| Contributors |
|
xxv | |
|
The Radiological Assessment Process |
|
|
1 | (30) |
|
|
|
Radiological Assessment Process Source Term |
|
|
2 | (26) |
|
|
|
3 | (3) |
|
Environmental Transport of Plutonium in Air During the 1957 Fire at Rocky Flats |
|
|
6 | (2) |
|
|
|
8 | (1) |
|
Rocky Flats Representative Exposure Scenarios |
|
|
9 | (1) |
|
Hanford Site Scenarios for Native Americans |
|
|
10 | (2) |
|
|
|
12 | (1) |
|
Uncertainty in Dose Coefficients |
|
|
12 | (1) |
|
Appropriate Use of Dose Coefficients as a Function of Age |
|
|
13 | (1) |
|
Conversion of Dose to Risk |
|
|
13 | (1) |
|
|
|
14 | (1) |
|
|
|
14 | (1) |
|
|
|
15 | (2) |
|
Use of Uncertainty for Determining Compliance with Standards |
|
|
17 | (1) |
|
|
|
18 | (3) |
|
Communication of Dose and Risk and Stakeholder Participation |
|
|
21 | (1) |
|
Communication of Results from Radiological Assessment |
|
|
21 | (3) |
|
Stakeholder Participation |
|
|
24 | (4) |
|
|
|
28 | (1) |
|
|
|
28 | (3) |
|
Radionuclide Source Terms |
|
|
31 | (48) |
|
|
|
Radionuclides of Interest and Their Properties |
|
|
32 | (5) |
|
Situations That Do Not Require Source Terms |
|
|
37 | (1) |
|
Human Activities Producing Releases of Radionuclides |
|
|
38 | (24) |
|
|
|
39 | (1) |
|
|
|
39 | (1) |
|
|
|
40 | (1) |
|
|
|
40 | (1) |
|
Weapon Component and Fuel Fabrication |
|
|
41 | (1) |
|
|
|
42 | (2) |
|
Source Terms for Normal Operations |
|
|
44 | (12) |
|
Source Terms for Accidents |
|
|
56 | (2) |
|
|
|
58 | (3) |
|
|
|
61 | (1) |
|
Source Term Development for Facilities |
|
|
62 | (4) |
|
Source Terms for Prospective Analyses |
|
|
62 | (2) |
|
Source Terms for Retrospective Analyses |
|
|
64 | (2) |
|
|
|
66 | (3) |
|
|
|
69 | (10) |
|
Atmospheric Transport of Radionuclides |
|
|
79 | (68) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
80 | (9) |
|
|
|
80 | (1) |
|
Vertical Extent Important for Atmospheric Releases |
|
|
80 | (1) |
|
|
|
81 | (3) |
|
|
|
84 | (1) |
|
|
|
84 | (3) |
|
|
|
87 | (2) |
|
Input Data for Atmospheric Transport and Diffusion Calculations |
|
|
89 | (19) |
|
|
|
89 | (1) |
|
|
|
90 | (3) |
|
|
|
93 | (1) |
|
Atmospheric Stability Categories |
|
|
94 | (1) |
|
Pasquill-Gifford Stability Categories |
|
|
95 | (4) |
|
|
|
99 | (7) |
|
|
|
106 | (2) |
|
Meteorological Data Quality |
|
|
108 | (1) |
|
Modeling of Transport and Diffusion |
|
|
108 | (31) |
|
Gaussian Diffusion Models |
|
|
109 | (1) |
|
Instantaneous Point Source |
|
|
109 | (1) |
|
|
|
110 | (1) |
|
|
|
110 | (1) |
|
Continuous Point Source Release from a Stack |
|
|
111 | (1) |
|
|
|
112 | (1) |
|
Modifications Based on Source Characteristics |
|
|
113 | (3) |
|
|
|
116 | (3) |
|
Summary of Gaussian Plume Model Limitations |
|
|
119 | (1) |
|
Puff-Transport and Diffusion Models |
|
|
120 | (1) |
|
|
|
120 | (1) |
|
|
|
121 | (1) |
|
Sequential Puff-Trajectory Model |
|
|
122 | (3) |
|
|
|
125 | (1) |
|
|
|
125 | (1) |
|
Calculation Methods and Limitations |
|
|
126 | (1) |
|
|
|
126 | (1) |
|
|
|
127 | (1) |
|
Atmospheric Removal Processes |
|
|
128 | (1) |
|
|
|
129 | (1) |
|
|
|
129 | (1) |
|
|
|
130 | (2) |
|
|
|
132 | (2) |
|
|
|
134 | (2) |
|
Guidelines for Selecting Models |
|
|
136 | (1) |
|
|
|
137 | (1) |
|
|
|
137 | (1) |
|
|
|
138 | (1) |
|
|
|
138 | (1) |
|
|
|
139 | (1) |
|
|
|
139 | (1) |
|
|
|
140 | (7) |
|
Surface Water Transport of Radionuclides |
|
|
147 | (61) |
|
|
|
Basic Transport and Fate Mechanisms |
|
|
149 | (5) |
|
|
|
149 | (1) |
|
|
|
149 | (1) |
|
|
|
150 | (1) |
|
|
|
151 | (1) |
|
|
|
151 | (1) |
|
Adsorption and Desorption |
|
|
151 | (1) |
|
Precipitation and Dissolution |
|
|
152 | (1) |
|
|
|
153 | (1) |
|
|
|
153 | (1) |
|
|
|
153 | (1) |
|
|
|
153 | (1) |
|
|
|
153 | (1) |
|
Yield of Daughter Products |
|
|
153 | (1) |
|
Radionuclide Contributions from Other Environmental Media |
|
|
154 | (1) |
|
Radionuclide Transport Models |
|
|
154 | (38) |
|
Accidental Radionuclide Releases |
|
|
155 | (1) |
|
Routine Long-Term Radionuclide Releases |
|
|
156 | (3) |
|
|
|
159 | (1) |
|
Basic River Characteristics |
|
|
159 | (4) |
|
|
|
163 | (4) |
|
|
|
167 | (1) |
|
Basic Estuarine Characteristics |
|
|
167 | (4) |
|
Screening Estuary Methodology |
|
|
171 | (5) |
|
Coastal Waters and Oceans |
|
|
176 | (1) |
|
Basic Coastal Water and Ocean Characteristics |
|
|
176 | (3) |
|
Coastal Water Screening Model |
|
|
179 | (2) |
|
|
|
181 | (1) |
|
Basic Lake Water Characteristics |
|
|
181 | (2) |
|
Small Lake Screening Model |
|
|
183 | (2) |
|
Large Lake Screening Model |
|
|
185 | (2) |
|
|
|
187 | (3) |
|
|
|
190 | (1) |
|
|
|
190 | (1) |
|
Some Representative Models |
|
|
191 | (1) |
|
Chernobyl Nuclear Accident Aquatic Assessment |
|
|
192 | (8) |
|
Radinuclide Transport in Rivers |
|
|
194 | (3) |
|
Aquatic Pathways and Their Radiation Dose Contributions |
|
|
197 | (3) |
|
New Chernobyl Development |
|
|
200 | (1) |
|
|
|
200 | (3) |
|
|
|
203 | (5) |
|
Transport of Radionuclides in Groundwater |
|
|
208 | (52) |
|
|
|
|
|
Applications of Groundwater Models for Radionuclide Migration |
|
|
209 | (2) |
|
Geologic Isolation of High-Level Waste |
|
|
209 | (1) |
|
|
|
210 | (1) |
|
Uranium Mining and Milling |
|
|
210 | (1) |
|
Nuclear Power Plant Accidents |
|
|
211 | (1) |
|
Types of Groundwater Models |
|
|
211 | (5) |
|
Groundwater Models for High-Level Waste Repositories |
|
|
211 | (1) |
|
|
|
212 | (1) |
|
|
|
213 | (2) |
|
Groundwater Models for Shallow Land Burial of Low-Level Waste |
|
|
215 | (1) |
|
Groundwater Models for Mill Tailings Waste Migration |
|
|
215 | (1) |
|
Equations for Groundwater Flow and Radioactivity Transport |
|
|
216 | (6) |
|
|
|
216 | (2) |
|
|
|
218 | (1) |
|
|
|
219 | (1) |
|
|
|
219 | (1) |
|
Chain Decay of Radionuclides |
|
|
220 | (1) |
|
Percolation of Water into the Ground |
|
|
221 | (1) |
|
Parameters for Transport and Flow Equations |
|
|
222 | (11) |
|
Diffusion and Dispersion in Porous Media |
|
|
222 | (1) |
|
|
|
222 | (1) |
|
|
|
222 | (1) |
|
|
|
223 | (1) |
|
Determination of Dispersion |
|
|
224 | (1) |
|
Porosity and Effective Porosity |
|
|
224 | (2) |
|
Hydraulic Conductivity for Saturated Flow |
|
|
226 | (2) |
|
Sorption, Retardation, and Colloids |
|
|
228 | (1) |
|
Transport Based on Assumption of Equilibrium (Retardation Factor) |
|
|
228 | (3) |
|
Transport Based on Geochemical Models |
|
|
231 | (1) |
|
|
|
232 | (1) |
|
Methods of Solution for Groundwater Flow and Transport |
|
|
233 | (17) |
|
|
|
233 | (1) |
|
|
|
234 | (1) |
|
|
|
234 | (1) |
|
Method of Characteristics |
|
|
234 | (1) |
|
|
|
234 | (1) |
|
|
|
235 | (1) |
|
|
|
235 | (1) |
|
|
|
235 | (1) |
|
Analytical Solutions of the Convective-Dispersive Equations |
|
|
236 | (1) |
|
Point Concentration Model |
|
|
237 | (3) |
|
|
|
240 | (3) |
|
Generalization of Instataneous Models |
|
|
243 | (1) |
|
Superposition of Solutions |
|
|
243 | (1) |
|
Simplified Analytical Methods for Minimum Dilution |
|
|
243 | (3) |
|
Models for Population Doses |
|
|
246 | (4) |
|
Source Term Models for Low-Level Waste |
|
|
250 | (1) |
|
Model Validation and Calibration |
|
|
251 | (2) |
|
|
|
253 | (1) |
|
|
|
254 | (1) |
|
|
|
254 | (6) |
|
Terrestrial Food Chain Pathways: Concepts and Models |
|
|
260 | (80) |
|
|
|
|
|
Conceptual Model of the Terrestrial Environment |
|
|
262 | (6) |
|
Strategies for Evaluating Food Chain Transport |
|
|
268 | (5) |
|
|
|
268 | (1) |
|
|
|
268 | (1) |
|
|
|
269 | (1) |
|
|
|
270 | (1) |
|
Choosing a Predictive Approach |
|
|
271 | (1) |
|
|
|
271 | (2) |
|
Mechanistic Models: The Mathematical Foundations for Single Compartments |
|
|
273 | (14) |
|
Concepts and Terminology of Tracer Kinetics |
|
|
273 | (2) |
|
Single-Compartment, First-Order Loss Systems |
|
|
275 | (1) |
|
Source and Sink Compartments |
|
|
275 | (2) |
|
Single Compartments with Constant Input Rates |
|
|
277 | (3) |
|
Single Compartments with Time-Dependent Input Rates |
|
|
280 | (4) |
|
Single-Compartments, Non-First-Order Loss Systems |
|
|
284 | (1) |
|
|
|
284 | (1) |
|
|
|
285 | (1) |
|
Derivation of Rate Constants Involving Fluid Flow Compartments |
|
|
286 | (1) |
|
|
|
287 | (1) |
|
Individual Transport Processes: Concepts and Mathematical Formulations |
|
|
287 | (37) |
|
|
|
288 | (1) |
|
|
|
288 | (1) |
|
|
|
288 | (1) |
|
|
|
288 | (1) |
|
Deposition from Air to Soil and Vegetation |
|
|
289 | (1) |
|
|
|
289 | (1) |
|
|
|
290 | (2) |
|
|
|
292 | (2) |
|
Soil-Vegetation Partitioning of Deposition |
|
|
294 | (1) |
|
Transport from Soil to Vegetation |
|
|
295 | (1) |
|
Suspension and Resuspension |
|
|
296 | (7) |
|
|
|
303 | (4) |
|
Transport from Vegetation to Soil |
|
|
307 | (1) |
|
|
|
307 | (1) |
|
|
|
308 | (1) |
|
Transport within the Soil Column |
|
|
309 | (1) |
|
|
|
310 | (1) |
|
|
|
310 | (7) |
|
Other Natural Processes Producing Vertical Migration in Soil |
|
|
317 | (1) |
|
|
|
318 | (1) |
|
Transport from Vegetation to Animals |
|
|
318 | (2) |
|
Transport from Soil to Animals |
|
|
320 | (1) |
|
|
|
320 | (1) |
|
|
|
321 | (1) |
|
Transfers to Animal-Derived Human Food Products |
|
|
321 | (2) |
|
Ingestion Pathways to Humans |
|
|
323 | (1) |
|
Dynamic Multicompartment Models: Putting It All Together |
|
|
324 | (7) |
|
|
|
331 | (2) |
|
|
|
333 | (1) |
|
|
|
334 | (6) |
|
Aquatic Food Chain Pathways |
|
|
340 | (36) |
|
|
|
|
|
Aquatic Ecosystem Classification |
|
|
341 | (1) |
|
Conceptual Model for an Aquatic Environment |
|
|
342 | (2) |
|
Physicochemical Processes |
|
|
343 | (1) |
|
Radionuclide Uptake and Concetration Factors |
|
|
344 | (27) |
|
Examples of Bioconcentration Factors |
|
|
348 | (3) |
|
Bioconcentration Factors in Screening-Level Risk Estimations |
|
|
351 | (1) |
|
Bioaccumulation Factors in Estimating Exposure |
|
|
352 | (2) |
|
Bioaccumulation under Nonequilibrium Conditions: The Chernobyl Cooling Pond Example |
|
|
354 | (1) |
|
Initial 137 Cs Contamination in the Chernobyl Cooling Pond Water |
|
|
355 | (1) |
|
The Chernobyl Cooling Pond Ecosystem |
|
|
356 | (1) |
|
Chernobyl Cooling Pond Model Structure |
|
|
357 | (3) |
|
|
|
360 | (1) |
|
Population Dynamics and Biomass Distributions |
|
|
360 | (2) |
|
Spatial and Temporal Radionuclide Ingestion Rates |
|
|
362 | (1) |
|
Radionuclide Transport and Distribution |
|
|
363 | (1) |
|
Case Studies in Exposure and Bioaccumulation |
|
|
364 | (1) |
|
Homogeneous and Steady-State Exposures |
|
|
364 | (1) |
|
Homogeneous and Dynamic Radioactive Environment |
|
|
364 | (2) |
|
Homogeneous and Dynamic Radioactive Environment with Dynamic Population Biomass |
|
|
366 | (1) |
|
Heterogeneous and Dynamic Radioactive Environment |
|
|
366 | (1) |
|
Heterogeneous and Dynamic Radioactive Environment with Varying Biomass |
|
|
367 | (1) |
|
Dynamic Exposures and Variations in Feeding Rates |
|
|
368 | (1) |
|
Dynamic Exposures and Multiple Prey |
|
|
368 | (1) |
|
Discussion of the Chernobyl Modeling Results |
|
|
368 | (2) |
|
Temporally and Spatially Dependent Ecological Factors |
|
|
370 | (1) |
|
|
|
371 | (1) |
|
|
|
372 | (4) |
|
Site Conceptual Exposure Models |
|
|
376 | (13) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
377 | (1) |
|
|
|
377 | (1) |
|
|
|
378 | (7) |
|
|
|
379 | (1) |
|
|
|
380 | (1) |
|
|
|
381 | (1) |
|
Potentially Exposed Persons |
|
|
382 | (1) |
|
|
|
383 | (1) |
|
|
|
383 | (1) |
|
|
|
383 | (1) |
|
|
|
384 | (1) |
|
|
|
385 | (1) |
|
|
|
385 | (2) |
|
|
|
386 | (1) |
|
|
|
387 | (1) |
|
|
|
388 | (1) |
|
|
|
389 | (58) |
|
|
|
|
|
External versus Internal Exposure |
|
|
389 | (5) |
|
|
|
392 | (2) |
|
|
|
394 | (50) |
|
ICRP Publication 26 Techniques |
|
|
394 | (3) |
|
|
|
397 | (2) |
|
ICRP Publication 30 Techniques |
|
|
399 | (1) |
|
Determination of the Tissue Weighting Factors |
|
|
399 | (1) |
|
Secondary and Derived Limits |
|
|
400 | (2) |
|
|
|
402 | (1) |
|
Calculation of the Committed Dose Equivalent |
|
|
402 | (7) |
|
Dosimetric Models Used in the ICRP 30 Calculations |
|
|
409 | (1) |
|
Model of the Respiratory System |
|
|
409 | (8) |
|
Model of the Gastrointestinal Tract |
|
|
417 | (2) |
|
Dosimetric Model for Bone |
|
|
419 | (2) |
|
Submersion in a Radioactive Cloud |
|
|
421 | (1) |
|
|
|
422 | (1) |
|
|
|
422 | (1) |
|
|
|
423 | (6) |
|
|
|
429 | (1) |
|
Age-Dependent Doses to the Public (ICRP Publications 56, 67, 69, 71, and 72) |
|
|
430 | (2) |
|
|
|
432 | (2) |
|
|
|
434 | (3) |
|
|
|
437 | (1) |
|
|
|
437 | (5) |
|
|
|
442 | (1) |
|
|
|
443 | (1) |
|
ICRP Publication 88 and 95 |
|
|
444 | (1) |
|
|
|
444 | (1) |
|
|
|
445 | (1) |
|
|
|
445 | (2) |
|
|
|
447 | (18) |
|
|
|
Dose Coefficients for External Exposure |
|
|
448 | (6) |
|
Definition of External Dose Coefficient |
|
|
449 | (1) |
|
Compilation of External Dose Coefficients |
|
|
449 | (1) |
|
Description of Dose Coefficients in Current Federal Guidance |
|
|
450 | (2) |
|
Applicability of Dose Coefficients |
|
|
452 | (1) |
|
Effective Dose Coefficients |
|
|
453 | (1) |
|
Dose Coefficients for Other Age Groups |
|
|
454 | (1) |
|
Corrections to Dose Coefficients for Photons |
|
|
454 | (3) |
|
Shielding during Indoor Residence |
|
|
455 | (1) |
|
Effects of Ground Roughness |
|
|
456 | (1) |
|
Exposure during Boating Activities |
|
|
456 | (1) |
|
Exposure to Contaminated Shorelines |
|
|
456 | (1) |
|
|
|
457 | (4) |
|
Description of the Point-Kernel Method |
|
|
457 | (2) |
|
Point-Kernel Method for Photons |
|
|
459 | (1) |
|
Applications of the Point-kernel Method for Photons |
|
|
459 | (2) |
|
Point-Kernel Method for Electrons |
|
|
461 | (1) |
|
|
|
461 | (1) |
|
|
|
462 | (3) |
|
Estimating and Applying Uncertainty in Assessment Models |
|
|
465 | (66) |
|
|
|
Why Perform an Uncertainty Analysis? |
|
|
468 | (1) |
|
|
|
469 | (18) |
|
Probability Distributions |
|
|
471 | (1) |
|
|
|
471 | (5) |
|
|
|
476 | (1) |
|
|
|
476 | (3) |
|
|
|
479 | (4) |
|
|
|
483 | (2) |
|
Correlations and Multivariate Distributions |
|
|
485 | (2) |
|
|
|
487 | (10) |
|
Deriving Distributions from Data |
|
|
490 | (1) |
|
Estimating Parameters of a Distribution |
|
|
491 | (1) |
|
|
|
491 | (2) |
|
|
|
493 | (4) |
|
|
|
497 | (9) |
|
|
|
497 | (1) |
|
Sum and Difference of Random Variables |
|
|
498 | (1) |
|
Product of Random Variables |
|
|
499 | (1) |
|
Quotient of Random Variables |
|
|
500 | (1) |
|
Formulas for Normal and Lognormal Distributions |
|
|
501 | (1) |
|
|
|
501 | (1) |
|
Geometric Means and Standard Deviations |
|
|
501 | (1) |
|
Mathematical Approximation Techniques |
|
|
502 | (1) |
|
|
|
502 | (1) |
|
|
|
502 | (2) |
|
Propagation Using Interval Estimates |
|
|
504 | (1) |
|
|
|
504 | (1) |
|
|
|
504 | (1) |
|
|
|
505 | (1) |
|
Covariance and the Order of Operations |
|
|
505 | (1) |
|
|
|
506 | (11) |
|
Generating Random Numbers |
|
|
508 | (1) |
|
Potential Problems with Monte Carlo Methods |
|
|
508 | (1) |
|
|
|
509 | (1) |
|
|
|
509 | (1) |
|
|
|
509 | (1) |
|
|
|
510 | (1) |
|
Sampling Designs to Partition Variability and True Uncertainty |
|
|
511 | (1) |
|
|
|
511 | (2) |
|
Interpretation of the Output Distributions |
|
|
513 | (4) |
|
|
|
517 | (5) |
|
Local Sensitvity Analysis |
|
|
518 | (2) |
|
Global Sensitivity Analysis |
|
|
520 | (1) |
|
Statistics for Ranking Parameters |
|
|
521 | (1) |
|
Uncertainty and Model Validation |
|
|
522 | (2) |
|
|
|
524 | (1) |
|
|
|
525 | (1) |
|
|
|
526 | (5) |
|
The Risks from Exposure to lonizing Radiation |
|
|
531 | (20) |
|
|
|
Radiobiological Effects after Low Doses of Radiation |
|
|
533 | (7) |
|
Biophysical Aspects of Radiation Action on Cells |
|
|
533 | (2) |
|
Chromosomal DNA as the Principal Target for Radiation |
|
|
535 | (1) |
|
Epigenetic Responses to Radiation |
|
|
535 | (2) |
|
Effects at Low Doses of Radiation |
|
|
537 | (1) |
|
Dose and Dose-Rate Effectiveness Factor |
|
|
538 | (1) |
|
Genetic Susceptibility to Cancer |
|
|
538 | (1) |
|
|
|
539 | (1) |
|
|
|
540 | (5) |
|
Japanese A-Bomb Survivors |
|
|
541 | (1) |
|
|
|
542 | (1) |
|
|
|
543 | (1) |
|
Uncertainties in Risk Estimates Based on Mortality Data |
|
|
544 | (1) |
|
Risk Coefficients for Cancer and Hereditary Effects |
|
|
545 | (2) |
|
|
|
545 | (1) |
|
|
|
546 | (1) |
|
Overall Conclusions on Biological Effects at Low Doses |
|
|
547 | (2) |
|
|
|
549 | (1) |
|
|
|
549 | (2) |
|
The Role of Epidemiology in Estimating Radiation Risk: Basic Methods and Applications |
|
|
551 | (38) |
|
|
|
|
|
Measures of Disease Burden in Populations |
|
|
552 | (5) |
|
|
|
552 | (2) |
|
|
|
554 | (1) |
|
Estimating Disease Prevalence |
|
|
555 | (2) |
|
Measures of Association between Disease Risk and Suspected Causative Factors |
|
|
557 | (6) |
|
|
|
557 | (2) |
|
|
|
559 | (1) |
|
|
|
559 | (4) |
|
Study Designs Commonly Used in Epidemiologic Investigations |
|
|
563 | (3) |
|
|
|
563 | (2) |
|
|
|
565 | (1) |
|
|
|
566 | (1) |
|
Assessing the Observed Level of Association between Disease and Exposure |
|
|
566 | (14) |
|
Interpreting Estimates of Disease Exposure Association |
|
|
567 | (3) |
|
|
|
570 | (10) |
|
Issues in Radiation Epidemiology |
|
|
580 | (4) |
|
|
|
584 | (1) |
|
|
|
584 | (3) |
|
|
|
587 | (2) |
|
|
|
589 | (24) |
|
|
|
|
|
590 | (6) |
|
|
|
591 | (2) |
|
|
|
593 | (1) |
|
|
|
594 | (2) |
|
Tests of Model Performance |
|
|
596 | (7) |
|
|
|
596 | (2) |
|
|
|
598 | (1) |
|
Correlation and Regression |
|
|
599 | (1) |
|
Visual Display of Information |
|
|
599 | (4) |
|
Reasons for Poor Model Performance |
|
|
603 | (5) |
|
|
|
604 | (1) |
|
|
|
605 | (2) |
|
|
|
607 | (1) |
|
|
|
608 | (1) |
|
|
|
608 | (1) |
|
|
|
609 | (4) |
|
Regulations for Radionuclides in the Environment |
|
|
613 | (69) |
|
|
|
Principal Laws for Regulating Exposures to Radionuclides and Hazardous Chemicals in the Environment |
|
|
614 | (3) |
|
Institutional Responsibilities for Radiation Protection of the Public |
|
|
617 | (2) |
|
Responsibilities of U.S. Governmental Institutions |
|
|
617 | (1) |
|
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency |
|
|
617 | (1) |
|
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission |
|
|
617 | (1) |
|
U.S. Department of Energy |
|
|
618 | (1) |
|
|
|
618 | (1) |
|
Role of Advisory Organizations |
|
|
619 | (1) |
|
Standards for Controlling Routine Radiation Exposures of the Public |
|
|
619 | (52) |
|
Basic Approaches to Regulating Exposure to Radionuclides in the Environment |
|
|
619 | (1) |
|
Radiation Paradigm for Risk Management |
|
|
620 | (2) |
|
Chemical Paradigm for Risk Management |
|
|
622 | (1) |
|
Linear, Nonthreshold Dose-Response Hypothesis |
|
|
622 | (2) |
|
Radiation Protection Standards for the Public |
|
|
624 | (1) |
|
Guidance of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency |
|
|
624 | (1) |
|
Radiation Protection Standards of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission |
|
|
625 | (1) |
|
Radiation Protection Standards of the U.S. Department of Energy |
|
|
626 | (1) |
|
State Radiation Protection Standards |
|
|
627 | (1) |
|
Current Recommendations of the ICRP, NCRP, and IAEA |
|
|
627 | (1) |
|
Summary of Radiation Protection Standards for the Public |
|
|
628 | (1) |
|
Standards for Specific Practices or Sources |
|
|
629 | (1) |
|
Operations of Uranium Fuel-Cycle Facilities |
|
|
630 | (1) |
|
Radioactivity in Drinking Water |
|
|
631 | (4) |
|
Radioactivity in Liquid Discharges |
|
|
635 | (1) |
|
Uranium and Thorium Mill Tailings |
|
|
636 | (3) |
|
Other Residual Radioactive Material |
|
|
639 | (9) |
|
Radioactive Waste Management and Disposal |
|
|
648 | (12) |
|
Airborne Emissions of Radionuclides |
|
|
660 | (2) |
|
|
|
662 | (2) |
|
Risks Associated with Radiation Standards for the Public |
|
|
664 | (2) |
|
Consistency of Radiation Standards for the Public |
|
|
666 | (3) |
|
Importance of ALARA Objective to Consistent Regulation |
|
|
669 | (2) |
|
Exemption Levels for Radionuclides in the Environment |
|
|
671 | (3) |
|
|
|
671 | (1) |
|
|
|
671 | (1) |
|
Exempt or Below Regulatory Concern Level |
|
|
671 | (1) |
|
Recommendations of Advisory Organizations |
|
|
672 | (1) |
|
Recommendations of the NCRP |
|
|
672 | (1) |
|
Recommendations of the IAEA |
|
|
672 | (1) |
|
Exemptions Established by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission |
|
|
673 | (1) |
|
Exemptions in U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Regulations |
|
|
673 | (1) |
|
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Guidance on Disposal of Thorium or Uranium |
|
|
674 | (1) |
|
Protective Action Guides for Accidents |
|
|
674 | (8) |
|
Purpose and Scope of Protective Action Guides |
|
|
675 | (1) |
|
Time Phases for Defining Protective Actions |
|
|
675 | (1) |
|
Protective Action Guides Established by Federal Agencies |
|
|
676 | (1) |
|
Recommendations of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency |
|
|
676 | (1) |
|
Recommendations of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration |
|
|
676 | (1) |
|
Proposed Recommendations of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security |
|
|
677 | (2) |
|
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission's Reactor Siting Criteria |
|
|
679 | (1) |
|
ICRP Recommendations on Responses to Accidents |
|
|
680 | (1) |
|
IAEA Guidelines for Intervention Levels in Emergency Exposure Situations |
|
|
681 | (1) |
| Conclusions |
|
682 | (1) |
| References |
|
683 | (6) |
| Index |
|
689 | |
