| Preface |
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xvii | |
| Acknowledgment |
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xix | |
| 1 Public Safety Networks from TETRA to Commercial Cellular Networks |
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1 | (14) |
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1 | (2) |
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1.2 Evaluation of TETRA and TETRAPOL |
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3 | (1) |
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1.3 Understanding TETRA Modes of Operation |
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4 | (4) |
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4 | (1) |
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1.3.2 Evaluating the Challenge of Data Transmission and Possible Solutions on TETRA Networks |
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5 | (1) |
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1.3.3 Comparing Public Safety Networks to the Commercial Cellular Networks |
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6 | (1) |
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6 | (1) |
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6 | (1) |
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1.3.4 How to Overcome These Differences |
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7 | (1) |
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1.3.4.1 Limitations of TETRA |
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7 | (1) |
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1.3.4.2 Need for Broadband |
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8 | (1) |
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1.4 Unifying the Two Worlds of Public Safety Networks and Commercial Networks |
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8 | (2) |
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8 | (1) |
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1.4.2 Public Safety Network Migration |
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9 | (1) |
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9 | (1) |
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1.5 The Transition from TETRA to LTE and the Current Initiatives |
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10 | (2) |
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1.5.1 Network Softwarization |
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10 | (1) |
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1.5.2 LTE Technology for Public Safety Communications |
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10 | (1) |
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1.5.3 LTE as a Public Safety Mobile Broadband Standard |
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11 | (1) |
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1.5.4 Security Enhancements for Public Safety LTE Features |
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11 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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12 | (3) |
| 2 Public Safety Networks Evolution Toward Broadband and Interoperability |
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15 | (22) |
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15 | (3) |
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2.1.1 Communication Technology |
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15 | (1) |
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2.1.2 Wireless Communication Systems |
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16 | (1) |
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2.1.3 Government Involvement |
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17 | (1) |
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2.2 Evolution to Broadband Systems |
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18 | (10) |
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2.2.1 Determining Factors |
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19 | (2) |
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21 | (1) |
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2.2.3 Broadband System Architecture |
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22 | (3) |
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2.2.4 Advantages of Broadband Systems |
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25 | (3) |
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28 | (5) |
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2.3.1 Developing an Interoperability Public Safety System |
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28 | (1) |
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2.3.2 Platform and Technology |
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29 | (3) |
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2.3.3 Benefits of Evolution |
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32 | (1) |
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33 | (1) |
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34 | (1) |
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35 | (2) |
| 3 Public Safety Communication Evolution |
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37 | (30) |
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37 | (2) |
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3.1.1 Public Safety Network and Emergency Communication Networks |
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37 | (2) |
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3.2 Public Safety Standardization |
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39 | (1) |
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3.3 Evolution of Public Safety Communication |
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39 | (4) |
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3.3.1 Mission-Critical Voice |
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40 | (1) |
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3.3.2 Mission-Critical Data |
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41 | (1) |
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3.3.3 Requirements for Evolution in Communications |
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42 | (1) |
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3.4 Public Safety Networks |
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43 | (7) |
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3.4.1 Land Mobile Radio Systems (LMRS) |
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44 | (5) |
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3.4.1.1 SAFECOM Interoperability Continuum |
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46 | (1) |
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3.4.1.2 Wireless Broadband |
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46 | (1) |
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3.4.1.3 Wi-Fi in Ambulances |
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47 | (1) |
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3.4.1.4 Satellite Communications in EMS and Public Protection and Disaster Relief PPDR |
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47 | (1) |
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3.4.1.5 Technology in Patrol Communications |
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48 | (1) |
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48 | (1) |
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3.4.2 Drivers of the Broadband Evolution |
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49 | (1) |
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50 | (2) |
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3.5.1 Benefits of 4G LTE in Public Safety Communication |
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51 | (1) |
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3.6 Fifth Generation (5G) |
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52 | (5) |
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3.6.1 Performance Targets and Benefits of 5G |
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55 | (2) |
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3.6.1.1 Security and Reliability |
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55 | (1) |
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3.6.1.2 Traffic Prioritization and Network Slicing |
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55 | (1) |
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3.6.1.3 Facial Recognition and License Plate Scanning in 5G |
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55 | (1) |
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3.6.1.4 Support for Sensor Proliferation and IoT |
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56 | (1) |
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3.6.1.5 Reduction of Trips Back to the Station |
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56 | (1) |
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3.7 Applying 4G and 5G Networks in Public Safety |
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57 | (4) |
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3.7.1 The Right Time to Implement 3GPP in Public Safety |
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59 | (2) |
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59 | (2) |
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3.7.2 4G LTE as a Basis for Public Safety Communication Implementation |
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61 | (1) |
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3.7.3 Implementation of 5G in Public Safety |
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61 | (1) |
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61 | (1) |
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62 | (5) |
| 4 Keys to Building a Reliable Public Safety Communications Network |
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67 | (14) |
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67 | (1) |
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4.2 Supporting the Law Enforcement Elements of Communication |
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67 | (1) |
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4.3 Components of Efficient Public Safety Communication Networks |
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68 | (1) |
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4.4 Networks Go Commercial |
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68 | (1) |
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4.5 Viable Business Prospects |
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69 | (1) |
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69 | (1) |
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69 | (1) |
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4.6 The Industry Supports the Involvement of the Mobile Network Operators |
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70 | (1) |
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4.7 Policies for Public Safety Use of Commercial Wireless Networks |
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71 | (1) |
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4.8 Public Safety Networks Coverage: Availability and Reliability Even During Outages |
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72 | (1) |
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4.9 FirstNet Interoperability |
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72 | (1) |
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4.10 Solutions for Enhancing Availability and Reliability Even During Outages |
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73 | (1) |
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4.11 National Public Safety Broadband Network (NPSBN) |
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73 | (1) |
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4.12 Important Objectives of NPSBN |
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74 | (1) |
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4.13 The Future of FirstNet: Connecting Networks Together |
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75 | (1) |
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4.14 High Capacity Information Delivery |
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76 | (1) |
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4.15 Qualities that Facilitate Efficient High Capacity Information Handling |
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77 | (1) |
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4.15.1 FirstNet Has a Trustworthy Security System |
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77 | (1) |
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4.15.2 Concentrated Network Performance |
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77 | (1) |
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4.15.3 Simple and Scalable |
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77 | (1) |
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4.15.4 High Level of Vulnerability Safeguards |
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77 | (1) |
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4.16 FirstNet User Equipment |
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77 | (1) |
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78 | (1) |
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4.18 Illustration: Layers of the LTE Network |
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78 | (2) |
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4.18.1 Transport Backhaul |
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79 | (1) |
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4.18.2 The Radio Access Networks |
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79 | (1) |
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4.18.3 Public Safety Devices |
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79 | (1) |
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80 | (1) |
| 5 Higher Generation of Mobile Communications and Public Safety |
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81 | (16) |
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81 | (1) |
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5.2 Review of Existing Public Safety Networks |
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81 | (4) |
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5.2.1 What Are LMR Systems? |
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82 | (1) |
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5.2.2 Services Offered by LMR Systems |
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83 | (1) |
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5.2.3 Adoption of Advanced Technologies to Supplement LMR |
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83 | (1) |
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5.2.4 Trunked Digital Network |
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84 | (1) |
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5.2.4.1 TETRAPOL Communication System |
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84 | (1) |
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5.2.4.2 The TETRA Communication System |
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85 | (1) |
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5.3 Is 4G LTE Forming a Good Enough Basis for Public Safety Implementations? |
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85 | (2) |
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5.3.1 Multi-Path Approach and the Convergence of Mission-Critical Communication |
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85 | (1) |
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5.3.2 Technical Aspects of LTE |
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86 | (1) |
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5.4 Is It Better to Wait for 5G Before Starting Public Safety Implementations? |
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87 | (1) |
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5.5 Will 5G Offer a Better Service than 4G for Public Safety? |
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88 | (3) |
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5.5.1 The Internet of Things and 5G |
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88 | (1) |
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5.5.2 5G Technical Aspects |
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89 | (1) |
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90 | (1) |
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5.5.4 Key Corner Cases for 5G |
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90 | (1) |
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5.5.5 Localization in 5G Networks |
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91 | (1) |
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5.6 What is the Linkage Between 4G-5G Evolution and the Spectrum for Public Safety? |
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91 | (3) |
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5.6.1 The Linkage Between 4G-5G Evolutions |
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91 | (1) |
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5.6.2 Spectrum for Public Safety |
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92 | (2) |
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94 | (1) |
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95 | (2) |
| 6 Roadmap Toward a Network Infrastructure for Public Safety and Security |
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97 | (36) |
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97 | (1) |
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6.2 Evolution Toward Broadband |
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97 | (2) |
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98 | (1) |
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6.3 Requirements for Public Safety Networks |
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99 | (1) |
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6.3.1 Network Requirements |
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100 | (1) |
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100 | (1) |
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6.4 Public Safety Standardization |
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100 | (1) |
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6.5 Flawless Mobile Broadband for Public Safety and Security |
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101 | (1) |
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6.6 Applications in Different Scenarios |
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102 | (1) |
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6.7 Public Safety Systems and Architectures |
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103 | (9) |
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103 | (1) |
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104 | (1) |
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6.7.3 TETRA Security Analysis |
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105 | (1) |
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6.7.4 TETRA Services System |
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106 | (1) |
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6.7.5 The Architecture of TETRA |
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106 | (1) |
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6.7.5.1 The Interfaces of TETRA Network |
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106 | (1) |
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6.7.6 TETRA Network Components |
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106 | (3) |
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6.7.6.1 The Mobile Station |
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108 | (1) |
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6.7.6.2 TETRA Line Station |
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108 | (1) |
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6.7.6.3 The Switching Management Infrastructure |
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108 | (1) |
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6.7.6.4 Network Management Unit |
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108 | (1) |
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108 | (1) |
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6.7.6.6 How the TETRA System Operates |
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108 | (1) |
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6.7.7 TETRA Mobility Management |
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109 | (1) |
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6.7.8 The Security of TETRA Networks |
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109 | (1) |
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109 | (1) |
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109 | (1) |
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109 | (1) |
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109 | (1) |
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110 | (1) |
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6.7.9 The Process of Authentication in TETRA |
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110 | (1) |
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6.7.10 The Authentication Key |
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110 | (1) |
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6.7.11 Symmetric Key Algorithms |
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110 | (1) |
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6.7.12 The Process of Authentication Key Generation |
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111 | (1) |
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6.7.12.1 ESN (In United Kingdom) |
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111 | (1) |
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6.8 Emergency Services Network (ESN) in the United Kingdom |
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112 | (1) |
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6.8.1 Overview of the ESN |
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112 | (1) |
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6.8.2 The Deliverables of ESN |
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112 | (1) |
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6.8.3 The Main Deliverables of ESN |
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112 | (1) |
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6.9 SafeNet in South Korea |
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113 | (2) |
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115 | (3) |
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6.10.1 The Benefits of FirstNet |
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117 | (1) |
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6.10.2 Public Safety Core of SafetyNet |
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117 | (1) |
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6.10.2.1 End-to-End Encryption |
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117 | (1) |
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6.10.3 Round the Clock Security Surveillance |
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118 | (1) |
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6.10.4 User Authentication |
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118 | (1) |
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6.10.5 Mission Critical Functionalities |
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118 | (2) |
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6.10.5.1 Tactical LTE Coverage |
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118 | (1) |
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6.11 Canadian Interoperability Technology Interest Group (CITIG) |
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118 | (1) |
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6.12 Centre for Disaster Management and Public Safety (CDMPS) at the University of Melbourne |
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119 | (1) |
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6.13 European Emergency Number Association (EENA) |
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120 | (2) |
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6.13.1 European Standardization Organization (ESO) |
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121 | (1) |
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6.13.2 Public Safety Communications - Europe (PSCE) |
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121 | (1) |
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6.13.3 The Critical Communications Association (TCCA) |
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121 | (1) |
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6.14 Public Safety Netw9rk from LTE to 5G |
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122 | (2) |
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6.15 Convergence Solution for LTE and TETRA for Angola's National Communications Network |
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124 | (2) |
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6.15.1 The Objectives of the Project |
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124 | (1) |
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6.15.2 Advantages of the LTE-TETRA Solutions |
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124 | (1) |
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6.15.3 Illustration: Before Integration and After Integration |
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125 | (1) |
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6.15.4 Overview of LTE Technology |
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125 | (1) |
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6.16 5G Wireless Network and Public Safety Perspective |
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126 | (2) |
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6.16.1 Waiting for 5G for Public Safety Implementation |
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127 | (1) |
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6.17 The Linkage Between 4G and 5G Evolution |
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128 | (1) |
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6.17.1 Connecting 4G and 5G Solutions for Public Safety |
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128 | (1) |
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6.17.2 Deploying LTE Public Safety Networks |
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129 | (1) |
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129 | (1) |
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130 | (3) |
| 7 Bringing Public Safety Communications into the 21st Century |
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133 | (8) |
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7.1 Emerging Technologies with Life-Saving Potential |
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133 | (6) |
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7.1.1 Artificial Intelligence |
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134 | (2) |
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7.1.2 The Internet of Things (IoT) |
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136 | (2) |
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138 | (1) |
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139 | (2) |
| 8 4G LTE: The Future of Mobile Wireless Telecommunication Systems for Public Safety Networks |
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141 | (20) |
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141 | (4) |
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145 | (1) |
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145 | (1) |
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145 | (1) |
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146 | (1) |
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8.5.1 Gateways and Mobility Management Entities |
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146 | (1) |
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8.6 Evolved Packet Core (EPC) |
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147 | (1) |
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8.7 The Innovative Technologies |
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148 | (3) |
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8.8 PS-LTE and Public Safety |
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151 | (1) |
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152 | (1) |
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8.10 Nationwide Public Safety Communication Systems |
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152 | (1) |
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8.11 Advantages of LTE Technology |
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152 | (1) |
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8.12 Driving Trends in Public Safety Communications |
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153 | (2) |
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155 | (2) |
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8.14 Benefits of Converged Networking in Public Safety |
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157 | (1) |
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8.15 Mobilizing Law Enforcement |
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157 | (2) |
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159 | (2) |
| 9 4G and 5G for PS: Technology Options, Issues, and Challenges |
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161 | (10) |
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161 | (1) |
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9.2 4G LTE and Public Safety Implementation |
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162 | (3) |
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162 | (1) |
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163 | (1) |
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9.2.3 Real-Time Communication |
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164 | (1) |
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9.2.4 Remote Deployment and Configuration |
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164 | (1) |
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164 | (1) |
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9.3 Starting Public Safety Implementation Versus Waiting for 5G |
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165 | (1) |
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9.4 5G Versus 4G Public Safety Services |
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166 | (1) |
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167 | (1) |
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9.4.2 Computer-Driven Augmented Reality (AR) Helmet |
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167 | (1) |
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9.5 How 5G Will Shape Emergency Services |
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167 | (1) |
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9.6 4G LTE Defined Public Safety Content in 5G |
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168 | (1) |
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9.7 The Linkage Between 4G-5G Evolution and the Spectrum for Public Safety |
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168 | (1) |
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168 | (1) |
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168 | (3) |
| 10 Fifth Generation (5G) Cellular Technology |
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171 | (18) |
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171 | (1) |
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10.2 Background Information on Cellular Network Generations |
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172 | (2) |
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10.2.1 Evolution of Mobile Technologies |
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172 | (2) |
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10.2.1.1 First Generation (1G) |
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172 | (1) |
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10.2.1.2 Second Generation (2G) Mobile Network |
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172 | (1) |
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10.2.1.3 Third Generation (3G) Mobile Network |
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172 | (1) |
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10.2.1.4 Fourth Generation (4G) Mobile Network |
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173 | (1) |
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10.2.1.5 Fifth Generation (5G) |
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173 | (1) |
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10.3 Fifth Generation (5G) and the Network of Tomorrow |
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174 | (13) |
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10.3.1 5G Network Architecture |
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176 | (1) |
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10.3.2 Wireless Communication Technologies for 5G |
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177 | (3) |
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177 | (2) |
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10.3.2.2 Spatial Modulation |
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179 | (1) |
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10.3.2.3 Machine to Machine Communication (M2M) |
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179 | (1) |
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10.3.2.4 Visible Light Communication (VLC) |
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180 | (1) |
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10.3.2.5 Green Communications |
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180 | (1) |
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10.3.3 5G System Environment |
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180 | (1) |
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10.3.4 Devices Used in 5G Technology |
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181 | (1) |
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10.3.5 Market Standardization and Adoption of 5G Technology |
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181 | (2) |
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10.3.6 Security Standardization of Cloud Applications |
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183 | (1) |
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10.3.7 The Global ICT Standardization Forum for India (GISFI) |
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184 | (1) |
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10.3.8 Energy Efficiency Enhancements |
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184 | (1) |
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10.3.9 Virtualization in the 5G Cellular Network |
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185 | (1) |
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10.3.10 Key Issues in the Development Process |
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185 | (14) |
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10.3.10.1 Challenges of Heterogeneous Networks |
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186 | (1) |
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10.3.10.2 Challenges Caused by Massive MIMO Technology |
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186 | (1) |
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10.3.10.3 Big Data Problem |
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186 | (1) |
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10.3.10.4 Shared Spectrum |
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186 | (1) |
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187 | (1) |
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187 | (2) |
| 11 Issues and Challenges of 4G and 5G for PS |
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189 | (6) |
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189 | (1) |
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11.2 4G and 5G Wireless Connections |
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190 | (1) |
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11.3 Public Safety for 5G and 4G Networks |
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191 | (1) |
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11.4 Issues and Challenges Regarding 5G and 4G Cellular Connections |
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192 | (1) |
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11.5 Threats Against Privacy |
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192 | (1) |
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11.6 Threats Against Integrity |
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192 | (1) |
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11.7 Threats Against Availability |
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193 | (1) |
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11.8 Attacks Against Authentication |
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193 | (1) |
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11.9 Various Countermeasures to 4G and 5G Public Safety Threats |
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194 | (1) |
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194 | (1) |
| 12 Wireless Mesh Networking: A Key Solution for Rural and Public Safety Applications |
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195 | (12) |
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195 | (1) |
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12.2 Wireless Mesh Networks |
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196 | (1) |
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197 | (1) |
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12.4 WMNs for Disaster Recovery and Emergency Services |
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198 | (1) |
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12.5 Reliability of Wireless Mesh Networks |
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199 | (1) |
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12.5.1 Self-configuration of Wireless Mesh Networks |
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199 | (1) |
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12.5.2 Fast Deployment and Low Installation Costs of Wireless Mesh Networks |
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199 | (1) |
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12.5.3 Voice Support of Wireless Mesh Networks |
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200 | (1) |
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12.6 Video/Image Support of Wireless Mesh Networks for Emergency Situations and Public Safety |
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200 | (2) |
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12.6.1 Video/Image Support of WMNs for Large Disasters |
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200 | (1) |
|
12.6.2 WMNs Supporting Video Monitoring for Public Safety |
|
|
201 | (1) |
|
12.6.3 WMNs for Mobile Video Applications of Public Safety and Law Enforcement |
|
|
202 | (1) |
|
12.7 Interoperability of WMNs for Emergency Response and Public Safety Applications |
|
|
202 | (1) |
|
12.8 Security in Wireless Mesh Networks |
|
|
203 | (1) |
|
|
|
204 | (1) |
|
|
|
204 | (3) |
| 13 Satellite for Public Safety and Emergency Communications |
|
207 | (20) |
|
|
|
207 | (1) |
|
13.2 Contextualizing Public Safety |
|
|
208 | (1) |
|
13.3 Public Safety Communications Today |
|
|
208 | (1) |
|
13.4 Satellite Communications in Public Safety |
|
|
209 | (13) |
|
13.4.1 Topology and Frequency Allocation |
|
|
210 | (1) |
|
13.4.2 Satellite Communications |
|
|
210 | (1) |
|
13.4.3 Applications of LEO and GEO Satellites in Public Safety Communication |
|
|
211 | (2) |
|
13.4.4 Mobile Satellite Systems |
|
|
213 | (5) |
|
13.4.4.1 Vehicle-Mounted Mobile Satellite Communications Systems |
|
|
213 | (3) |
|
13.4.4.2 Emergency Communications Trailers |
|
|
216 | (1) |
|
13.4.4.3 Flyaway Satellite Internet Systems |
|
|
217 | (1) |
|
13.4.5 VoIP Phone Service Over Satellite |
|
|
218 | (1) |
|
|
|
219 | (2) |
|
13.4.7 Frequency Allocations in FSS and MSS Systems |
|
|
221 | (1) |
|
13.5 Limitations of Satellite for Public Safety |
|
|
222 | (1) |
|
|
|
223 | (1) |
|
|
|
224 | (3) |
| 14 Public Safety Communications Evolution: The Long Term Transition Toward a Desired Converged Future |
|
227 | (18) |
|
|
|
227 | (5) |
|
14.1.1 Toward Moving Public Safety Networks |
|
|
227 | (1) |
|
14.1.2 The Communication Needs of Public Safety Authorities |
|
|
227 | (1) |
|
14.1.3 The Nationwide Public Safety Broadband Networks |
|
|
228 | (2) |
|
14.1.4 Global Public Safety Community Aligning Behind LTE |
|
|
230 | (1) |
|
14.1.5 Understanding the Concept of E-Comm in Relation to Public Safety |
|
|
231 | (1) |
|
14.2 Transmission Trunking and Message Trunking |
|
|
232 | (10) |
|
14.2.1 Push-to-Talk Mechanisms |
|
|
233 | (1) |
|
14.2.2 Talk Groups and Group Calls |
|
|
233 | (1) |
|
14.2.3 Mobility of Radio Devices and Call Handover |
|
|
233 | (1) |
|
14.2.4 WarnSim: Learning About a Simulator for PSWN |
|
|
233 | (2) |
|
14.2.5 The Use Cases and Topologies of Public Safety Networks |
|
|
235 | (3) |
|
14.2.6 Standard Developments in Public Safety Networks |
|
|
238 | (2) |
|
14.2.7 The Future Challenges in Public Safety |
|
|
240 | (1) |
|
14.2.7.1 Moving Cells and Network Mobility |
|
|
240 | (1) |
|
14.2.7.2 Device-to-Device (D2D) Discovery and Communications |
|
|
240 | (1) |
|
14.2.7.3 Programmability and Flexibility |
|
|
240 | (1) |
|
14.2.7.4 Traffic Steering and Scheduling |
|
|
241 | (1) |
|
14.2.7.5 Optimization of Performance Metrics to Support Sufficient QoS |
|
|
241 | (1) |
|
14.2.8 Toward a Convergence Future of Public Safety Networks |
|
|
241 | (1) |
|
|
|
242 | (1) |
|
|
|
243 | (2) |
| Index |
|
245 | |