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Principles of Planar Near-Field Antenna Measurements [Pehme köide]

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  • Formaat: Paperback / softback, 424 pages, kõrgus x laius: 234x156 mm
  • Sari: Electromagnetic Waves
  • Ilmumisaeg: 30-Nov-2007
  • Kirjastus: Institution of Engineering and Technology
  • ISBN-10: 0863417361
  • ISBN-13: 9780863417368
Teised raamatud teemal:
Principles of Planar Near-Field Antenna MeasurementsSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: Paperback / softback, 424 pages, kõrgus x laius: 234x156 mm
  • Sari: Electromagnetic Waves
  • Ilmumisaeg: 30-Nov-2007
  • Kirjastus: Institution of Engineering and Technology
  • ISBN-10: 0863417361
  • ISBN-13: 9780863417368
Teised raamatud teemal:
Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9780863417368.html
Märksõnad:
This single volume provides a comprehensive introduction and explanation of both the theory and practice of 'Planar Near-Field Antenna Measurement' from its basic postulates and assumptions, to the intricacies of its deployment in complex and demanding measurement scenarios. To do this the book initially examines the properties of antennas that allow them to enhance the free space interaction of electronic systems and this leads into a full description of the theory of 'Planar Near-Field Scanning'.



The utility of the planar methodology is illustrated with example measurement campaigns that include discussion of the characterisation of a wide range of antennas. Advanced techniques including back transforms and poly-planar scan techniques, plus error assessment and correction, are examined and explained along with an extensive review of data assessment methodologies.



A large number of near-field facilities exist worldwide but to the authors' knowledge no single text provides a clear step-by-step description of all the details of the 'Planar Near-Field Measurement Technique'. All three authors have spent a significant proportion of their professional careers involved with antenna measurements and the aim of this text is to provide the reader with a complete, comprehensive and practical text that will act as a single reference for all aspects of the measurement technique.

Arvustused

'At last, a must-have complete reference source for the foundations, principles and practice of planar near field antenna measurements. The principles are presented in user friendly math from the Maxwellian basis, to the plane wave spectra, to the latest advances. Practical measurement aspects, including sampling, alignment, truncation, positioning errors, polarization and multiple reflections, are examined in detail. This book is a brilliant collection of the body-of-knowledge of planar near field measurement with extensions to the future. I highly recommend this book for antenna measurement practitioners and those new to antenna measurements.' -- Ed Joy, Professor Emeritus, Georgia Institute of Technology

Preface xi
1 Introduction 1
1.1 The phenomena of antenna coupling
1
1.2 Characterisation via the measurement process
4
1.2.1 Free space radiation pattern
6
1.2.2 Polarisation
7
1.2.3 Bandwidth
8
1.3 The organisation of the book
11
1.4 References
12
2 Maxwell's equations and electromagnetic wave propagation 13
2.1 Electric charge
13
2.2 The EM field
14
2.3 Accelerated charges
16
2.4 Maxwell's equations
18
2.5 The electric and magnetic potentials
24
2.5.1 Static potentials
24
2.5.2 Retarded potentials
24
2.6 The inapplicability of source excitation as a measurement methodology
28
2.7 Field equivalence principle
28
2.8 Characterising vector EM fields
30
2.9 Summary
33
2.10 References
33
3 Introduction to near-field antenna measurements 35
3.1 Introduction
35
3.2 Antenna measurements
35
3.3 Forms of near-field antenna measurements
40
3.4 Plane rectilinear near-field antenna measurements
43
3.5 Chambers, screening and absorber
44
3.6 RF subsystem
47
3.7 Robotics positioner subsystem
52
3.8 Near-field probe
56
3.9 Generic antenna measurement process
58
3.10 Summary
60
3.11 References
60
4 Plane wave spectrum representation of electromagnetic waves 63
4.1 Introduction
63
4.2 Overview of the derivation of the PWS
64
4.3 Solution of the scalar Helmholtz equation in Cartesian coordinates
65
4.3.1 Introduction to integral transforms
65
4.3.2 Fourier transform solution of the scalar Helmholtz equation
65
4.4 On the choice of boundary conditions
78
4.5 Operator substitution (derivative of a Fourier transform)
79
4.6 Solution of the vector Helmholtz equation in Cartesian coordinates
81
4.7 Solution of the vector magnetic wave equation in Cartesian coordinates
83
4.8 The relationship between electric and magnetic spectral components
84
4.9 The free-space propagation vector k
87
4.10 Plane wave impedance
88
4.11 Interpretation as an angular spectrum of plane waves
90
4.12 Far-field antenna radiation patterns: approximated by the angular spectrum
92
4.13 Stationary phase evaluation of a double integral
95
4.14 Coordinate free fonn of the near-field to angular spectrum transform
101
4.15 Reduction of the coordinate free form of the near-field to far-field transform to Huygens' principle
104
4.16 Far-fields from non-planar apertures
106
4.17 Microwave holographic metrology (plane-to-plane transform)
107
4.18 Far-field to near-field transform
108
4.19 Radiated power and the angular spectrum
112
4.20 Summary of conventional near-field to far-field transform
115
4.21 References
117
5 Measurements – practicalities of planar near-field antenna measurements 119
5.1 Introduction
119
5.2 Sampling (interpolation theory)
120
5.3 Truncation, spectral leakage and finite area scan errors
121
5.4 Antenna-to-antenna coupling (transmission) formula
125
5.4.1 Attenuation of evanescent plane wave mode coefficients
136
5.4.2 Simple scattering model of a near-field probe during a planar measurement
137
5.5 Evaluation of the conventional near-field to far-field transform
138
5.5.1 Standard techniques for the evaluation of a double Fourier integral
139
5.6 General antenna coupling formula: arbitrarily orientated antennas
143
5.7 Plane-polar and plane-bipolar near-field to far-field transform
148
5.7.1 Boundary values known in plane-polar coordinates
150
5.7.2 Boundary values known in plane-bipolar coordinates
151
5.8 Regular azimuth over elevation and elevation over azimuth coordinate systems
156
5.9 Polarisation basis and antenna measurements
159
5.9.1 Cartesian polarisation basis – Ludwig I
159
5.9.2 Polar spherical polarisation basis
160
5.9.3 Azimuth over elevation basis – Ludwig II
161
5.9.4 Copolar and cross-polar polarisation basis – Ludwig III
163
5.9.5 Circular polarisation basis – RHCP and LHCP
165
5.10 Overview of antenna alignment corrections
169
5.10.1 Scalar rotation of far-field antenna patterns
169
5.10.2 Vector rotation of far-field antenna patterns
171
5.10.4 Rotation of copolar polarisation basis – generalized Ludwig III
173
5.10.5 Generalized compound vector rotation of far-field antenna patterns
174
5.11 Brief description of near-field coordinate systems
175
5.11.1 Range fixed system
176
5.11.2 Antenna mechanical system
177
5.11.3 Antenna electrical system
178
5.11.4 Far-field azimuth and elevation coordinates
178
5.11.5 Ludwig III copolar and cross-polar definition
178
5.11.6 Probe alignment definition (SPP)
178
5.11.7 General vector rotation of antenna radiation patterns
179
5.12 Directivity and gain
180
5.12.1 Directivity
180
5.12.2 Gain – by substitution method
181
5.12.3 Gain-transfer (gain-comparison) method
182
5.13 Calculating the peak of a pattern
183
5.13.1 Peak by polynomial fit
183
5.13.2 Peak by centroid
185
5.14 Summary
186
5.15 References
187
6 Probe pattern characterisation 189
6.1 Introduction
189
6.2 Effect of the probe pattern on far-field data
189
6.3 Desirable characteristics of a near-field probe
191
6.4 Acquisition of quasi far-field probe pattern
193
6.4.1 Sampling scheme
194
6.4.2 Electronic system drift (tie-scan correction)
197
6.4.3 Channel-balance correction
198
6.4.4 Assessment of chamber multiple reflections
200
6.4.5 Correction for rotary errors
202
6.4.6 Re-tabulation of probe vector pattern function
205
6.4.7 Alternate interpolation formula
209
6.4.8 True far-field probe pattern
211
6.5 Finite element model of open-ended rectangular waveguide probe
213
6.6 Probe displacement correction
217
6.7 Channel-balance correction
217
6.8 References
218
7 Computational electromagnetic model of a planar near-field measurement process 219
7.1 Introduction
219
7.2 Method of sub-apertures
220
7.3 Aperture set in an infinite perfectly conducting ground plane
223
7.3.1 Plane wave spectrum antenna–antenna coupling formula
225
7.4 Vector Huygens' method
227
7.5 Kirchhoff–Huygens' method
229
7.6 Generalized technique for the simulation of near-field antenna measurements
233
7.6.1 Mutual coupling and the reaction theorem
234
7.7 Near-field measurement simulation
237
7.8 Reaction theorem
239
7.8.1 Lorentz reciprocity theorem (field reciprocity theorem)
240
7.8.2 Generalized reaction theorem
244
7.8.3 Mutual impedance and the reaction theorem
247
7.9 Summary
247
7.10 References
248
8 Antenna measurement analysis and assessment 249
8.1 Introduction
249
8.2 The establishment of the measure from the measurement results
249
8.2.1 Measurement errors
250
8.2.2 The sources of measurement ambiguity and error
253
8.2.3 The examination of measurement result data to establish the measure
256
8.3 Measurement error budgets
259
8.3.1 Applicability of modelling error sources
259
8.3.2 The empirical approach to error budgets
260
8.4 Quantitative measures of correspondence between data sets
261
8.4.1 The requirement for measures of correspondence
261
8.5 Comparison techniques
263
8.5.1 Examples of conventional data set comparison techniques
263
8.5.2 Novel data comparison techniques
267
8.6 Summary
282
8.7 References
283
9 Advanced planar near-field antenna measurements 285
9.1 Introduction
285
9.2 Active alignment correction
285
9.2.1 Acquisition of alignment data in a planar near-field facility
287
9.2.2 Acquisition of mechanical alignment data in a planar near-field facility
289
9.2.3 Example of the application of active alignment correction
291
9.3 Amplitude only planar near-field measurements
296
9.3.1 PTP phase retrieval algorithm
297
9.3.2 PTP phase retrieval algorithm — with aperture constraint
301
9.4 Efficient position correction algorithms, in-plane and z—plane corrections
303
9.4.1 Taylor series expansion
305
9.4.2 K-correction method
311
9.5 Partial scan techniques
315
9.5.1 Auxiliary translation
315
9.5.2 Rotations of the AUT about the z-axis
319
9.5.3 Auxiliary rotation – bi-planar near-field antenna measurements
320
9.5.4 Near-field to far-field transformation of probe corrected data
329
9.5.5 Applicability of the poly-planar technique
335
9.5.6 Complete poly-planar rotational technique
338
9.6 Concluding remarks
342
9.7 References
344
Appendix A: Other theories of interaction 347
A.1 Examples of postulated mechanisms of interaction
347
Appendix B: Measurement definitions as used in the text 354
Appendix C: An overview of coordinate systems 357
C.1 Antenna mechanical system (AMS)
357
C.2 Antenna electrical system (AES)
357
C.3 Far-field plotting systems
358
C.4 Direction cosine
358
C.5 Azimuth over elevation
360
C.6 Elevation over azimuth
361
C.7 Polar spherical
362
C.8 Azimuth and elevation (true-view)
364
C.9 Range of spherical angles
365
C.10 Transformation between coordinate systems
366
C.11 Coordinate systems and elemental solid angles
367
C.12 Relationship between coordinate systems
368
C.13 Azimuth, elevation and Roll angles
371
C.14 Euler angles
373
C.15 Quaternion
374
C.16 Elemental solid angle for a true-view coordinate system
377
Appendix D: Trapezoidal discrete Fourier transform 380
Appendix E: Calculating the semi-major axis, semi-minor axis and tilt angle of a rotated ellipse 384
Index 389
Stuart Gregson MIET, MIoP, CEng, CPhys, CSci has BSc and MSc degrees in Physics from the University of Portsmouth, and a PhD from Queen Mary, University of London. He has special experience with near-field antenna measurement, finite array mutual coupling, computational electromagnetics and installed antenna performance prediction, and has published numerous peer-reviewed research papers. He is currently with Nearfield Systems Incorporated.



John McCormick MIET, MIoP, FIScT, CPhys, CEng, CSci holds HNC Instrumentation Systems, BA Occupational Hygiene, BSc Natural Sciences/Physics, MSc Solid State Physics and PhD degrees from South Bank, Portsmouth and Open Universities successively. Within DERA, then BAE SYSTEMS and now SELEX SAS Edinburgh, from junior chemistry technician to lead radar systems engineer he has extensive experience in antenna, RCS and EW research and development.



Clive Parini FIET is currently Professor of Antenna Engineering and Head of the Antenna and Electromagnetics Research Group at Queen Mary, University of London. In 1990 he jointly received the IET Measurements Prize for work on near-field reflector metrology. He was previously chairman of the IET Antennas and Propagation Professional Network Executive Team and an honorary editor for the IET Journal Microwaves, Antennas and Propagation.