|
List of figures and tables |
|
|
xviii | |
About the editors |
|
xxi | |
Notes on the contributors |
|
xxii | |
New to this edition |
|
xxvii | |
Acknowledgements |
|
xxviii | |
|
|
xxix | |
|
|
1 | (2) |
|
|
|
1 | (1) |
|
The structure of the book |
|
|
1 | (1) |
|
|
2 | (1) |
|
What's new in the third edition? |
|
|
2 | (1) |
|
PART I INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH METHODS AND METHODOLOGIES IN EDUCATION |
|
|
3 | (20) |
|
2 The nature of educational research |
|
|
5 | (10) |
|
|
|
5 | (1) |
|
Dimensions of difference: paradigms? |
|
|
5 | (1) |
|
|
6 | (1) |
|
Reconciling the different views |
|
|
7 | (1) |
|
Different aims for educational research |
|
|
8 | (1) |
|
Other ways of classifying different types of educational research |
|
|
9 | (1) |
|
Characteristics of research |
|
|
10 | (1) |
|
How is educational research different from other kinds of research? |
|
|
11 | (1) |
|
|
12 | (1) |
|
Questions for further investigation |
|
|
13 | (1) |
|
Suggested further reading |
|
|
13 | (1) |
|
|
13 | (2) |
|
3 Finding your theoretical position |
|
|
15 | (8) |
|
|
|
15 | (1) |
|
Ontology, epistemology, methodology and methods |
|
|
15 | (2) |
|
The nature of paradigms: making sense of reality |
|
|
17 | (3) |
|
|
20 | (1) |
|
Questions for further investigation |
|
|
20 | (1) |
|
Suggested further reading |
|
|
20 | (1) |
|
|
21 | (2) |
|
PART II BASIC PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE IN CONDUCTING RESEARCH |
|
|
23 | (60) |
|
4 Design of empirical research |
|
|
25 | (8) |
|
|
|
25 | (1) |
|
|
25 | (1) |
|
|
26 | (1) |
|
Varieties of research designs |
|
|
26 | (4) |
|
|
30 | (2) |
|
Questions for further investigation |
|
|
32 | (1) |
|
Suggested further reading |
|
|
32 | (1) |
|
|
32 | (1) |
|
|
33 | (10) |
|
|
Why is planning important? |
|
|
33 | (1) |
|
Starting to plan early on |
|
|
33 | (6) |
|
Managing your time and resources |
|
|
39 | (1) |
|
The research proposal or plan |
|
|
40 | (1) |
|
Planning as an ongoing activity |
|
|
41 | (1) |
|
Questions for further investigation |
|
|
42 | (1) |
|
Suggested further reading |
|
|
42 | (1) |
|
|
42 | (1) |
|
6 Inference and interpretation in research |
|
|
43 | (13) |
|
|
|
43 | (1) |
|
Confusion over `validity' |
|
|
43 | (2) |
|
|
45 | (5) |
|
|
50 | (5) |
|
Questions for further investigation |
|
|
55 | (1) |
|
Suggested further reading |
|
|
55 | (1) |
|
|
55 | (1) |
|
|
56 | (12) |
|
|
|
56 | (1) |
|
|
56 | (1) |
|
|
57 | (1) |
|
|
58 | (6) |
|
|
64 | (1) |
|
Ethical regulation and ethics committees |
|
|
64 | (1) |
|
|
65 | (1) |
|
Questions for further investigation |
|
|
66 | (1) |
|
Suggested further reading |
|
|
66 | (1) |
|
|
66 | (2) |
|
8 Disseminating your research |
|
|
68 | (15) |
|
|
|
68 | (1) |
|
What is the purpose of dissemination? |
|
|
68 | (1) |
|
Dissemination viewed through the lens of integrated scholarship |
|
|
69 | (2) |
|
How to complete your dissemination plan |
|
|
71 | (6) |
|
|
77 | (3) |
|
|
80 | (1) |
|
Questions for further investigation |
|
|
80 | (1) |
|
Suggested further reading |
|
|
81 | (1) |
|
|
81 | (2) |
|
PART III RESEARCH DESIGNS |
|
|
83 | (136) |
|
|
85 | (8) |
|
|
|
85 | (2) |
|
|
87 | (1) |
|
Example: stress in the workplace |
|
|
88 | (1) |
|
|
89 | (1) |
|
|
90 | (1) |
|
Questions for further investigation |
|
|
90 | (1) |
|
Suggested further reading |
|
|
90 | (1) |
|
|
91 | (2) |
|
|
93 | (9) |
|
|
|
93 | (1) |
|
|
93 | (2) |
|
Issues in naturalistic enquiry |
|
|
95 | (1) |
|
Methods of naturalistic enquiry |
|
|
96 | (1) |
|
Classic and exemplary cases |
|
|
97 | (1) |
|
Is there a future for naturalistic research? |
|
|
97 | (1) |
|
|
98 | (1) |
|
Questions for further investigation |
|
|
98 | (1) |
|
Suggested further reading |
|
|
99 | (1) |
|
|
99 | (3) |
|
|
102 | (8) |
|
|
Definition and brief history |
|
|
102 | (2) |
|
Research question and paradigmatic location |
|
|
104 | (1) |
|
|
105 | (1) |
|
Role conflict and ethical dilemmas |
|
|
105 | (1) |
|
Methods, data collection and analysis |
|
|
105 | (1) |
|
|
106 | (1) |
|
|
106 | (1) |
|
Questions for further investigation |
|
|
107 | (1) |
|
Suggested further reading |
|
|
108 | (1) |
|
|
108 | (2) |
|
|
110 | (9) |
|
|
|
110 | (1) |
|
Mapping the terrain of visual methodologies |
|
|
111 | (2) |
|
Applying the methods: the Friday Absenteeism Project |
|
|
113 | (2) |
|
|
115 | (1) |
|
|
115 | (1) |
|
Questions for further investigation |
|
|
115 | (1) |
|
Suggested further reading |
|
|
116 | (1) |
|
|
116 | (3) |
|
|
119 | (16) |
|
|
|
119 | (1) |
|
(Re)interpretations of grounded theory |
|
|
119 | (1) |
|
Locating yourself as a grounded theorist |
|
|
120 | (1) |
|
|
120 | (2) |
|
The helix model: a framework for enquiry |
|
|
122 | (1) |
|
|
123 | (1) |
|
The heart of the matter -- coding |
|
|
123 | (5) |
|
Writing a grounded theory |
|
|
128 | (1) |
|
Criticisms of grounded theory |
|
|
128 | (1) |
|
|
129 | (1) |
|
|
129 | (2) |
|
Questions for further investigation |
|
|
131 | (1) |
|
Suggested further reading |
|
|
132 | (1) |
|
|
132 | (3) |
|
|
135 | (9) |
|
|
What is case study research? |
|
|
135 | (1) |
|
Types of case study and selection of cases |
|
|
135 | (1) |
|
Case study research and validity |
|
|
136 | (1) |
|
Example: multiple case study of private school outreach in India |
|
|
137 | (3) |
|
Other examples of case study research |
|
|
140 | (1) |
|
|
141 | (1) |
|
Questions for further investigation |
|
|
141 | (1) |
|
Suggested further reading |
|
|
142 | (1) |
|
|
142 | (2) |
|
|
144 | (9) |
|
|
|
144 | (1) |
|
What is secondary data analysis? |
|
|
144 | (1) |
|
The promises of secondary data analysis |
|
|
145 | (1) |
|
Sources of secondary data |
|
|
145 | (1) |
|
The role of `big data' in education research |
|
|
146 | (1) |
|
Using secondary data to provide a context for small-scale research |
|
|
147 | (1) |
|
Using secondary data to monitor trends over time |
|
|
148 | (2) |
|
|
150 | (1) |
|
|
150 | (1) |
|
Questions for further investigation |
|
|
151 | (1) |
|
Suggested further reading |
|
|
151 | (1) |
|
|
152 | (1) |
|
|
153 | (9) |
|
|
Longitudinal data and research designs |
|
|
153 | (1) |
|
|
153 | (1) |
|
Longitudinal research designs |
|
|
154 | (3) |
|
Applications of longitudinal research |
|
|
157 | (2) |
|
|
159 | (1) |
|
|
159 | (1) |
|
Questions for further investigation |
|
|
160 | (1) |
|
Suggested further reading |
|
|
160 | (1) |
|
|
161 | (1) |
|
17 Statistical and correlational techniques |
|
|
162 | (8) |
|
|
|
162 | (1) |
|
Statistical and correlational research |
|
|
162 | (1) |
|
An example: correlational research |
|
|
163 | (4) |
|
|
167 | (1) |
|
Questions for further investigation |
|
|
168 | (1) |
|
Suggested further reading |
|
|
169 | (1) |
|
|
169 | (1) |
|
|
170 | (9) |
|
|
|
170 | (1) |
|
Impact evaluation in education |
|
|
170 | (2) |
|
The 'Embedding ICT impact evaluation |
|
|
172 | (1) |
|
Evaluation design, aims and methods |
|
|
172 | (1) |
|
Results of the evaluation |
|
|
173 | (2) |
|
Challenges for interpretation from the evaluation design |
|
|
175 | (1) |
|
|
175 | (1) |
|
|
176 | (1) |
|
Questions for further investigation |
|
|
176 | (1) |
|
Suggested further reading |
|
|
177 | (1) |
|
|
177 | (2) |
|
19 Interventions: Experiments |
|
|
179 | (7) |
|
|
|
179 | (1) |
|
The kinds of research questions which interventions seek to address |
|
|
179 | (1) |
|
|
180 | (2) |
|
Individual random assignment |
|
|
182 | (1) |
|
Clusters randomly assigned |
|
|
182 | (1) |
|
Methods of data collection and analysis |
|
|
182 | (1) |
|
|
183 | (1) |
|
Questions for further investigation |
|
|
184 | (1) |
|
Suggested further reading |
|
|
184 | (1) |
|
|
185 | (1) |
|
20 Mixing methods in education research |
|
|
186 | (8) |
|
|
|
186 | (1) |
|
The nature of mixed-methods research |
|
|
187 | (1) |
|
|
188 | (1) |
|
An example: the Learning Lives project |
|
|
189 | (1) |
|
|
190 | (1) |
|
Questions for further investigation |
|
|
191 | (1) |
|
Suggested further reading |
|
|
191 | (1) |
|
|
192 | (2) |
|
|
194 | (15) |
|
|
|
|
|
194 | (1) |
|
|
194 | (2) |
|
Undertaking a systematic review |
|
|
196 | (10) |
|
|
206 | (1) |
|
|
206 | (1) |
|
Questions for further investigation |
|
|
207 | (1) |
|
Suggested further reading |
|
|
207 | (1) |
|
|
208 | (1) |
|
22 Computational research methods and data science |
|
|
209 | (10) |
|
|
|
209 | (1) |
|
What are data science and computational research methods? |
|
|
210 | (1) |
|
What types of research questions can these methods answer? |
|
|
211 | (3) |
|
What are the major issues when preparing for, and carrying out, this type of research? |
|
|
214 | (1) |
|
Case study: analysing inspection reports |
|
|
215 | (2) |
|
|
217 | (1) |
|
|
217 | (1) |
|
Questions for further investigation |
|
|
217 | (1) |
|
Suggested further reading |
|
|
217 | (1) |
|
|
217 | (2) |
|
PART IV DATA COLLECTION TOOLS |
|
|
219 | (70) |
|
23 Methods for observing classroom interactions |
|
|
221 | (11) |
|
|
|
221 | (1) |
|
Research questions addressed through classroom observation |
|
|
222 | (2) |
|
Conducting observations for a research study |
|
|
224 | (2) |
|
|
226 | (1) |
|
Using observation scores to address research questions |
|
|
227 | (1) |
|
|
227 | (1) |
|
|
228 | (1) |
|
|
228 | (1) |
|
Questions for further investigation |
|
|
229 | (1) |
|
Suggested further reading |
|
|
229 | (1) |
|
|
230 | (2) |
|
|
232 | (8) |
|
|
|
232 | (1) |
|
Interviewing: it's more than questions and answers |
|
|
232 | (2) |
|
|
234 | (2) |
|
|
236 | (1) |
|
|
236 | (1) |
|
|
237 | (1) |
|
Questions for further investigation |
|
|
238 | (1) |
|
Suggested further reading |
|
|
238 | (1) |
|
|
239 | (1) |
|
25 Focus groups and group interviews |
|
|
240 | (8) |
|
|
|
240 | (1) |
|
Strengths and weaknesses of focus groups |
|
|
240 | (1) |
|
How to set up and run a focus group |
|
|
241 | (2) |
|
|
243 | (1) |
|
|
243 | (1) |
|
|
244 | (1) |
|
|
244 | (1) |
|
|
245 | (1) |
|
|
245 | (1) |
|
Questions for further investigation |
|
|
246 | (1) |
|
Suggested further reading |
|
|
246 | (1) |
|
|
247 | (1) |
|
26 Internet-based methods |
|
|
248 | (11) |
|
|
|
|
248 | (2) |
|
Using online research methods to investigate learners' experiences |
|
|
250 | (3) |
|
Challenges in learner experience research |
|
|
253 | (2) |
|
|
255 | (1) |
|
|
255 | (1) |
|
Questions for further investigation |
|
|
256 | (1) |
|
Suggested further reading |
|
|
256 | (1) |
|
|
256 | (3) |
|
27 Doing social media research |
|
|
259 | (9) |
|
|
|
259 | (1) |
|
`Big data and deep data': social media methods |
|
|
260 | (1) |
|
Social media places: a social media site as a space and a place |
|
|
260 | (1) |
|
Learners' use of social media spaces |
|
|
260 | (1) |
|
Social media, young people and ethical research |
|
|
261 | (1) |
|
Using Facebook to research first-year transition at a UK university |
|
|
261 | (2) |
|
Acknowledging and recording the temporal nature of social media |
|
|
263 | (1) |
|
|
263 | (1) |
|
Developments in data capture: NCapture |
|
|
264 | (1) |
|
|
264 | (1) |
|
|
264 | (1) |
|
Questions for further investigation |
|
|
265 | (1) |
|
Suggested further reading |
|
|
265 | (1) |
|
|
265 | (3) |
|
|
268 | (9) |
|
|
|
268 | (2) |
|
|
270 | (1) |
|
|
271 | (1) |
|
|
272 | (1) |
|
|
273 | (1) |
|
|
273 | (1) |
|
Questions for further investigation |
|
|
273 | (1) |
|
Suggested further reading |
|
|
274 | (1) |
|
|
274 | (2) |
|
|
276 | (1) |
|
|
277 | (12) |
|
|
|
277 | (1) |
|
|
277 | (1) |
|
|
278 | (2) |
|
|
280 | (1) |
|
|
281 | (1) |
|
|
281 | (1) |
|
|
282 | (1) |
|
|
283 | (2) |
|
Conclusion and links to other methodology |
|
|
285 | (1) |
|
|
285 | (1) |
|
Questions for further investigation |
|
|
286 | (1) |
|
Suggested further reading |
|
|
286 | (1) |
|
|
287 | (2) |
|
|
289 | (124) |
|
30 Using software in qualitative data analysis |
|
|
291 | (9) |
|
|
|
291 | (1) |
|
|
292 | (1) |
|
Setting Up The Project In Nvivo |
|
|
292 | (1) |
|
|
292 | (1) |
|
|
293 | (1) |
|
|
294 | (1) |
|
|
294 | (1) |
|
|
295 | (1) |
|
|
296 | (1) |
|
Using Query With Coded Text And Attributes |
|
|
297 | (1) |
|
|
297 | (1) |
|
|
298 | (1) |
|
|
298 | (1) |
|
Questions For Further Investigation |
|
|
299 | (1) |
|
Suggested Further Reading |
|
|
299 | (1) |
|
|
299 | (1) |
|
31 Statistical analysis tools |
|
|
300 | (14) |
|
|
|
300 | (1) |
|
|
300 | (2) |
|
Statistical Analysis With Excel |
|
|
302 | (2) |
|
Statistical Analysis With Spss |
|
|
304 | (3) |
|
Statistical Analysis In Stata |
|
|
307 | (2) |
|
Statistical Analysis With Mlwin |
|
|
309 | (1) |
|
|
310 | (1) |
|
|
311 | (1) |
|
Questions For Further Investigation |
|
|
312 | (1) |
|
Suggested Further Reading |
|
|
312 | (1) |
|
|
312 | (2) |
|
|
314 | (14) |
|
|
|
314 | (1) |
|
Approaches To Discourse Analysis |
|
|
315 | (5) |
|
Discourse Analysis And Teacher Language: Data And Analysis |
|
|
320 | (3) |
|
|
323 | (1) |
|
Questions For Further Investigation |
|
|
324 | (1) |
|
Suggested Further Reading |
|
|
324 | (1) |
|
|
325 | (3) |
|
|
328 | (9) |
|
|
|
328 | (1) |
|
Conducting Media Analysis |
|
|
329 | (4) |
|
|
333 | (1) |
|
|
334 | (1) |
|
|
334 | (1) |
|
Questions For Further Investigation |
|
|
335 | (1) |
|
Suggested Further Reading |
|
|
335 | (1) |
|
|
336 | (1) |
|
|
337 | (11) |
|
|
|
337 | (1) |
|
The Appeal Of Biographical Research |
|
|
338 | (1) |
|
Conducting Biographical Research |
|
|
339 | (1) |
|
Analysing And Writing Up Biographical Research |
|
|
340 | (1) |
|
|
341 | (2) |
|
|
343 | (1) |
|
|
344 | (1) |
|
Questions For Further Investigation |
|
|
345 | (1) |
|
Suggested Further Reading |
|
|
346 | (1) |
|
|
346 | (2) |
|
35 Statistical hypothesis tests |
|
|
348 | (10) |
|
|
|
348 | (1) |
|
|
348 | (1) |
|
|
348 | (2) |
|
Nhst: The Wrong Framework For Educational Research |
|
|
350 | (1) |
|
|
351 | (1) |
|
Effect Size Estimation Addresses The Question Of Interest |
|
|
352 | (1) |
|
Nhst Lends Itself To Mistakes Of Interpretation |
|
|
352 | (1) |
|
|
353 | (1) |
|
|
353 | (1) |
|
Effect Sizes And Research Synthesis |
|
|
353 | (1) |
|
Effect Sizes And Replication |
|
|
354 | (1) |
|
|
354 | (1) |
|
|
354 | (1) |
|
|
355 | (1) |
|
Questions For Further Investigation |
|
|
355 | (1) |
|
Suggested Further Reading |
|
|
355 | (1) |
|
|
356 | (2) |
|
36 Analysis of variance (ANOVA) |
|
|
358 | (10) |
|
|
|
358 | (1) |
|
|
358 | (1) |
|
|
359 | (1) |
|
|
359 | (4) |
|
Additional Considerations |
|
|
363 | (1) |
|
|
364 | (1) |
|
|
365 | (1) |
|
|
365 | (1) |
|
Questions For Further Investigation |
|
|
366 | (1) |
|
Suggested Further Reading |
|
|
366 | (1) |
|
|
366 | (2) |
|
37 Multiple linear regression |
|
|
368 | (10) |
|
|
|
368 | (1) |
|
Correlation And Simple Regression |
|
|
368 | (3) |
|
|
371 | (1) |
|
|
372 | (1) |
|
Cautions And Interpretations |
|
|
373 | (1) |
|
|
374 | (1) |
|
|
375 | (1) |
|
Questions For Further Investigation |
|
|
375 | (1) |
|
Suggested Further Reading |
|
|
376 | (1) |
|
|
376 | (2) |
|
|
378 | (15) |
|
|
|
|
378 | (1) |
|
An Illustration Of Multilevel Modelling Via Analyses Of The Data From A Multi-Site Evaluation Of The Transition Mathematics Curriculum |
|
|
379 | (7) |
|
Additional Applications And Examples |
|
|
386 | (2) |
|
|
388 | (1) |
|
|
389 | (1) |
|
Questions For Further Investigation |
|
|
389 | (1) |
|
Suggested Further Reading |
|
|
390 | (1) |
|
|
390 | (3) |
|
|
393 | (11) |
|
|
|
393 | (1) |
|
Why Do We Need `Effect Size'? |
|
|
393 | (2) |
|
|
395 | (1) |
|
How Can Effect Sizes Be Interpreted? |
|
|
396 | (2) |
|
What Is The Margin For Error In Estimating Effect Sizes? |
|
|
398 | (1) |
|
What Other Factors Can Influence Effect Size? |
|
|
399 | (1) |
|
Are There Alternative Measures Of Effect Size? |
|
|
400 | (1) |
|
|
401 | (1) |
|
|
401 | (1) |
|
Questions For Further Investigation |
|
|
402 | (1) |
|
Suggested Further Reading |
|
|
402 | (1) |
|
|
402 | (2) |
|
|
404 | (9) |
|
|
|
404 | (1) |
|
Why Is Meta-Analysis Necessary? |
|
|
404 | (1) |
|
|
405 | (1) |
|
Procedures In Meta-Analysis |
|
|
406 | (1) |
|
Combining Effect Size Estimates Across Studies |
|
|
407 | (1) |
|
|
407 | (1) |
|
Fixed Versus Random Effects |
|
|
408 | (1) |
|
Analysis Of Variance And Regression Analyses In Meta-Analysis |
|
|
408 | (1) |
|
|
409 | (1) |
|
|
409 | (1) |
|
|
410 | (1) |
|
|
410 | (1) |
|
Questions For Further Investigation |
|
|
411 | (1) |
|
Suggested Further Reading |
|
|
411 | (1) |
|
|
411 | (1) |
|
Software For Meta-Analysis |
|
|
412 | (1) |
Index |
|
413 | |