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Reproductive Technologies in Farm Animals [Pehme köide]

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(University College Dublin, Ireland)
  • Formaat: Paperback / softback, 352 pages, kõrgus x laius: 244x172 mm
  • Ilmumisaeg: 02-Nov-2004
  • Kirjastus: CABI Publishing
  • ISBN-10: 0851998623
  • ISBN-13: 9780851998626
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Reproductive Technologies in Farm AnimalsSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: Paperback / softback, 352 pages, kõrgus x laius: 244x172 mm
  • Ilmumisaeg: 02-Nov-2004
  • Kirjastus: CABI Publishing
  • ISBN-10: 0851998623
  • ISBN-13: 9780851998626
Teised raamatud teemal:
Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9780851998626.html
Märksõnad:
In the past half century, great progress has been made in the reproductive management of farm animals, both mammals and birds. This book aims to review developments and indicate which reproductive technologies can be used commercially or in research.
It begins by discussing artificial insemination and how this has recently been refined in semen sexing technology. Embryo transfer, in vitro embryo production technology, and the control of oestrus and ovulation are then reviewed. Subsequent chapters consider the control of postpartum ovarian activity, seasonal breeding, multiple births and litter size, pregnancy testing, parturition, and the onset of puberty. The author then describes more recent developments in cloning and the production of transgenic animals, before a final chapter on suppressing reproductive activity.
Preface xii
Acknowledgements xiv
1 Introduction
1(48)
1.1. The Changing Agricultural Scene
1(10)
1.1.1. Species under consideration
2(5)
1.1.2. Consumer, social and ethical issues
7(1)
1.1.3. Human health considerations
8(1)
1.1.4. Organic livestock farming
9(2)
1.2. Animal Welfare Considerations
11(5)
1.2.1. Education and training
11(1)
1.2.2. Grazing and non-grazing animals
12(1)
1.2.3. Biological measures of animal welfare
13(1)
1.2.4. Animal welfare and the consumer
14(1)
1.2.5. Modification of management practices
14(1)
1.2.6. Altering animal temperament
15(1)
1.2.7. Stress and slaughter
15(1)
1.3. Current Application of Reproductive Technologies
16(12)
1.3.1. General considerations
16(1)
1.3.2. Dairy and beef cattle
17(1)
1.3.3. Sheep and goats
18(3)
1.3.4. Pigs
21(2)
1.3.5. Horses
23(1)
1.3.6. Buffaloes and yaks
24(2)
1.3.7. Camelids
26(1)
1.3.8. Deer
27(1)
1.3.9. Poultry
28(1)
1.4. Factors Affecting Male Fertility
28(5)
1.4.1. Sperm production
29(1)
1.4.2. Physiological and endocrinological factors
30(2)
1.4.3. Genetic and environmental factors
32(1)
1.4.4. Tests for predicting breeding potential of males
32(1)
1.5. Factors Affecting Female Fertility
33(9)
1.5.1. Embryo mortality
33(2)
1.5.2 Genetic and environmental factors
35(4)
1.5.3 Management and nutritional considerations
39(2)
1.5.4 Disease and metabolic disorders
41(1)
1.6 Enhancing Female Fertility
42(4)
1.6.1. Nutritional approaches to enhanced fertility
42(1)
1.6.2. Hormones to enhance fertility
43(3)
1.6.3. Trophoblastic vesicles
46(1)
1.7. The Years Ahead
46(3)
1.7.1. New opportunities and fresh challenges
46(1)
1.7.2. Maternal recognition of pregnancy
47(1)
1.7.3. Nutrition and reproduction
48(1)
2 Artificial Insemination
49(33)
2.1. Advantages of Artificial Insemination
51(9)
2.1.1. Cattle and buffaloes
51(2)
2.1.2. Sheep and goats
53(2)
2.1.3. Pigs
55(1)
2.1.4. Horses
56(2)
2.1.5. Poultry
58(1)
2.1.6. Deer and camelids
59(1)
2.2. Growth and Development of AI Technology
60(15)
2.2.1. Natural matings
60(2)
2.2.2. Collection and processing of semen
62(4)
2.2.3. Storage and cryopreservation of semen
66(4)
2.2.4. Insemination procedures
70(4)
2.2.5. Do-it-yourself insemination (DIY-AI)
74(1)
2.2.6. Measuring effectiveness of AI
75(1)
2.3. Semen-sexing Technology
75(4)
2.3.1. Factors influencing the sex ratio
76(1)
2.3.2. Sorting technology
77(1)
2.3.3. Advantages of sex control
78(1)
2.3.4. Problems and prospects in semen sexing
79(1)
2.4. Future Developments in AI Technology
79(3)
2.4.1. Sperm survival at ambient temperature
79(1)
2.4.2. Sperm encapsulation
80(1)
2.4.3. Cryopreservation and freeze-drying of sperm
80(1)
2.4.4. In vitro spermatogenesis
81(1)
3 Embryo Transfer
82(26)
3.1. Advantages of Embryo Transfer
82(7)
3.1.1. Cattle and buffaloes
82(3)
3.1.2. Sheep and goats
85(1)
3.1.3. Pigs and horses
86(3)
3.1.4. Deer and camelids
89(1)
3.2. Growth and Development of Embryo Transfer Technology
89(15)
3.2.1. Historical
89(1)
3.2.2. Superovulation techniques
90(5)
3.2.3. Embryo recovery and evaluation
95(3)
3.2.4. In vitro culture and cryopreservation of embryos
98(4)
3.2.5. Donor-recipient synchrony
102(1)
3.2.6. Non-surgical embryo transfer procedures
103(1)
3.2.7. Selection and management of recipients
103(1)
3.3. Practical Applications of Embryo Transfer
104(3)
3.3.1. Embryo transfer and breeding improvement
104(1)
3.3.2. Embryo transfer and gender preselection
105(1)
3.3.3. Genetic preservation of endangered breeds
105(2)
3.4. Future Developments
107(1)
3.4.1. Embryo transfer as a research tool
107(1)
4 In Vitro Embryo Production
108(32)
4.1. Advantages of In Vitro-produced Embryos
108(6)
4.1.1. General considerations
108(1)
4.1.2. Cattle and buffaloes
109(1)
4.1.3. Sheep and goats
110(2)
4.1.4. Pigs and horses
112(2)
4.1.5. Deer
114(1)
4.2. Growth and Development of Technology
114(19)
4.2.1. Historical
114(1)
4.2.2. Abattoir materials
115(1)
4.2.3. Ovum pick-up (OPU) technique
115(3)
4.2.4. Evaluation and maturation of the oocyte
118(6)
4.2.5. Sperm preparation and in vitro fertilization (IVF)
124(4)
4.2.6. Other fertilization approaches
128(1)
4.2.7. In vitro embryo culture
129(2)
4.2.8. Cryopreservation of embryos and oocytes
131(1)
4.2.9. Evaluating embryo quality
132(1)
4.2.10. Pregnancy rates with fresh and frozen IVP embryos
132(1)
4.3. IVP Embryos in Commerce and in Research
133(3)
4.3.1. Current production statistics
133(1)
4.3.2. In vitro- vs. in vivo-produced embryos
133(1)
4.3.3. Large-offspring syndrome (LOS)
134(2)
4.4. Future Developments
136(4)
4.4.1. Oocytes from pre-antral follicles
136(1)
4.4.2. Gene expression studies
137(1)
4.4.3. Development of microfluidic technology
138(2)
5 Controlling Oestrus and Ovulation
140(24)
5.1. Oestrus and Its Detection
140(5)
5.1.1. Need for accurate oestrus detection
141(1)
5.1.2. Oestrus detection rates
142(2)
5.1.3. Aids to detection
144(1)
5.1.4. Measures of genuine oestrus status
145(1)
5.1.5. Future developments in oestrus detection technology
145(1)
5.2. The Oestrous Cycle
145(9)
5.2.1. Physiology and endocrinology of the oestrous cycle
145(4)
5.2.2. Monitoring ovarian activity
149(1)
5.2.3. Follicular dynamics
149(3)
5.2.4. Growth and regression of the corpus luteum
152(2)
5.3. Advantages of Oestrus Control
154(2)
5.3.1. Cattle and buffaloes
154(1)
5.3.2. Sheep and goats
155(1)
5.3.3. Pigs and horses
155(1)
5.3.4. Camelids
156(1)
5.4. Growth and Development of Oestrus Control Technology
156(2)
5.4.1. Historical
156(1)
5.4.2. Fertility at the controlled oestrus
157(1)
5.4.3. Accurate control of ovulation
158(1)
5.5. Practical Applications of Technology
158(6)
5.5.1. Control measures currently available
159(2)
5.5.2. Oestrus synchronization and resynchronization
161(1)
5.5.3. Cost-benefit calculations
162(1)
5.5.4. Animal handling considerations
163(1)
6 Control of Post-partum Ovarian Activity
164(14)
6.1. Factors Influencing Post-partum Ovarian Activity
164(5)
6.1.1. Cattle and buffaloes
164(3)
6.1.2. Sheep and goats
167(1)
6.1.3. Pigs
168(1)
6.1.4. Horses
169(1)
6.2. Development of Control Measures
169(9)
6.2.1. Physiology and endocrinology of the post-partum animal
169(3)
6.2.2. Strategies for inducing resumption of ovarian activity
172(2)
6.2.3. Assessing nutritional status of animals
174(1)
6.3.4. Current treatment protocols
174(4)
7 Control of Seasonal Breeding
178(17)
7.1. Advantages of Control Measures
178(6)
7.1.1. Factors affecting seasonal breeding
178(1)
7.1.2. Sheep and goats
178(3)
7.1.3. Horses
181(1)
7.1.4. Deer
182(1)
7.1.5. Buffaloes and camelids
183(1)
7.1.6. Poultry
184(1)
7.2. Breeding and Non-breeding Seasons
184(5)
7.2.1. Short- and long-day breeders
184(1)
7.2.2. Physiology and endocrinology of seasonal breeding activity
184(2)
7.2.3. Environmental and genetic factors
186(3)
7.3. Development and Application of Control Measures
189(6)
7.3.1. Practical applications of technology
189(1)
7.3.2. Animal management
189(1)
7.3.3. Melatonin treatment
190(2)
7.3.4. Light control in rams and stallions
192(1)
7.3.5. Use of progestogen-PMSG treatments
193(2)
8 Controlling Multiple Births and Litter Size
195(20)
8.1. Advantages of Control Measures
196(2)
8.1.1. Sheep and cattle
196(1)
8.1.2. Pigs
197(1)
8.1.3. Horses
198(1)
8.2. Development of Control Measures
198(17)
8.2.1. Historical
198(1)
8.2.2. Physiology and endocrinology of multiple ovulations
199(2)
8.2.3. Nutritional and environmental factors
201(1)
8.2.4. Genetic factors
202(2)
8.2.5. Use of gonadotrophins
204(1)
8.2.6. Immunization approach
205(2)
8.2.7. Embryo transfer
207(1)
8.2.8. Litters and neonatal mortality
208(5)
8.2.9. Animal welfare considerations
213(2)
9 Pregnancy Testing Technology
215(21)
9.1. Advantages of Control Measures
215(2)
9.1.1. Cattle and buffaloes
215(1)
9.1.2. Sheep and goats
216(1)
9.1.3. Pigs and horses
216(1)
9.1.4. Deer
217(1)
9.2. Factors Affecting Establishment of Pregnancy
217(7)
9.2.1. Physiology and endocrinology of early pregnancy
217(4)
9.2.2. Nutritional and environmental influences
221(1)
9.2.3. Maternal recognition of pregnancy
222(2)
9.3. Pregnancy Testing Methods
224(12)
9.3.1. Palpation per rectum
224(1)
9.3.2. Progesterone and oestrogen assays
225(3)
9.3.3. Faecal testing
228(1)
9.3.4. Predicting litter size
229(1)
9.3.5. Use of ultrasonics
230(3)
9.3.6. Early dipstick tests
233(1)
9.3.7. Other approaches
234(2)
10 Controlling Parturition 236(19)
10.1. Advantages of Control Measures
236(2)
10.1.1. Pigs
236(1)
10.1.2. Cattle and sheep
236(1)
10.1.3. Horses
237(1)
10.2. Development of Parturition Control Measures
238(17)
10.2.1. Physiology and endocrinology of late pregnancy and parturition
238(2)
10.2.2. Nutritional influences
240(1)
10.2.3. Factors influencing gestation length
241(3)
10.2.4. Predicting the onset of parturition
244(1)
10.2.5. Physiology and endocrinology of parturition
244(3)
10.2.6. Periparturitional events
247(2)
10.2.7. Induction agents
249(4)
10.2.8. Delaying parturition
253(1)
10.2.9. Terminating pregnancy
253(2)
11 Controlling Onset of Puberty 255(14)
11.1. Practical Implications of Early Puberty
255(4)
11.1.1. Cattle
255(2)
11.1.2. Sheep
257(1)
11.1.3. Pigs
258(1)
11.1.4. Horses
259(1)
11.2. Development of Puberty Control Measures
259(7)
11.2.1. Physiology and endocrinology of puberty in farm mammals
259(3)
11.2.2. Genetic and environmental factors
262(2)
11.2.3. Defining pubertal status
264(1)
11.2.4. Puberty and conception
265(1)
11.3. Applications of Technology
266(3)
11.3.1. Management guidelines
266(1)
11.3.2. Hormonal induction of puberty
266(3)
12 Cloning Technology 269(13)
12.1. Practical Implications of Technology
269(7)
12.1.1. Historical
269(3)
12.1.2. Human interest
272(1)
12.1.3. Cattle
273(1)
12.1.4. Horses
274(1)
12.1.5. Pigs
275(1)
12.2. Developments in Cloning Technology
276(6)
12.2.1. Oocyte sources
276(1)
12.2.2. Nuclear transfer procedures
277(1)
12.2.3. Reprogramming the nucleus
277(2)
12.2.4. Gestational and perinatal losses of clones
279(1)
12.2.5. The large-offspring syndrome (LOS)
280(1)
12.2.6. Development of clones after birth
280(1)
12.2.7. Simplification of technology
281(1)
13 Production of Transgenics 282(10)
13.1. Practical Implications of Technology
282(6)
13.1.1. Historical
283(2)
13.1.2. Cattle
285(1)
13.1.3. Pigs
285(1)
13.1.4. Sheep and goats
286(1)
13.1.5. Cats and dogs
287(1)
13.2. Producing Transgenics
288(4)
13.2.1. Improving the technology
288(1)
13.2.2. DNA transfer
288(1)
13.2.3. Transfected cells for nuclear transfer
289(1)
13.2.4. Sperm-mediated DNA transfer
289(1)
13.2.5. Retroviral infection of early embryos
290(1)
13.2.6. Identifying transgenic embryos
290(1)
13.2.7. Future developments
291(1)
14 Suppressing Reproductive Activity 292(6)
14.1. Advantages of Technology
292(2)
14.1.1. Cattle
293(1)
14.1.2. Sheep and goats
293(1)
14.1.3. Horses
294(1)
14.1.4. Pigs
294(1)
14.1.5. Deer
294(1)
14.2. Development and Application of Technology
294(4)
14.2.1. Hormonal approach
294(2)
14.2.2. Immunological approach
296(1)
14.2.3. Wild animal populations
297(1)
Bibliography 298(19)
Appendix A 317(2)
Appendix B 319(1)
Index 320