| Contributors |
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vii | |
| 1 Stability of Regulatory T-cell Lineage |
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1 | (24) |
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2 | (1) |
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3 | (2) |
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2.1 Thymus-derived CD25+CD4+ Treg cells |
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3 | (2) |
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2.2 Foxp3 and its essential role in Treg cells |
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5 | (1) |
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3 Differentiation and Functional Adaptation of Foxp3+ Treg Cells |
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5 | (2) |
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3.1 Intrathymic differentiation |
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5 | (1) |
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3.2 Extrathymic differentiation |
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6 | (1) |
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3.3 Functional adaptation |
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7 | (1) |
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4 Regulation of Treg Cell Differentiation by Foxp3 |
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7 | (3) |
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4.1 Role of Foxp3 in Treg cell differentiation |
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7 | (1) |
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4.2 Mechanisms of Foxp3 induction and maintenance |
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8 | (2) |
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5 Controversies Over Stability Versus Plasticity of the Treg Cell Lineage |
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10 | (6) |
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5.1 Evidence for plasticity of Foxp3+T cells |
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10 | (3) |
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5.2 Evidence against the plasticity phenomena |
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13 | (1) |
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5.3 Toward reconciliation |
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14 | (2) |
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16 | (1) |
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16 | (1) |
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16 | (9) |
| 2 Thymic and Peripheral Differentiation of Regulatory T Cells |
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25 | (48) |
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26 | (1) |
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2 Thymic Development of Treg Cells |
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26 | (20) |
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26 | (2) |
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2.2 Intrinsic factors involved in thymic Treg cell development |
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28 | (15) |
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2.3 Extrinsic factors for the thymic Treg cell differentiation |
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43 | (3) |
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3 Peripheral Treg Cell Development |
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46 | (12) |
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46 | (2) |
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48 | (7) |
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55 | (3) |
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58 | (1) |
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59 | (14) |
| 3 Regulatory T Cells in Infection |
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73 | (64) |
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74 | (1) |
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74 | (2) |
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76 | (29) |
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76 | (6) |
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82 | (7) |
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89 | (7) |
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96 | (7) |
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103 | (2) |
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4 Treg Activation-A Common Immune-Evasion Strategy Achieved Through Diverse Routes |
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105 | (5) |
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4.1 Direct conversion of T cells into Tregs |
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106 | (1) |
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4.2 Induction of Tregs via DCs |
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107 | (1) |
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4.3 Bystander induction by other cell types |
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108 | (1) |
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4.4 TLRs in Treg activation |
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108 | (2) |
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5 Antigen Specificity of Natural and Adaptive Tregs in Infection |
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110 | (2) |
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6 Tregs and the Hygiene Hypothesis |
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112 | (1) |
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113 | (2) |
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115 | (1) |
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115 | (22) |
| 4 Biological Functions of Regulatory T Cells |
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137 | (40) |
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138 | (1) |
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2 Biologic Functions of Polyclonal Tregs in Vivo |
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139 | (13) |
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2.1 Polyclonal Tregs inhibits the induction of disease in immunodeficient mice |
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140 | (1) |
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2.2 Polyclonal Tregs suppress disease induced by fully activated Teff in immunodeficient mice |
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141 | (4) |
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2.3 Effects of polyclonal Tregs on T cell activation in immunocompetent mice |
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145 | (4) |
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2.4 Effect of Polyclonal Tregs on antibody production |
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149 | (3) |
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3 Biologic Effects of Antigen-Specific Tregs In Vivo |
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152 | (18) |
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3.1 Isolation of antigen-specific Foxp3+T cells |
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152 | (1) |
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3.2 Generation of antigen-specific Foxp34-T cells in vitro |
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153 | (1) |
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3.3 Suppression of immune responses in vivo by iTregs |
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154 | (1) |
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3.4 Treatment of organ-specific autoimmune disease with antigen-specific iTregs |
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155 | (4) |
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3.5 Antigen-specific iTregs inhibit Th17-induced AIG |
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159 | (2) |
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3.6 Mechanistic analysis of the biologic effects of antigen-specific Tregs in vivo |
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161 | (5) |
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3.7 Biologic effects of Tregs on DC functions |
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166 | (4) |
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4 Conclusions and Speculations |
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170 | (2) |
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172 | (1) |
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172 | (5) |
| 5 Extrathymic Generation of Regulatory T Cells-Chances and Challenges for Prevention of Autoimmune Disease |
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177 | (38) |
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178 | (3) |
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1.1 Historical perspective of dominant tolerance executed by Foxp3+ regulatory T cells |
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178 | (3) |
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2 Intra- and Extrathymic Induction of Foxp3+ Tregs |
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181 | (10) |
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2.1 Requirements for i.t. differentiation of Foxp3+ Tregs |
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181 | (5) |
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2.2 Requirements for e.t. generation of Foxp3+ Tregs |
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186 | (2) |
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2.3 Signaling pathways and regulatory DNA elements controlling Foxp3 expression |
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188 | (1) |
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2.4 PI3K–mTOR–Akt signaling pathway-Role in e.t. Treg generation and function |
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189 | (2) |
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3 Enhancement of e.t. Treg Generation |
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191 | (2) |
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4 Tolerogenic Vaccination by Strong-Agonist Mimetopes of Self-Antigens in Order to Prevent Autoimmune Disease |
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193 | (6) |
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4.1 Characteristics of autoreactive T cell epitopes and generation of Foxp3+ Tregs |
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193 | (6) |
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199 | (3) |
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202 | (1) |
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202 | (13) |
| Index |
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215 | (4) |
| Contents of Recent Volumes |
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219 | |
