This reference book provides a detailed discussion on the protection challenges that arise due to technological improvements in transmission and distribution systems to supply increasing power demand. The primary focus of this book is transmission line protection with FACTS devices connected to the line and islanding detection in an active distribution system i.e., microgrids.
First, a literature review on the protection of transmission lines in the presence of switching devices is presented. The following chapters then present commonly proposed modifications required in the power system to meet increasing power demands, commonly used existing protection schemes and their limitations in the presence of switching devices, and solutions to these limitations in protection schemes. Results from fault simulations using PSCAD/EMTDC and MATLAB are also included.
This book will be valuable to graduate students and practicing engineers alike for dealing with protection issues in transmission and distribution systems incorporating FACTS devices.
Provides thorough knowledge of trends in transmission networks for the enhancement of power flow, control and protection Presents an analysis of requirements of microgrids in the future Highlights challenges in the protection of active distribution systems or microgrids against islanding in the presence of distributed generation
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1 | (18) |
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1 | (1) |
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2 | (6) |
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1.2.1 Protection of FACTS-Compensated Line |
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2 | (5) |
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1.2.2 Microgrid Islanding Protection |
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7 | (1) |
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1.3 Summary and Book Organization |
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8 | (1) |
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9 | (10) |
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2 Modifications Required in Power System to Meet Increasing Power Demand |
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19 | (14) |
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19 | (1) |
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2.2 Facts to Enhance Power Flow Through Transmission Line |
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20 | (3) |
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2.2.1 Thyristor-Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) |
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20 | (1) |
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2.2.2 Static VAR Compensator (SVC) |
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20 | (2) |
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2.2.3 Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) |
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22 | (1) |
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2.3 Power Flow in the Line with Series/Shunt Compensation |
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23 | (4) |
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2.3.1 Power Flow with Series Compensation |
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24 | (1) |
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2.3.2 Power Flow with Shunt Compensation |
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25 | (2) |
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2.4 Distributed Generation to Meet Power Demand Close to the Load Center |
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27 | (1) |
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2.5 Microgrid Embedded with Renewable-Based Distributed Generation |
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27 | (3) |
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2.6 Requirement of DC and Hybrid Microgrids in Future - An Analysis |
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30 | (1) |
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31 | (1) |
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32 | (1) |
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3 Existing Protection and Challenges |
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33 | (30) |
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33 | (1) |
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3.2 Transmission Line Protection |
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33 | (12) |
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34 | (3) |
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3.2.2 Quadrilateral Relay Characteristics |
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37 | (2) |
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3.2.3 Differential Relaying |
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39 | (2) |
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3.2.4 Biased Differential Relaying |
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41 | (1) |
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3.2.5 Measurement of Apparent Impedance |
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41 | (4) |
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3.3 Challenges in the Protection of FACTS-Compensated Line |
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45 | (8) |
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3.3.1 Influence of FACTS Devices on Protection Schemes |
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45 | (1) |
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3.3.2 Series FACTS Devices and Their Impacts on Conventional Protection |
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46 | (2) |
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3.3.3 Shunt FACTS Devices and Their Impacts on Conventional Protection |
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48 | (3) |
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3.3.4 Combination of Series and Shunt FACTS Devices and Their Influences on Conventional Protection Schemes |
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51 | (1) |
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3.3.5 Simulated Verification of the Discussed Impact of FACTS Devices on the Conventional Relaying Schemes |
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51 | (2) |
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3.4 Distribution System Protection |
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53 | (3) |
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3.4.1 Time-Graded Protection |
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54 | (1) |
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3.4.2 Current-Graded Protection |
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55 | (1) |
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3.4.3 Combination of Time- and Current-Graded Protection |
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56 | (1) |
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3.5 Challenges in the Protection of DG-Embedded Distribution System |
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56 | (3) |
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3.5.1 Dynamic in the Level of Fault Current |
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56 | (1) |
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3.5.2 Bidirectional Fault Current |
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57 | (1) |
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57 | (1) |
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3.5.4 Blinding Protection |
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58 | (1) |
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3.5.5 High-Impedance Fault |
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58 | (1) |
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3.5.6 Mode of Operation of a Microgrid |
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58 | (1) |
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3.5.7 Distance to a Fault |
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58 | (1) |
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3.5.8 Single-Phase Connection |
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59 | (1) |
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59 | (1) |
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3.5.10 Loss of Coordination |
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59 | (1) |
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59 | (1) |
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60 | (3) |
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4 Solutions to the Protection Challenges |
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63 | (60) |
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63 | (1) |
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4.2 Protection of Modern Transmission System |
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63 | (43) |
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4.2.1 SSCII-Based Pilot Protection Scheme for SVC-Compensated Line |
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63 | (6) |
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4.2.2 ERF-Based Fault Detection Method for Shunt-Compensated Line |
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69 | (7) |
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4.2.3 EPE-Based Pilot Relaying Scheme for Series-Compensated Line |
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76 | (8) |
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4.2.4 Imaginary Component of Virtual Fault Impedance-Based Relaying |
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84 | (6) |
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4.2.5 EC-Based Relaying Scheme for TCSC-Compensated Line |
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90 | (8) |
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4.2.6 IRPCs-Based Pilot Protection Scheme for Compensated Line |
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98 | (8) |
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4.3 Islanding Detection Scheme for Microgrid |
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106 | (15) |
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4.3.1 Voltage Ripple-Based Islanding Detection Technique (VRBIDT) |
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106 | (5) |
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4.3.2 Wavelet Transform-Based Islanding Detection Technique (WTBIDT) |
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111 | (5) |
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4.3.3 Hybrid Islanding Detection Scheme for Converter-Based DGs |
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116 | (5) |
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121 | (2) |
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123 | (2) |
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123 | (1) |
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5.2 Scope for Future Work |
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124 | (1) |
| Index |
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125 | |
Om Hari Gupta is currently an Assistant Professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Jamshedpur, India. He received the B.Tech degree (Electrical & Electronics Engineering) from UP Technical University, Lucknow, India, M.Tech degree (Power Electronics & ASIC Design) from the MN National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, India, and Ph.D. degree (Electrical Engineering) from the Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India. He is a recipient of the Canadian Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Scholarship for research visiting the University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, ON, Canada in 2017. His major areas of research interests include power system compensation and protection, microgrid control and protection, and control of drives. Dr. Gupta is a reviewer for various international journals including IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Electric Power Components and Systems, International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems, etc.
Manoj Tripathy received his BE degree in electrical engineering from Nagpur University, Nagpur, India, in 1999, the M.Tech degree in instrumentation and control from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India, in 2002, and the PhD degree from the Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India, in 2008. He is currently working as Associate Professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India. His fields of interest are wavelets, neural network, optimization techniques, content-based image retrieval, digital instrumentation, digital protective relays and digital speech processing. Dr Tripathy is a reviewer for various international journals in the area of power systems and speech.
Vijay Sood obtained his Ph.D. from the University of Bradford, England. From 1976-2007, he was employed as a Senior Researcher at IREQ (Research Institute ofHydro-Québec) in Montreal. Since 2007, he is an Associate Professor at Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, Canada. His research interests are in the monitoring, control and protection of HVDC and FACTS power systems. He has published widely on HVDC and FACTS transmission systems. He is a member of the Professional Engineers of Ontario, a Life Fellow of the IEEE, Fellow of the Engineering Institute of Canada and Emeritus Fellow of Canadian Academy of Engineers.
