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Research Methods for the Behavioral Sciences [Kõva köide]

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  • Formaat: Hardback, 624 pages, kõrgus x laius: 254x203 mm, kaal: 1250 g
  • Ilmumisaeg: 17-Sep-2013
  • Kirjastus: SAGE Publications Inc
  • ISBN-10: 1412975115
  • ISBN-13: 9781412975117
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Research Methods for the Behavioral SciencesSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: Hardback, 624 pages, kõrgus x laius: 254x203 mm, kaal: 1250 g
  • Ilmumisaeg: 17-Sep-2013
  • Kirjastus: SAGE Publications Inc
  • ISBN-10: 1412975115
  • ISBN-13: 9781412975117
Teised raamatud teemal:
Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9781412975117.html
Märksõnad:
Privitera (psychology, St. Bonaventure U.) presents this volume on behavioral science research. The first section covers the general methodology of scientific inquiry and the particular relevance of research ethics to the behavioral field. Variable identification, population sampling, and experimental research design are discussed in detail, as well as naturalistic, qualitative, survey and correlational studies. The volume ends with a section on analysis, interpretation, and presentation of results. Side-bubbles throughout the text highlight important points and reiterate contrasting vocabulary. Appendices provide a guide to APA style and statistical randomization. Annotation ©2013 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)



About the Author xiii
Acknowledgments xv
Preface xvii
To the Student: How to Use SPSS With This Book xxv
P.1 Overview of SPSS: What Are You Looking At? xxv
P.2 Preview of SPSS in Focus xxix
SECTION I SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY
Chapter 1 Introduction to Scientific Thinking
1(24)
1.1 Science as a Method of Knowing
2(1)
1.2 The Scientific Method
3(9)
1.3 Other Methods of Knowing
12(4)
1.4 The Goals of Science
16(2)
1.5 Approaches in Acquiring Knowledge
18(7)
Chapter 2 Generating Testable Ideas
25(28)
2.1 Generating Interesting and Novel Ideas
26(2)
2.2 Converting Ideas to Hypotheses and Theories
28(2)
2.3 Developing Your Idea: Deduction and Induction
30(3)
2.4 Performing a Literature Review
33(5)
2.5 Ethics in Focus: Giving Proper Credit
38(2)
2.6 The "3 Cs" of an Effective Literature Review
40(4)
2.7 Testing Your Idea: Confirmation and Disconfirmation
44(2)
2.8 Ethics in Focus: Publication Bias
46(7)
Chapter 3 Research Ethics
53(34)
3.1 Ethics in Behavioral Research
54(1)
3.2 The Need for Ethics Committees in Research: A Historical Synopsis
54(7)
3.3 Ethics in Focus: Examples From Psychology
61(4)
3.4 Human Participant Research: IRBs and the APA Code of Conduct
65(8)
3.5 Ethics in Focus: Anonymity and Confidentiality
73(2)
3.6 Animal Subject Research: IACUCs and the APA Code of Conduct
75(2)
3.7 Additional Ethical Considerations: Scientific Integrity
77(10)
SECTION II DEFINING AND MEASURING VARIABLES, SELECTING SAMPLES, AND CHOOSING AN APPROPRIATE RESEARCH DESIGN
Chapter 4 Identifying Scientific Variables
87(36)
4.1 Criteria for Defining and Measuring Variables
88(1)
4.2 Constructs and Operational Definitions
89(3)
4.3 Types of Variables
92(3)
4.4 Scales of Measurement
95(4)
4.5 Reliability of a Measurement
99(4)
4.6 Validity of a Measurement
103(3)
4.7 Selecting a Measurement Procedure
106(6)
4.8 Ethics in Focus: Replication as a Gauge for Fraud?
112(1)
4.9 SPSS in Focus: Entering and Coding Data
112(11)
Chapter 5 Sampling From Populations
123(30)
5.1 Why Do Researchers Select Samples?
124(1)
5.2 Subjects, Participants, and Sampling Methods
124(3)
5.3 Methods of Sampling: Nonprobability Sampling
127(4)
5.4 Methods of Sampling: Probability Sampling
131(9)
5.5 Sampling Error and Standard Error of the Mean
140(1)
5.6 SPSS in Focus: Estimating the Standard Error of the Mean
140(2)
5.7 Potential Biases in Sampling
142(2)
5.8 Ethics in Focus: Subject Pools
144(1)
5.9 SPSS in Focus: Identifying New Populations Using the One-Sample t Test
144(9)
Chapter 6 Choosing a Research Design
153(36)
6.1 Designing a Study to Answer a Question
154(1)
6.2 Categories of Research Design
155(6)
6.3 Internal and External Validity
161(2)
6.4 Demonstrating Cause in an Experiment
163(5)
6.5 Ethics in Focus: Beneficence and Random Assignment
168(1)
6.6 Threats to the Internal Validity of a Research Study
169(7)
6.7 Threats to the External Validity of a Research Study
176(4)
6.8 External Validity, Experimentation, and Realism
180(1)
6.9 A Final Thought on Validity and Choosing a Research Design
181(8)
SECTION III NONEXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGNS
Chapter 7 Naturalistic, Qualitative, and Existing Data Research Designs
189(36)
Naturalistic Observation
190(1)
7.1 An Overview of Naturalistic Observation
190(1)
7.2 The Research Setting: Natural and Contrived Settings
191(2)
7.3 Techniques for Conducting Naturalistic Observation
193(6)
7.4 Ethics in Focus: Influencing Participant Behavior
199(1)
Qualitative Designs
200(1)
7.5 An Overview of Qualitative Designs
200(3)
7.6 Qualitative Research Designs
203(8)
7.7 Ethics in Focus: Anonymity in Qualitative Research
211(1)
Existing Data Designs
212(1)
7.8 An Overview of Existing Data Designs
212(1)
7.9 Existing Data Designs
213(5)
7.10 Ethics in Focus: Existing Data and Experimenter Bias
218(7)
Chapter 8 Survey and Correlational Research Designs
225(36)
Survey Designs
226(1)
8.1 An Overview of Survey Designs
226(1)
8.2 Types of Survey Items
226(4)
8.3 Rules for Writing Survey Items
230(5)
8.4 Administering Surveys
235(2)
8.5 Surveys, Sampling, and Nonresponse Bias
237(1)
8.6 Ethics in Focus: Handling and Administering Surveys
238(1)
Correlational Designs
239(1)
8.7 The Structure of Correlational Designs
239(2)
8.8 Describing the Relationship Between Variables
241(6)
8.9 Limitations in Interpretation
247(3)
8.10 Correlation, Regression, and Prediction
250(2)
8.11 SPSS in Focus: Correlation and Linear Regression
252(9)
SECTION IV QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGNS
Chapter 9 Quasi-Experimental and Single-Case Experimental Designs
261(38)
Quasi-Experimental Designs
262(1)
9.1 An Overview of Quasi-Experimental Designs
262(2)
9.2 Quasi-Experimental Design: One-Group Designs
264(2)
9.3 Quasi-Experimental Design: Nonequivalent Control Group Designs
266(3)
9.4 Quasi-Experimental Design: Time Series Designs
269(5)
9.5 Quasi-Experimental Design: Developmental Designs
274(4)
9.6 Ethics in Focus: Development and Aging
278(1)
Single-Case Experimental Designs
279(1)
9.7 An Overview of Single-Case Designs
279(2)
9.8 Single-Case Baseline-Phase Designs
281(6)
9.9 Validity, Stability, Magnitude, and Generality
287(3)
9.10 Ethics in Focus: The Ethics of Innovation
290(9)
Chapter 10 Between-Subjects Experimental Designs
299(36)
10.1 Conducting Experiments: Between-Subjects Design
300(1)
10.2 Experimental Versus Control Group
300(3)
10.3 Manipulation and the Independent Variable
303(4)
10.4 Variability and the Independent Variable
307(3)
10.5 Ethics in Focus: The Accountability of Manipulation
310(1)
10.6 Comparing Two Independent Samples
311(3)
10.7 SPSS in Focus: Two-Independent-Sample t Test
314(3)
10.8 Comparing Two or More Independent Samples
317(3)
10.9 SPSS in Focus: One-Way Between-Subjects ANOVA
320(4)
10.10 Measuring the Dependent Variable
324(2)
10.11 Advantages and Disadvantages of the Between-Subjects Design
326(9)
Chapter 11 Within-Subjects Experimental Designs
335(34)
11.1 Conducting Experiments: Within-Subjects Design
336(1)
11.2 Controlling Time-Related Factors
337(6)
11.3 Ethics in Focus: Minimizing Participant Fatigue
343(1)
11.4 Individual Differences and Variability
344(2)
11.5 Comparing Two Related Samples
346(5)
11.6 SPSS in Focus: Related-Samples t Test
351(2)
11.7 Comparing Two or More Related Samples
353(2)
11.8 SPSS in Focus: One-Way Within-Subjects ANOVA
355(4)
11.9 An Alternative to Pre-Post Designs: Solomon Four-Group Design
359(2)
11.10 Comparing Between-Subjects and Within-Subjects Designs
361(8)
Chapter 12 Factorial Experimental Designs
369(34)
12.1 Testing Multiple Factors in the Same Experiment
370(1)
12.2 Selecting Samples for a Factorial Design in Experimentation
371(1)
12.3 Types of Factorial Designs
372(4)
12.4 Ethics in Focus: Participant Fatigue and Factorial Designs
376(1)
12.5 Main Effects and Interactions
377(5)
12.6 Identifying Main Effects and Interactions in a Graph
382(3)
12.7 Including Quasi-Independent Factors in an Experiment
385(2)
12.8 Reasons for Including Two or More Factors in an Experiment
387(3)
12.9 Higher-Order Factorial Designs
390(2)
12.10 SPSS in Focus: General Instructions for Conducting a Factorial ANOVA
392(11)
SECTION V ANALYZING, INTERPRETING, AND COMMUNICATING RESEARCH DATA
Chapter 13 Analysis and Interpretation: Exposition of Data
403(34)
13.1 Descriptive Statistics: Why Summarize Data?
404(2)
13.2 Frequency Distributions: Tables and Graphs
406(4)
13.3 Measures of Central Tendency
410(4)
13.4 Measures of Variability
414(3)
13.5 SPSS in Focus: Central Tendency and Variability
417(1)
13.6 Graphing Means and Correlations
418(3)
13.7 Using Correlation to Describe Reliability
421(3)
13.8 SPSS in Focus: Cronbach's Alpha and Cohen's Kappa
424(5)
13.9 Ethics in Focus: Deception Due to the Distortion of Data
429(8)
Chapter 14 Analysis and Interpretation: Making Decisions About Data
437(32)
14.1 Inferential Statistics: What Are We Making Inferences About?
438(2)
14.2 Types of Error and Power
440(3)
14.3 Parametric Tests: Applying the Decision Tree
443(3)
14.4 Nonparametric Tests: Applying the Decision Tree
446(3)
14.5 SPSS in Focus: The Chi-Square Tests
449(5)
14.6 Effect Size: How Big Is an Effect in the Population?
454(4)
14.7 Estimation: What Are the Possible Values of a Parameter?
458(1)
14.8 Confidence Intervals, Significance, and Effect Size
459(1)
14.9 Issues for Interpretation: Precision and Certainty
460(2)
14.10 Ethics in Focus: Full Disclosure of Data
462(7)
Chapter 15 Communicating Research: Preparing Manuscripts, Posters, and Talks
469(32)
15.1 Elements of Communication
470(4)
15.2 Writing a Manuscript: Writing Style and Language
474(5)
15.3 Elements of an APA-Style Manuscript
479(11)
15.4 Literature Reviews
490(1)
15.5 Reporting Observations in Qualitative Research
491(1)
15.6 Ethics in Focus: Credit and Authorship
492(1)
15.7 Presenting a Poster
493(1)
15.8 Giving a Professional Talk
494(7)
Appendix A APA-Style Notes, Sample Manuscript, and Posters
501(28)
A.1 Essentials for Writing APA-Style Research Papers
501(4)
A.2 Sample APA-Style Manuscript
505(20)
A.3 Poster Template and Sample Posters
525(4)
Appendix B Instructions for Randomizing and Statistical Tables
529(14)
B.1 Random Numbers Table
529(4)
B.2 Constructing a Latin Square
533(3)
B.3 Statistical Tables
536(7)
References 543(12)
Glossary 555(18)
Index 573
Gregory J. Privitera is a three-time national-award-winning author and a professor of psychology at St. Bonaventure University where he is a recipient of its highest teaching honor, The Award for Professional Excellence in Teaching, and its highest honor for scholarship, The Award for Professional Excellence in Research and Publication. Dr. Privitera received his PhD in behavioral neuroscience in the field of psychology at the State University of New York at Buffalo and continued with his postdoctoral research at Arizona State University. His texts span diverse topics in psychology and the behavioral sciences and include an introductory psychology text, three statistics texts, two research methods texts, and multiple other texts bridging knowledge creation across health, health care, and analytics. In addition, Dr. Privitera has authored more than three dozen peer-reviewed papers aimed at advancing our understanding of health, health literacy, and informing policy in health care. His research has earned recognition by the American Psychological Association and in media to include Oprahs Magazine, Time Magazine, and the Wall Street Journal. He mentors a variety of undergraduate research projects at St. Bonaventure University, where dozens of students, many of whom have gone on to earn graduate and doctoral degrees at various institutions, have coauthored and presented research work. In addition to his teaching, research, and advisement, Dr. Privitera is a veteran of the U.S. Marine Corps, is an identical twin, and is married with two daughters, Grace Ann and Charlotte Jane, and two sons, Aiden Andrew and Luca James.