| Preface |
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xiii | |
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xv | |
| A guide to the book |
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xxiii | |
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1 | (14) |
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The vision of Ambient Intelligence |
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1 | (2) |
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3 | (3) |
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6 | (1) |
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7 | (3) |
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Characteristic requirements |
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7 | (2) |
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9 | (1) |
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Why are sensor networks different? |
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10 | (3) |
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Mobile ad hoc networks and wireless sensor networks |
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10 | (2) |
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Fieldbuses and wireless sensor networks |
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12 | (1) |
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Enabling technologies for wireless sensor networks |
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13 | (2) |
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15 | (68) |
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17 | (42) |
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18 | (18) |
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Sensor node hardware overview |
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18 | (1) |
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19 | (2) |
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21 | (1) |
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21 | (10) |
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31 | (1) |
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Power supply of sensor nodes |
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32 | (4) |
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Energy consumption of sensor nodes |
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36 | (9) |
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Operation states with different power consumption |
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36 | (2) |
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Microcontroller energy consumption |
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38 | (1) |
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39 | (1) |
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40 | (4) |
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Relationship between computation and communication |
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44 | (1) |
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Power consumption of sensor and actuators |
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44 | (1) |
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Operating systems and execution environments |
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45 | (9) |
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Embedded operating systems |
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45 | (1) |
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Programming paradigms and application programming interfaces |
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45 | (2) |
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Structure of operating system and protocol stack |
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47 | (1) |
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Dynamic energy and power management |
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48 | (2) |
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Case Study: TinyOS and nesC |
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50 | (3) |
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53 | (1) |
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Some examples of sensor nodes |
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54 | (2) |
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54 | (1) |
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54 | (1) |
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54 | (1) |
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54 | (1) |
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55 | (1) |
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56 | (3) |
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59 | (24) |
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60 | (3) |
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Types of sources and sinks |
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60 | (1) |
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Single-hop versus multihop networks |
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60 | (2) |
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Multiple sinks and sources |
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62 | (1) |
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62 | (1) |
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Optimization goals and figures of merit |
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63 | (4) |
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64 | (1) |
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65 | (1) |
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66 | (1) |
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67 | (1) |
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Design principles for WSNs |
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67 | (7) |
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67 | (1) |
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67 | (3) |
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Adaptive fidelity and accuracy |
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70 | (1) |
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70 | (3) |
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Exploit location information |
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73 | (1) |
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Exploit activity patterns |
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73 | (1) |
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73 | (1) |
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Component-based protocol stacks and cross-layer optimization |
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74 | (1) |
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Service interfaces of WSNs |
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74 | (4) |
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Structuring application/protocol stack interfaces |
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74 | (2) |
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Expressibility requirements for WSN service interfaces |
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76 | (1) |
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77 | (1) |
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78 | (3) |
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78 | (1) |
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WSN to Internet communication |
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79 | (1) |
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Internet to WSN communication |
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80 | (1) |
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81 | (1) |
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81 | (2) |
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PART II COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS |
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83 | (354) |
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85 | (26) |
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85 | (1) |
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Wireless channel and communication fundamentals |
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86 | (17) |
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86 | (2) |
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Modulation and demodulation |
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88 | (2) |
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Wave propagation effects and noise |
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90 | (6) |
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96 | (2) |
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Spread-spectrum communications |
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98 | (2) |
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Packet transmission and synchronization |
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100 | (2) |
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Quality of wireless channels and measures for improvement |
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102 | (1) |
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Physical layer and transceiver design considerations in WSNs |
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103 | (6) |
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103 | (1) |
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Choice of modulation scheme |
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104 | (4) |
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Dynamic modulation scaling |
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108 | (1) |
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108 | (1) |
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109 | (2) |
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111 | (38) |
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Fundamentals of (wireless) MAC protocols |
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112 | (8) |
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Requirements and design constraints for wireless MAC protocols |
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112 | (2) |
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Important classes of MAC protocols |
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114 | (5) |
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MAC protocols for wireless sensor networks |
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119 | (1) |
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Low duty cycle protocols and wakeup concepts |
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120 | (9) |
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Sparse topology and energy management (STEM) |
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121 | (2) |
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123 | (3) |
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The mediation device protocol |
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126 | (1) |
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127 | (1) |
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128 | (1) |
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Contention-based protocols |
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129 | (4) |
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129 | (2) |
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131 | (1) |
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132 | (1) |
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133 | (6) |
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133 | (2) |
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135 | (2) |
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Traffic-adaptive medium access protocol (TRAMA) |
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137 | (2) |
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139 | (1) |
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The IEEE 802.15.4 MAC protocol |
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139 | (6) |
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Network architecture and types/roles of nodes |
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140 | (1) |
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141 | (1) |
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141 | (1) |
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142 | (1) |
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142 | (2) |
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144 | (1) |
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145 | (1) |
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How about IEEE 802.11 and bluetooth? |
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145 | (1) |
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146 | (2) |
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148 | (1) |
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149 | (32) |
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Fundamentals: tasks and requirements |
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150 | (1) |
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151 | (16) |
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Causes and characteristics of transmission errors |
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151 | (1) |
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152 | (6) |
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158 | (5) |
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163 | (2) |
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165 | (1) |
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Further mechanisms to combat errors |
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166 | (1) |
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167 | (1) |
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167 | (7) |
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170 | (2) |
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Intermediate checksum schemes |
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172 | (1) |
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Combining packet-size optimization and FEC |
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173 | (1) |
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Treatment of frame headers |
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174 | (1) |
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174 | (1) |
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174 | (5) |
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Link-quality characteristics |
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175 | (2) |
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177 | (2) |
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179 | (2) |
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181 | (20) |
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182 | (4) |
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Use of addresses and names in (sensor) networks |
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182 | (1) |
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183 | (1) |
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184 | (1) |
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Address allocation and assignment |
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184 | (1) |
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185 | (1) |
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Address and name management in wireless sensor networks |
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186 | (1) |
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Assignment of MAC addresses |
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186 | (3) |
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Distributed assignment of networkwide addresses |
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187 | (2) |
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Distributed assignment of locally unique addresses |
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189 | (5) |
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Address assignment algorithm |
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189 | (2) |
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Address selection and representation |
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191 | (3) |
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194 | (1) |
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Content-based and geographic addressing |
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194 | (4) |
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194 | (4) |
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198 | (1) |
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198 | (3) |
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201 | (30) |
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Introduction to the time synchronization problem |
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201 | (6) |
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The need for time synchronization in wireless sensor networks |
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202 | (1) |
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Node clocks and the problem of accuracy |
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203 | (1) |
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Properties and structure of time synchronization algorithms |
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204 | (2) |
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Time synchronization in wireless sensor networks |
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206 | (1) |
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Protocols based on sender/receiver synchronization |
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207 | (10) |
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Lightweight time synchronization protocol (LTS) |
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207 | (5) |
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How to increase accuracy and estimate drift |
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212 | (2) |
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Timing-sync protocol for sensor networks (TPSN) |
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214 | (3) |
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Protocols based on receiver/receiver synchronization |
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217 | (9) |
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Reference broadcast synchronization (RBS) |
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217 | (6) |
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Hierarchy referencing time synchronization (HRTS) |
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223 | (3) |
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226 | (5) |
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Localization and positioning |
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231 | (20) |
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Properties of localization and positioning procedures |
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232 | (1) |
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233 | (4) |
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233 | (1) |
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Trilateration and triangulation |
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234 | (3) |
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237 | (1) |
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Mathematical basics for the lateration problem |
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237 | (3) |
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Solution with three anchors and correct distance values |
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238 | (1) |
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Solving with distance errors |
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238 | (2) |
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240 | (3) |
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240 | (1) |
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240 | (1) |
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240 | (1) |
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241 | (1) |
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241 | (1) |
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Approximate point in triangle |
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242 | (1) |
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Using angle of arrival information |
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243 | (1) |
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Positioning in multihop environments |
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243 | (4) |
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Connectivity in a multihop network |
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244 | (1) |
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Multihop range estimation |
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244 | (1) |
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Iterative and collaborative multilateration |
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245 | (2) |
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Probabilistic positioning description and propagation |
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247 | (1) |
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Impact of anchor placement |
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247 | (1) |
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248 | (1) |
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249 | (2) |
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251 | (38) |
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Motivation and basic ideas |
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251 | (5) |
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Options for topology control |
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252 | (2) |
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Aspects of topology-control algorithms |
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254 | (2) |
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Controlling topology in flat networks -- Power control |
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256 | (10) |
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256 | (1) |
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Are there magic numbers? -- bounds on critical parameters |
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257 | (2) |
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Some example constructions and protocols |
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259 | (6) |
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Further reading on flat topology control |
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265 | (1) |
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Hierarchical networks by dominating sets |
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266 | (8) |
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Motivation and definition |
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266 | (1) |
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266 | (1) |
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Some ideas from centralized algorithms |
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267 | (3) |
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Some distributed approximations |
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270 | (3) |
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273 | (1) |
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Hierarchical networks by clustering |
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274 | (11) |
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274 | (3) |
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A basic idea to construct independent sets |
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277 | (1) |
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A generalization and some performance insights |
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278 | (1) |
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278 | (1) |
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279 | (1) |
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Some more algorithm examples |
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280 | (1) |
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281 | (2) |
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Multiple layers of clustering |
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283 | (1) |
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284 | (1) |
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284 | (1) |
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Combining hierarchical topologies and power control |
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285 | (1) |
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Pilot-based power control |
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285 | (1) |
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Ad hoc Network Design Algorithm (ANDA) |
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285 | (1) |
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286 | (1) |
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286 | (2) |
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Geographic Adaptive Fidelity (GAF) |
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286 | (1) |
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Adaptive Self-Configuring sEnsor Networks' Topologies (ASCENT) |
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287 | (1) |
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Turning off nodes on the basis of sensing coverage |
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288 | (1) |
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288 | (1) |
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289 | (42) |
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The many faces of forwarding and routing |
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289 | (3) |
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Gossiping and agent-based unicast forwarding |
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292 | (3) |
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292 | (1) |
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292 | (1) |
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293 | (1) |
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294 | (1) |
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295 | (10) |
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295 | (2) |
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Some example unicast protocols |
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297 | (4) |
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301 | (1) |
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Multipath unicast routing |
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301 | (3) |
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304 | (1) |
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305 | (11) |
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305 | (3) |
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Source-based tree protocols |
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308 | (6) |
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Shared, core-based tree protocols |
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314 | (1) |
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314 | (1) |
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Further reading on broadcast and multicast |
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315 | (1) |
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316 | (12) |
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Basics of position-based routing |
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316 | (7) |
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323 | (3) |
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Further reading on geographic routing |
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326 | (2) |
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328 | (1) |
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328 | (1) |
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328 | (1) |
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329 | (1) |
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329 | (2) |
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Data-centric and content-based networking |
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331 | (28) |
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331 | (4) |
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The publish/subscribe interaction paradigm |
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331 | (1) |
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332 | (1) |
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333 | (1) |
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Distribution versus gathering of data - In-network processing |
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334 | (1) |
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335 | (6) |
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335 | (2) |
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337 | (3) |
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340 | (1) |
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341 | (14) |
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341 | (1) |
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A database interface to describe aggregation operations |
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342 | (1) |
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Categories of aggregation operations |
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343 | (2) |
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Placement of aggregation points |
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345 | (1) |
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When to stop waiting for more data |
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345 | (2) |
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Aggregation as an optimization problem |
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347 | (1) |
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Broadcasting an aggregated value |
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347 | (3) |
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Information-directed routing and aggregation |
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350 | (2) |
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352 | (3) |
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Further reading on data aggregation |
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355 | (1) |
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355 | (2) |
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357 | (2) |
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Transport layer and quality of service |
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359 | (54) |
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The transport layer and QoS in wireless sensor networks |
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359 | (3) |
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Quality of service/reliability |
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360 | (1) |
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361 | (1) |
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362 | (14) |
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362 | (2) |
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364 | (1) |
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Uniform random deployments: Poisson point processes |
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365 | (1) |
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Coverage of random deployments: Boolean sensing model |
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366 | (2) |
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Coverage of random deployments: general sensing model |
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368 | (1) |
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369 | (5) |
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Coverage of grid deployments |
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374 | (1) |
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375 | (1) |
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376 | (2) |
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Reliability requirements in sensor networks |
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377 | (1) |
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378 | (11) |
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379 | (5) |
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384 | (4) |
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388 | (1) |
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389 | (1) |
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389 | (11) |
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PSFQ: block delivery in the sink-to-sensors case |
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389 | (6) |
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RMST: block delivery in the sensors-to-sink case |
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395 | (2) |
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397 | (2) |
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399 | (1) |
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Congestion control and rate control |
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400 | (13) |
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Congestion situations in sensor networks |
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400 | (2) |
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Mechanisms for congestion detection and handling |
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402 | (1) |
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Protocols with rate control |
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403 | (5) |
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The CODA congestion-control framework |
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408 | (3) |
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411 | (2) |
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Advanced application support |
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413 | (24) |
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Advanced in-network processing |
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413 | (9) |
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Going beyond mere aggregation of data |
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413 | (1) |
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Distributed signal processing |
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414 | (2) |
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Distributed source coding |
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416 | (4) |
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420 | (1) |
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421 | (1) |
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422 | (3) |
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422 | (1) |
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Security considerations in wireless sensor networks |
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423 | (1) |
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Denial-of-service attacks |
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423 | (2) |
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425 | (1) |
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Application-specific support |
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425 | (12) |
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Target detection and tracking |
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426 | (3) |
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429 | (3) |
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432 | (5) |
| Bibliography |
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437 | (44) |
| Index |
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481 | |
