|
|
xi | |
|
|
xiv | |
Preface |
|
xvi | |
PART I: WHAT IS RESEARCH DESIGN? |
|
1 | (52) |
|
|
1 | (16) |
|
Description and explanation |
|
|
1 | (4) |
|
|
1 | (1) |
|
|
2 | (3) |
|
Theory testing and theory construction |
|
|
5 | (3) |
|
|
5 | (1) |
|
|
6 | (2) |
|
|
8 | (8) |
|
|
9 | (2) |
|
Adopting a sceptical approach to explanations |
|
|
11 | (5) |
|
|
16 | (1) |
|
Tools for Research Design |
|
|
17 | (17) |
|
|
17 | (10) |
|
Focusing and clarifying the research question |
|
|
17 | (5) |
|
Identifying plausible rival hypotheses |
|
|
22 | (2) |
|
|
24 | (3) |
|
Concepts for research design |
|
|
27 | (5) |
|
|
27 | (1) |
|
|
28 | (1) |
|
|
29 | (3) |
|
|
32 | (2) |
|
Causation and the Logic of Research Design |
|
|
34 | (19) |
|
Inferring causal relationships |
|
|
34 | (5) |
|
Criteria for inferring cause |
|
|
34 | (2) |
|
|
36 | (3) |
|
Providing a frame of reference |
|
|
39 | (8) |
|
|
40 | (2) |
|
|
42 | (1) |
|
Making meaningful comparisons |
|
|
43 | (4) |
|
Interventions and independent variables |
|
|
47 | (1) |
|
Dimensions of research design |
|
|
47 | (1) |
|
A range of research designs |
|
|
48 | (3) |
|
|
48 | (1) |
|
|
49 | (1) |
|
|
50 | (1) |
|
|
50 | (1) |
|
|
51 | (1) |
|
|
52 | (1) |
PART II: EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS |
|
53 | (60) |
|
Types of Experimental Design |
|
|
53 | (17) |
|
The classic experimental design |
|
|
53 | (6) |
|
|
56 | (3) |
|
Simpler experimental designs |
|
|
59 | (3) |
|
Post-test only with control group |
|
|
60 | (1) |
|
Retrospective experimental design |
|
|
60 | (2) |
|
More complex experimental designs |
|
|
62 | (7) |
|
|
62 | (1) |
|
|
62 | (1) |
|
Solomon four-group design |
|
|
63 | (2) |
|
|
65 | (4) |
|
|
69 | (1) |
|
|
69 | (1) |
|
Issues in Experimental Design |
|
|
70 | (19) |
|
|
70 | (8) |
|
The problem of explanatory narrowness |
|
|
70 | (2) |
|
Problems with internal validity |
|
|
72 | (4) |
|
Problems with external validity |
|
|
76 | (2) |
|
|
78 | (5) |
|
How much do you tell participants? |
|
|
78 | (1) |
|
|
78 | (1) |
|
How should participants be recruited? |
|
|
79 | (1) |
|
Gaps between tests and interventions |
|
|
79 | (1) |
|
Which method of data collection? |
|
|
80 | (1) |
|
Problems with randomized assignment |
|
|
80 | (2) |
|
Unevenness of interventions |
|
|
82 | (1) |
|
The self-fulfilling prophecy |
|
|
83 | (1) |
|
|
83 | (5) |
|
|
83 | (1) |
|
|
84 | (2) |
|
|
86 | (1) |
|
Anonymity and confidentiality |
|
|
87 | (1) |
|
|
88 | (1) |
|
|
88 | (1) |
|
Analysing Experimental Data |
|
|
89 | (24) |
|
Selecting the method of analysis |
|
|
89 | (21) |
|
What kind of analysis is required: description or inference? |
|
|
89 | (1) |
|
What sort of sample do we have? |
|
|
90 | (1) |
|
What level of data do we have? |
|
|
90 | (2) |
|
Type of comparisons required? |
|
|
92 | (4) |
|
What type of display is required? |
|
|
96 | (1) |
|
How many groups are to be compared? |
|
|
97 | (4) |
|
Are the comparison groups independent samples? |
|
|
101 | (1) |
|
Is the dependent variable normally distributed? |
|
|
102 | (1) |
|
Is the variance on the dependent variable similar between each comparison group? |
|
|
103 | (1) |
|
How many indepent variables? |
|
|
103 | (1) |
|
Summary process for selecting the right measure |
|
|
104 | (6) |
|
|
110 | (1) |
|
|
110 | (1) |
|
Truncation effects (floor and ceiling effects) |
|
|
110 | (1) |
|
|
111 | (1) |
|
|
111 | (1) |
|
|
112 | (1) |
PART III: LONGITUDINAL DESIGNS |
|
113 | (57) |
|
Types of Longitudinal Design |
|
|
113 | (18) |
|
Purposes of longitudinal design |
|
|
114 | (4) |
|
Describing patterns of change and stability |
|
|
114 | (1) |
|
Establishing temporal order |
|
|
115 | (1) |
|
Establishing developmental (age) effects |
|
|
115 | (1) |
|
Establishing historical (period) effects |
|
|
115 | (3) |
|
Life course `career' analysis |
|
|
118 | (1) |
|
Types of longitudinal design |
|
|
118 | (11) |
|
Prospective panel designs |
|
|
118 | (8) |
|
|
126 | (2) |
|
Quasi-longitudinal designs |
|
|
128 | (1) |
|
|
129 | (1) |
|
|
130 | (1) |
|
Issues in Longidutinal Design |
|
|
131 | (16) |
|
|
131 | (7) |
|
Issues of internal validity |
|
|
131 | (4) |
|
Issues of external validity |
|
|
135 | (3) |
|
|
138 | (6) |
|
Standardization of instruments |
|
|
138 | (1) |
|
|
138 | (1) |
|
|
139 | (1) |
|
|
140 | (1) |
|
|
140 | (1) |
|
Method of data collection |
|
|
141 | (1) |
|
|
142 | (1) |
|
|
142 | (1) |
|
|
143 | (1) |
|
|
143 | (1) |
|
|
144 | (1) |
|
|
144 | (1) |
|
|
144 | (2) |
|
|
145 | (1) |
|
|
145 | (1) |
|
|
145 | (1) |
|
Confidentiality and anonymity |
|
|
146 | (1) |
|
|
146 | (1) |
|
Data Analysis in Longitudinal Design |
|
|
147 | (23) |
|
|
147 | (6) |
|
|
147 | (1) |
|
|
148 | (1) |
|
Identifying missing data bias |
|
|
149 | (1) |
|
Dealing with missing data |
|
|
149 | (4) |
|
|
153 | (10) |
|
Aggregate level versus individual level change |
|
|
153 | (1) |
|
Qualitative versus quantitative change |
|
|
154 | (1) |
|
Measuring change in panel designs |
|
|
155 | (8) |
|
|
163 | (5) |
|
|
163 | (1) |
|
|
163 | (5) |
|
|
168 | (1) |
|
|
169 | (1) |
PART IV: CROSS-SECTIONAL DESIGNS |
|
170 | (49) |
|
|
170 | (6) |
|
|
170 | (1) |
|
Reliance on existing differences |
|
|
171 | (1) |
|
The nature of `groups' in the cross-sectional design |
|
|
172 | (1) |
|
Obtaining a time dimension: repeated cross-sectional studies |
|
|
173 | (3) |
|
Issues in Cross-Sectional Design |
|
|
176 | (18) |
|
|
176 | (9) |
|
|
176 | (8) |
|
|
184 | (1) |
|
|
185 | (7) |
|
Method of collecting data |
|
|
185 | (2) |
|
|
187 | (3) |
|
Sufficient variation in the sample on key variables |
|
|
190 | (1) |
|
Information for statistical controls |
|
|
190 | (1) |
|
|
190 | (1) |
|
|
191 | (1) |
|
|
192 | (1) |
|
|
193 | (1) |
|
|
193 | (1) |
|
|
194 | (25) |
|
|
194 | (7) |
|
|
195 | (1) |
|
|
196 | (1) |
|
|
197 | (2) |
|
|
199 | (1) |
|
Factor structures and scale structures |
|
|
199 | (1) |
|
|
200 | (1) |
|
|
201 | (2) |
|
The logic of statistical controls |
|
|
201 | (2) |
|
Multiple statistical controls |
|
|
203 | (1) |
|
The elaboration technique |
|
|
203 | (8) |
|
|
203 | (1) |
|
|
204 | (6) |
|
Problems with the elaboration model |
|
|
210 | (1) |
|
|
211 | (1) |
|
|
211 | (7) |
|
Constructing and reading cohort tables |
|
|
212 | (5) |
|
Problems with cohort analysis |
|
|
217 | (1) |
|
|
218 | (1) |
PART V: CASE STUDY DESIGNS |
|
219 | (48) |
|
|
219 | (14) |
|
|
220 | (1) |
|
|
220 | (1) |
|
Holistic and embedded units of analysis |
|
|
220 | (1) |
|
|
221 | (5) |
|
|
221 | (3) |
|
|
224 | (2) |
|
Other elements of case study designs |
|
|
226 | (2) |
|
Single or multiple cases? |
|
|
226 | (1) |
|
|
227 | (1) |
|
Retrospective or prospective? |
|
|
227 | (1) |
|
Types of case study designs |
|
|
228 | (2) |
|
|
230 | (1) |
|
Not the one-shot case study |
|
|
230 | (1) |
|
Not a data collection method |
|
|
230 | (1) |
|
|
231 | (1) |
|
|
232 | (1) |
|
Issues in Case Study Design |
|
|
233 | (16) |
|
|
233 | (7) |
|
|
233 | (4) |
|
|
237 | (3) |
|
|
240 | (5) |
|
|
240 | (2) |
|
Number of investigators: getting consistency |
|
|
242 | (1) |
|
When to go into the field |
|
|
243 | (1) |
|
|
244 | (1) |
|
|
245 | (2) |
|
|
247 | (1) |
|
|
248 | (1) |
|
|
249 | (18) |
|
|
249 | (1) |
|
|
250 | (1) |
|
Analysis in descriptive case studies |
|
|
250 | (3) |
|
Theoretical dimension of descriptive analysis |
|
|
250 | (3) |
|
|
253 | (10) |
|
|
253 | (9) |
|
Literal and theoretical replication |
|
|
262 | (1) |
|
Analysis for theory building: analytic induction |
|
|
263 | (3) |
|
|
266 | (1) |
|
|
266 | (1) |
References |
|
267 | (4) |
Index |
|
271 | |