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Production of biodiesel using lipase encapsulated in -carrageenan 2015 ed. [Pehme köide]

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  • Formaat: Paperback / softback, 125 pages, kõrgus x laius: 235x155 mm, kaal: 2423 g, 14 Illustrations, color; 52 Illustrations, black and white; X, 125 p. 66 illus., 14 illus. in color., 1 Paperback / softback
  • Sari: SpringerBriefs in Bioengineering
  • Ilmumisaeg: 24-Oct-2014
  • Kirjastus: Springer International Publishing AG
  • ISBN-10: 3319108212
  • ISBN-13: 9783319108216
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Production of biodiesel using lipase encapsulated in -carrageenan 2015 ed.Suurem pilt
  • Formaat: Paperback / softback, 125 pages, kõrgus x laius: 235x155 mm, kaal: 2423 g, 14 Illustrations, color; 52 Illustrations, black and white; X, 125 p. 66 illus., 14 illus. in color., 1 Paperback / softback
  • Sari: SpringerBriefs in Bioengineering
  • Ilmumisaeg: 24-Oct-2014
  • Kirjastus: Springer International Publishing AG
  • ISBN-10: 3319108212
  • ISBN-13: 9783319108216
Teised raamatud teemal:
Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9783319108216.html
Märksõnad:
This book explores a novel technique for processing biodiesel using lipase immobilization by encapsulation and its physical properties, stability characteristics, and application in stirred tank and re-circulated packed bed immobilized reactors for biodiesel production. The enzymatic processing of biodiesel addresses many of the problems associated with chemical processing. It requires only moderate operating conditions and yields a high-quality product with a high level of conversion and the life cycle assessment of enzymatic biodiesel production has more favourable environmental consequences. The chemical processing problems of waste water treatment are lessened and soap formation is not an issue, meaning that waste oil with higher FFA can be used as the feedstock. The by product glycerol does not require any purification and it can be sold at higher price. However, soluble enzymatic processing is not perfect. It is costly, the enzyme cannot be recycled and its removal from the product is difficult. For these reasons, immobilized enzymatic process has been developed which retains the advantages of the soluble enzymatic process and reuse of the enzyme is possible which decreases the enzyme cost, the biodiesel produced does not contain any enzyme residue and the activity of the enzyme can be increased by immobilization. The drawbacks of the immobilized enzyme process are mass transfer limitation, enzyme leakage, the lack of a versatile commercial immobilized enzyme and some of immobilization methods involve toxic chemicals. To overcome the drawbacks of the immobilized enzyme, an attempt is made to use a degradable biopolymer (?-carrageenan) as a carrier for lipase immobilization.
1 Introduction
1(22)
1.1 Renewable Energy
1(2)
1.2 Biofuels
3(1)
1.3 History of Biodiesel
4(1)
1.4 Global Biodiesel Production
5(2)
1.5 Palm Oil
7(2)
1.5.1 History
7(1)
1.5.2 Palm Oil-Global Scenario
7(1)
1.5.3 Malaysian Scenario
8(1)
1.6 Biodiesel in Malaysia
9(1)
1.7 White Biotechnology
10(1)
1.8 Biodiesel Production Using Lipase Enzymes
11(1)
1.9 Immobilization
12(1)
1.10 Biopolymer Material
13(1)
1.11 Research Background
13(2)
1.12 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
15(2)
1.13 Economic Assessment
17(1)
1.13.1 Factors of Economic Assessment
17(1)
1.14 Research Problem
18(1)
1.15 Approach
19(1)
1.16 Scope
19(4)
References
19(4)
2 Literature Review
23(42)
2.1 Biodiesel
27(1)
2.2 Process Description
27(7)
2.2.1 Homogeneous Alkaline Catalyst
28(3)
2.2.2 Homogeneous Acid Catalyst
31(1)
2.2.3 Homogeneous Enzyme Catalyst
32(1)
2.2.4 Homogeneous Whole Cell Microorganisms
32(1)
2.2.5 Transesterification Without Catalysts
32(1)
2.2.6 Heterogeneous Alkali Catalyst
33(1)
2.2.7 Heterogeneous Acid Catalyst
33(1)
2.2.8 Heterogeneous Whole Cell Micro Organism
33(1)
2.2.9 Heterogeneous Enzyme Catalyst
33(1)
2.3 Immobilization
34(7)
2.3.1 Various Lipase Immobilization Techniques Used for Biodiesel Production
34(1)
2.3.2 Adsorption
35(3)
2.3.3 Covalent Binding
38(1)
2.3.4 Cross-Linking
38(1)
2.3.5 Entrapment
39(1)
2.3.6 Encapsulation
39(1)
2.3.7 Other Immobilization Techniques
40(1)
2.4 Factors Affecting the Production of Biodiesel Using Immobilized Lipase
41(6)
2.4.1 Pretreatment of Immobilized Lipase
41(1)
2.4.2 Feedstock
41(2)
2.4.3 Lipase Enzyme
43(2)
2.4.4 Acyl Acceptors
45(2)
2.4.5 Water Content
47(1)
2.5 Immobilized Bioreactors and Operation Mode
47(3)
2.5.1 Stirred Tank Bioreactor
48(1)
2.5.2 Packed Bed Bioreactors
48(1)
2.5.3 Operational Mode
49(1)
2.5.4 Batch Mode
49(1)
2.5.5 Fed Batch Mode
49(1)
2.5.6 Continuous Mode
50(1)
2.6 Kinetics of Biodiesel Production Using Immobilized Lipase
50(2)
2.7 Carrageenan as a Matrix for Lipase Immobilization
52(2)
2.8 Methods for Biocatalyst Immobilization in Carrageenan
54(2)
2.8.1 Gel Method
54(1)
2.8.2 Droplet Method
55(1)
2.8.3 Emulsion Method
55(1)
2.8.4 Dehydration Method
55(1)
2.9 LCA Studies on Biodiesel Production
56(1)
2.10 Economical Assessment of Biodiesel Production
57(8)
References
59(6)
3 Materials and Methods
65(20)
3.1 Materials
65(2)
3.2 Methods
67(18)
3.2.1 Lipase Encapsulation
67(1)
3.2.2 Capsule Size and Coefficient of Variance
68(1)
3.2.3 Moisture Content
68(1)
3.2.4 Immobilization Efficiency
68(1)
3.2.5 Surface and Internal Morphologies of Encapsulated Lipase
69(1)
3.2.6 Interaction Between κ-Carrageenan and Lipase
69(1)
3.2.7 Lipase Activity
69(1)
3.2.8 pH Stability
70(1)
3.2.9 Temperature Stability
70(1)
3.2.10 Solvent Stability
71(1)
3.2.11 Storage Stability
71(1)
3.2.12 Reusability of the Immobilized Lipase
71(1)
3.2.13 Reaction Conditions and Optimization of the Biodiesel Production in Stirred Tank Batch Reactor
71(1)
3.2.14 Effect of Oil and Methanol Ratio
72(1)
3.2.15 Effect of Water Concentration
72(1)
3.2.16 Effect of Enzyme Loading
72(1)
3.2.17 Effect of Temperature
72(1)
3.2.18 Effect of Reaction Time
72(1)
3.2.19 Effect of Mixing Intensity
73(1)
3.2.20 Reusability of Immobilized Enzyme
73(1)
3.2.21 Reaction Conditions and Optimization of Biodiesel Production in Packed Bed Batch Reactor
73(1)
3.2.22 Effect of Flow Rate
73(1)
3.2.23 Effect of Reaction Time
73(1)
3.2.24 Biodiesel Sampling and Analysis
74(1)
3.2.25 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
74(1)
3.2.26 Goal and Scope of the Study
74(1)
3.2.27 Impact Assessment
75(1)
3.2.28 Inventory Analysis
76(1)
3.2.29 Economic Assessment of Biodiesel Production
76(3)
3.2.30 Process Flow Sheets, Time Chart, and Costs
79(5)
References
84(1)
4 Results and Discussion
85(40)
4.1 Lipase Encapsulation
85(1)
4.2 Physical Characteristics of Encapsulated Lipase Capsule
86(4)
4.2.1 Capsule Size
86(1)
4.2.2 Moisture Content
87(1)
4.2.3 Immobilization Efficiency
87(1)
4.2.4 Surface and Internal Morphologies of Encapsulated Lipase
88(1)
4.2.5 Interaction Between κ-Carrageenan and Lipase
88(2)
4.3 Stability Characteristics of Encapsulated Lipase
90(5)
4.3.1 pH Stability
90(2)
4.3.2 Temperature Stability
92(1)
4.3.3 Solvent Stability
93(1)
4.3.4 Storage Stability
94(1)
4.3.5 Reusability of Immobilized Lipase
95(1)
4.4 Kinetic Parameters
95(2)
4.5 Biodiesel Production from Palm oil Using Encapsulated Lipase in Batch Immobilized Bioreactor
97(7)
4.5.1 Effect of Oil and Methanol Ratio
97(1)
4.5.2 Effect of Water Concentration
98(1)
4.5.3 Effect of Immobilized Enzyme Loading
98(2)
4.5.4 Effect of Temperature
100(1)
4.5.5 Effect of Reaction Time
100(1)
4.5.6 Effect of Mixing Intensity
101(1)
4.5.7 Reusability of Immobilized Enzyme
102(2)
4.6 Production of Biodiesel Using Immobilized Lipase in Recirculated Packed Bed Immobilized Bioreactor
104(2)
4.6.1 Effect of Flow Rate
104(1)
4.6.2 Effect of Reaction Time
105(1)
4.6.3 Comparison of Biodiesel Production in Stirred Tank Immobilized Bioreactor With Recirculated Packed Bed Immobilized Bioreactor
106(1)
4.7 Kinetics and Modelling of Biodiesel Production Using Encapsulated Lipase
106(6)
4.7.1 Diffusion Effect of κ-Carrageenan Encapsulated Lipase in Biodiesel Production
110(2)
4.8 Catalytic and Non-Catalytic Functions of κ-Carrageenan Encapsulated Lipase
112(2)
4.8.1 Catalytic Function
112(1)
4.8.2 Isolation of Catalyst from the Application Environment
113(1)
4.8.3 Stability
113(1)
4.8.4 Eco-Friendly Factors
114(1)
4.9 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Biodiesel Production
114(5)
4.10 Economic Assessment of Biodiesel Production
119(2)
4.11 Conclusion
121(4)
References
122(3)
Nomenclature 125
Prof. Dr. Pogaku Ravindra is an internationally renowned expert in bio energy and Biofuels field. He is a distinguished Professor of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, and the Postgraduate coordinator of School of Engineering and Information Technology at University Malaysia Sabah (UMS), Kota kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia. He is also the UNESCO consultant on Sustainable energy projects. He has rich versatile and varied experience of teaching, research, industry, administrative and executive spanning over 30 years. Prof. Ravindras research interests include bioenergy, wealth from waste (Single Cell protein etc), bioprocess engineering. At present his research group focus is on Bio-derived energy for sustainable development. His research work has culminated in over 150 research publications including chapters in books, critical reviews and presentations to his credit. He has published five books. He is the editor-in-chief, editorial board member, guest editor in referred journals and reviewer of many peer journals.

Kenthorai Raman Jegannathan is a researcher at the École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne in Switzerland.