: using a foreign subsidiary
285(3)
Corporate inversions
288(1)
Host country considerations
289(2)
Converting a branch into a subsidiary
291(3)
The US 'check the box' rules
294(4)
Further reading
298(1)
Chapter 13 Finance and Treasury Management 299(16)
Overview
299(2)
Financing multinational enterprises
301(10)
Equity or debt?
302(4)
The Group treasury function
306(1)
Foreign exchange exposure
307(1)
Maximizing deductible interest: basic strategies
307(1)
Effect of tax incentives/special tax regimes
308(1)
Effect of double tax relief by credit
309(2)
General tax treaty issues
311(2)
Further reading
313(2)
Chapter 14 Transfer Pricing Practice 315(39)
Overview
315(1)
Introduction and key principles
316(3)
Scale of transfer pricing
317(1)
The basic problem illustrated
318(1)
Arm's length principle
319(1)
A very brief history of transfer pricing legislation
320(1)
Role of the OECD
321(1)
OECD Guidelines
322(4)
Comparability Analysis
323(3)
Transfer Pricing Methods
326(13)
Transaction based methods
326(3)
Cost plus
329(1)
Transactional profits-based methods
330(7)
The Canadian Glaxo case
337(2)
Business restructuring
339(1)
Intangibles
340(5)
Hard to value intangibles
341(1)
Cost contribution arrangements
341(3)
Commodity transactions
344(1)
Low value-adding intragroup services
345(1)
Industry focus - the pharmaceutical industry
345(2)
Research and development
346(1)
Marketing expenses
347(1)
Validity of the arm's length principle
347(1)
Global formulary apportionment
348(3)
Further reading
351(3)
Chapter 15 Transfer Pricing Administration 354(15)
Overview
354(1)
Introduction
354(1)
Transfer pricing documentation requirements
355(1)
Country by country reporting
356(2)
International Compliance Assurance Process
358(1)
Resolution of disputes
359(6)
Mutual Agreement Procedure
361(2)
The EU Arbitration Convention and transfer pricing
363(2)
Penalties
365(1)
Advance pricing agreements
365(2)
Contents of an advance pricing agreement request
366(1)
Stages in the negotiation
366(1)
Further reading
367(2)
Chapter 16 Tax Avoidance, BEPS and beyond 369(24)
Overview
369(1)
Corporate tax avoidance
370(1)
The emergence of the BEPS project
370(7)
Corporate tax planning
371(1)
Early evidence of base erosion and profit shifting
372(2)
The BEPS Action Plan
374(1)
Implementing BEPS measures
375(2)
US Tax Reform
377(1)
The Digital Tax Agenda
378(3)
Issues identified in BEPS Action 1
378(3)
BEPS 2.0
381(5)
A digital redistribution: OECD Pillar One
382(2)
Unilateral measures for digital services
384(2)
A Global Minimum Tax: OECD Pillar Two
386(1)
Alternatives to the current system
387(1)
Residual Profit Allocation by Income
387(1)
Global formulary apportionment
388(1)
Destination Based Corporation Tax
388(1)
Tax certainty
388(1)
Further reading
389(4)
Chapter 17 Anti-avoidance rules: Structure 393(32)
Overview
393(2)
CFC legislation - introduction
395(4)
How CFC legislation works
396(1)
Parent company v foreign to foreign 'base-stripping'
397(1)
Brief History of CFC legislation
398(1)
General approach to CFC legislation
399(1)
CFC legislation in practice
400(5)
When is a foreign company a CFC?
400(1)
Level of foreign income or tax
401(1)
Defining CFC income
402(3)
Applying CFC legislation
405(3)
Legality of CFC legislation
408(1)
Captive insurance companies
409(2)
Protected cell companies
410(1)
Cross-border entity arbitrage
411(5)
Hybrid arrangements
412(1)
Consequences of using hybrid entities
412(4)
Preventing entity arbitrage
416(5)
BEPS Action 2: domestic proposals
417(1)
Connected persons
417(2)
Rules for hybrid entities
419(2)
Application of CFC rules to hybrid entities
421(1)
Branch mismatches
422(1)
Further reading
423(2)
Chapter 18 Anti-avoidance rules: Finance 425(23)
Overview
425(1)
Restrictions on interest deductions
425(12)
Transfer pricing rules
427(1)
Thin capitalization rules
427(2)
Earnings stripping rules
429(1)
BEPS proposals for limiting deductions for interest
429(8)
Hybrid financial instruments
437(7)
The PepsiCo Puerto Rico case
440(4)
Preventing arbitrage
444(3)
Anti-arbitrage domestic laws
444(3)
Further reading
447(1)
Chapter 19 Improper Use of Treaties 448(35)
Overview
448(2)
Treaty shopping
450(4)
Withholding taxes
452(2)
Countering treaty shopping
454(13)
1. Clear statement
456(1)
2. Limitation on benefits rule
456(7)
Principal purpose test
463(3)
Notes on the US Model
466(1)
Beneficial ownership
467(2)
Use of the beneficial ownership approach
468(1)
Further reading
469(2)
In More Detail
471(8)
Beneficial ownership - Selected Cases
471(8)
Before BEPS: Use of domestic GAAR
479(4)
The India-Mauritius Double Tax Treaty
479(3)
Future of the India-Mauritius Treaty for investment into India
482(1)
Chapter 20 European Corporation Tax Issues 483(34)
Overview
483(1)
Introduction
483(2)
EU principles affecting tax issues
485(3)
The 'fundamental freedoms'
485(1)
Constitutional issues in the EU
486(2)
Judicial Review
488(4)
CJEU decisions
488(1)
Tax treaties and EU law
489(3)
The Directives
492(10)
Merger Directive
492(2)
Parent/Subsidiary Directive
494(1)
Interest and Royalties Directive
495(1)
Mutual Assistance for the Recovery of Tax Claims Directive
496(1)
Directive on Administrative Cooperation in the Field of Taxation (DAC)
497(3)
Anti-Tax Avoidance Directive (ATAD)
500(2)
Dispute Resolution Directive
502(1)
State Aid
502(2)
Soft Law
504(4)
The EU Code of Conduct
504(1)
EU Tax Transparency Package
504(1)
Action Plan for Fair and Efficient Corporate Tax in the EU
505(1)
EU Digital Package
506(1)
Report on financial crimes, tax evasion and tax avoidance
506(1)
Business Taxation for the Twenty-first Century
507(1)
Further reading
508(3)
In More Detail
511(6)
Common consolidated corporate tax base
511(6)
Chapter 21 Indirect Taxes 517(38)
Overview
517(1)
How value added tax works
518(3)
Partial exemption
521(1)
Cross-border trade and value added tax
521(8)
An international framework: the OECD's Guidelines
522(1)
Destination system
523(1)
Origin system
523(1)
Exports of goods in a destination system - 'place of supply'?
524(1)
Imports of goods in a destination system - the 'reverse charge' system
525(3)
Temporary imports
528(1)
Postponement of import value added tax on goods
528(1)
Cross-border supplies of goods within the EU
529(3)
Intra-Community supplies of goods: the 'transitional' regime
530(1)
Current EU regime
530(1)
Multiple registration problem
531(1)
EU Developments
532(1)
VAT on cross-border supplies of services
533(6)
OECD's VAT Guidelines
533(6)
Supplies of services within the EU
539(4)
EU rules on supply of B2B services
539(1)
B2B services connected with land
540(1)
Place of supply: B2B transport services
541(1)
EU rules on supply of B2C services
541(1)
From MOSS to OSS
542(1)
VAT Fraud
543(1)
EU Missing Trader Intra-Community fraud
543(4)
Missing Trader Intra-Community fraud: simple acquisition fraud
544(1)
Missing Trader Intra-Community fraud: involving a non-EU country
545(1)
Approaches to tackling Missing Trader Intra-Community fraud
545(2)
Customs and excise duties
547(5)
Customs duties
547(1)
Excise duties
548(1)
Issues common to both customs and excise duties
549(3)
Further reading
552(3)
Chapter 22 Tackling Tax Evasion 555(32)
Overview
555(2)
Economic and political sanctions
557(1)
Information exchange and transparency
558(2)
Bilateral tax information exchange agreements
559(1)
The Global Forum
560(4)
The 'internationally agreed standard'
561(1)
The OECD Common Reporting Standard
562(2)
Multilateral Competent Authority Agreement
564(1)
The US Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act
565(3)
Intergovernmental Agreements
567(1)
Automatic exchange of information
568(3)
The OECD/Council of Europe Multilateral Convention on Mutual Administrative Assistance in Tax Matters
569(2)
Exchange of information and tax transparency within the EU
571(1)
The 'Rubik' agreements
571(1)
EU-Switzerland Tax Transparency Agreement
572(1)
Too many regimes?
572(3)
Comparing FATCA with the OECD's Common Reporting Standard and the DAC
574(1)
Offshore voluntary disclosure programmes
575(6)
OVDPs in practice
577(1)
The US Offshore Voluntary Disclosure Programs
577(2)
The problem with voluntary disclosure programmes
579(2)
Action against intermediaries
581(3)
US action against UBS
582(1)
The Leaks
583(1)
Further reading
584(3)
Chapter 23 Tax and Development 587(21)
Overview
587(1)
Introduction
587(1)
Tax policy in developing countries
588(3)
Tax expenditures in developing countries
591(1)
Attracting FDI with tax incentives
591(5)
Reduced CIT rates and tax holidays
593(1)
Investment allowances and credits
594(1)
Administration of tax incentives
595(1)
What do host governments hope to achieve?
595(1)
Tax competition and development
596(1)
International tax and developing countries
596(3)
Transfer pricing
598(1)
Double tax treaties
599(1)
Residence country dilution of tax incentives
599(2)
BEPS and developing countries
601(2)
Digitalisation and Development
603(1)
Digital Services: UN MTC
604(1)
Extractive Industries
604(1)
Further reading
605(3)
Appendix Articles of the OECD Model Tax Convention on Income and Capital 608(25)
Index 633
Lynne Oats is the Professor of Taxation and Accounting at Exeter University, Deputy Director of the Tax Administration Research Centre and Vice Chair of the UK Tax Research Network. She is also the Assistant Editor of British Tax Review.