Acknowledgements |
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xix | |
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List of figures and tables |
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xxi | |
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xxv | |
About the editors |
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xxvii | |
Notes on the contributors |
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xxix | |
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PART I INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH METHODS AND METHODOLOGIES IN EDUCATION |
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1 Introduction: how this book can help you |
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3 | (2) |
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3 | (2) |
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2 The nature of educational research - exploring the different understandings of educational research |
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5 | (10) |
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5 | (1) |
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Dimensions of difference: paradigms? |
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6 | (1) |
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6 | (1) |
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Reconciling the different views |
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6 | (2) |
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Different aims for educational research |
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8 | (1) |
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Other ways of classifying different types of educational research |
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9 | (1) |
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Characteristics of research |
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10 | (1) |
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How is educational research different from other kinds of research? |
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11 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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Questions for further investigation |
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13 | (1) |
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Suggested further reading |
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13 | (1) |
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13 | (2) |
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3 Finding your theoretical position |
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15 | (8) |
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15 | (1) |
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Ontology, epistemology, methodology and methods |
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16 | (1) |
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The nature of paradigms - making sense of reality |
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17 | (2) |
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19 | (1) |
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Questions for further investigation |
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19 | (1) |
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Suggested further reading |
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19 | (1) |
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19 | (4) |
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PART II BASIC PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE IN CONDUCTING RESEARCH |
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4 Design of empirical research |
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23 | (8) |
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23 | (1) |
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23 | (1) |
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24 | (1) |
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Varieties of research designs |
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25 | (2) |
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27 | (3) |
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Suggested further reading |
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30 | (1) |
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30 | (1) |
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31 | (10) |
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Why is planning important? |
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31 | (1) |
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Starting to plan early on |
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31 | (6) |
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Managing your time and resources |
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37 | (1) |
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The research proposal or plan |
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38 | (1) |
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Planning as an ongoing activity |
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38 | (2) |
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Suggested further reading |
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40 | (1) |
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40 | (1) |
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6 Conducting your research |
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41 | (12) |
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The importance of inference and interpretation |
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41 | (1) |
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Confusion over `validity' |
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41 | (2) |
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43 | (5) |
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48 | (4) |
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Suggested further reading |
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52 | (1) |
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52 | (1) |
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7 Research impact and dissemination |
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53 | (18) |
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53 | (1) |
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54 | (1) |
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Judging the impact of research |
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55 | (1) |
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Autonomy versus accountability --- changes in the role of the university and the academic |
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56 | (2) |
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E-tools supporting research impact and dissemination |
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58 | (1) |
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Practitioners' access to research and engagement of practitioners in research |
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58 | (4) |
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Commissioning research to underpin policy and practice |
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62 | (1) |
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Your stance on impact and dissemination? |
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62 | (1) |
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63 | (1) |
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63 | (1) |
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Suggested further reading |
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63 | (1) |
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64 | (7) |
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Dimension 1 Research Designs |
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71 | (5) |
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71 | (1) |
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72 | (1) |
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Example: stress in the workplace |
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73 | (1) |
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The methodological approach |
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73 | (1) |
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74 | (1) |
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Suggested further reading |
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74 | (1) |
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74 | (2) |
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76 | (4) |
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76 | (1) |
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76 | (1) |
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Methods of naturalistic enquiry |
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77 | (1) |
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An example: the David Medd study |
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77 | (1) |
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Issues in naturalistic enquiry |
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78 | (1) |
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Suggested further reading |
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79 | (1) |
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79 | (1) |
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10 Ethnographic and representational styles |
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80 | (5) |
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Definition and brief history |
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80 | (1) |
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Research question and paradigmatic location |
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81 | (1) |
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Methods, data collection and analysis |
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82 | (1) |
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An example: an ethnographic journey |
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82 | (1) |
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83 | (1) |
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Suggested further reading |
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83 | (1) |
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83 | (2) |
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85 | (9) |
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85 | (1) |
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Data collection and theoretical sampling |
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86 | (1) |
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86 | (3) |
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89 | (2) |
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Interplay between induction and abduction |
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91 | (1) |
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92 | (1) |
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Suggested further reading |
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92 | (1) |
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92 | (2) |
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94 | (8) |
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94 | (1) |
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Defining visual methodologies |
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95 | (1) |
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Methods of data collection and analysis |
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95 | (1) |
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Implementing two approaches to generating visual data |
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96 | (3) |
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99 | (1) |
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99 | (1) |
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Suggested further reading |
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99 | (1) |
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100 | (2) |
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102 | (6) |
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Case study research: an outline |
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102 | (1) |
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A multiple case study of private school outreach in India |
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103 | (3) |
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Suggested further reading |
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106 | (1) |
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106 | (2) |
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14 Issues of truth and justice |
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108 | (6) |
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Truth and justice in educational research: fundamental considerations and practical influences |
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108 | (2) |
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An example of a recent research and development project |
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110 | (2) |
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112 | (1) |
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Suggested further reading |
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112 | (1) |
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113 | (1) |
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15 Surveys and longitudinal research |
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114 | (5) |
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Longitudinal data and research designs |
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114 | (1) |
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Applications of longitudinal research designs |
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114 | (1) |
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115 | (1) |
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Applications of longitudinal research |
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115 | (3) |
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118 | (1) |
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118 | (1) |
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Suggested further reading |
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118 | (1) |
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118 | (1) |
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16 Statistical and correlational techniques |
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119 | (6) |
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119 | (1) |
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Statistical and correlational research |
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119 | (1) |
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An example: correlational research |
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120 | (4) |
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Suggested further reading |
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124 | (1) |
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124 | (1) |
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125 | (6) |
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125 | (1) |
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What is secondary data analysis? |
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125 | (1) |
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The promises of secondary data analysis |
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126 | (1) |
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Using secondary data in mixed methods research |
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126 | (1) |
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Using secondary data to monitor trends over time |
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127 | (2) |
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129 | (1) |
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Suggested further reading |
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129 | (1) |
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130 | (1) |
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131 | (6) |
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Evaluation of impact: a case study of the introduction of interactive whiteboards in schools in the UK |
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131 | (1) |
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Evaluation rationale and aims |
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131 | (1) |
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Evaluation aims and methods |
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132 | (1) |
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Results of the evaluation |
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133 | (1) |
|
Challenges for interpretation and evaluation design |
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134 | (1) |
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Suggested further reading |
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135 | (1) |
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135 | (2) |
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19 Interventions: experiments |
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137 | (4) |
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Definition and outline of the key research design |
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137 | (1) |
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The kind of associated research questions |
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137 | (1) |
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138 | (1) |
|
Individual random assignment |
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138 | (1) |
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Clusters randomly assigned |
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|
138 | (1) |
|
Suggested further reading |
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139 | (1) |
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|
139 | (2) |
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141 | (6) |
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Definition and outline of the key research design |
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141 | (1) |
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Formulating the review question |
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141 | (1) |
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Searching and selecting studies |
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142 | (1) |
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Coding to describe studies |
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142 | (1) |
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143 | (1) |
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Synthesis of evidence in the in-depth review |
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143 | (1) |
|
What did the review find? |
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|
143 | (2) |
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Different applications of systematic review methods |
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145 | (1) |
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|
145 | (1) |
|
Suggested further reading |
|
|
145 | (1) |
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146 | (1) |
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|
147 | (6) |
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|
Introducing mixed methods research |
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147 | (1) |
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The nature of mixed methods research |
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148 | (1) |
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|
148 | (2) |
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An example: the Learning Lives project |
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150 | (1) |
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151 | (1) |
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Suggested further reading |
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|
151 | (1) |
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151 | (2) |
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22 Philosophical research |
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153 | (12) |
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153 | (1) |
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154 | (1) |
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155 | (1) |
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156 | (2) |
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158 | (1) |
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159 | (1) |
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159 | (2) |
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161 | (1) |
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|
162 | (1) |
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Suggested further reading |
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162 | (1) |
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|
162 | (3) |
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Dimension 2 Data Collection Tools |
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23 Observation-based research |
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165 | (5) |
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Observation as a technique for data collection in social research: a brief introduction |
|
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165 | (1) |
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Types of observation-based research |
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165 | (1) |
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Observational research in educational settings |
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166 | (1) |
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A checklist for doing observational research |
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166 | (1) |
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The ethics of observation-based research |
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167 | (1) |
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Some points for further consideration |
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168 | (1) |
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169 | (1) |
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Questions for further investigation |
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169 | (1) |
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169 | (1) |
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Suggested further reading |
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169 | (1) |
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170 | (7) |
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170 | (1) |
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Interviewing: it's more than questions and answers |
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170 | (2) |
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172 | (1) |
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Challenges and dispositions |
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173 | (1) |
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174 | (1) |
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|
175 | (1) |
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Questions for further investigation |
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175 | (1) |
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Suggested further reading |
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|
175 | (1) |
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|
175 | (2) |
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25 Techniques to assist with interviewing |
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177 | (9) |
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177 | (1) |
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The use of still photographs and other images as stimuli |
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177 | (2) |
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179 | (1) |
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Props and prompts when talking (especially) to children |
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180 | (2) |
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Issues concerning the use of stimuli |
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182 | (1) |
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182 | (1) |
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Questions for further investigation |
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183 | (1) |
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|
183 | (1) |
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Suggested further reading |
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183 | (1) |
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|
183 | (3) |
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26 Focus groups and group interviews |
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|
186 | (7) |
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186 | (1) |
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Strengths and weaknesses of focus groups |
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187 | (1) |
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How to set up and run a focus group |
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187 | (2) |
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189 | (1) |
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189 | (1) |
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190 | (1) |
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190 | (1) |
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|
191 | (1) |
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Questions for further investigation |
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|
191 | (1) |
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Suggested further reading |
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|
191 | (1) |
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|
191 | (2) |
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27 Internet-based methods |
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193 | (9) |
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193 | (2) |
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Using online research methods to investigate learners' experiences |
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195 | (2) |
|
Challenges in learner experience research |
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197 | (2) |
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|
199 | (1) |
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Questions for further investigation |
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|
199 | (1) |
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|
199 | (1) |
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Suggested further reading |
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|
199 | (1) |
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|
199 | (3) |
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|
202 | (8) |
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202 | (1) |
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|
203 | (2) |
|
Combining quantitative and qualitative approaches |
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|
205 | (1) |
|
Implications of the computational turn |
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|
206 | (1) |
|
Questions for further investigation |
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|
207 | (1) |
|
Suggested further reading |
|
|
208 | (1) |
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|
208 | (2) |
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|
210 | (7) |
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210 | (1) |
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|
211 | (1) |
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212 | (1) |
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|
213 | (1) |
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|
214 | (1) |
|
Questions for further investigation |
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|
214 | (1) |
|
Suggested further reading |
|
|
214 | (1) |
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|
215 | (2) |
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|
217 | (14) |
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|
217 | (1) |
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|
217 | (2) |
|
Detailed guidance on methods for undertaking a systematic review |
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|
219 | (10) |
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229 | (1) |
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Questions for further investigation |
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|
229 | (1) |
|
Suggested further reading |
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|
229 | (1) |
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|
230 | (1) |
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|
231 | (10) |
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231 | (1) |
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231 | (1) |
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232 | (2) |
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234 | (1) |
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235 | (1) |
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235 | (1) |
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236 | (1) |
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237 | (1) |
|
How many items are needed in a scale? |
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|
237 | (2) |
|
Conclusion and links to other methodology |
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|
239 | (1) |
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Questions for further investigation |
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|
239 | (1) |
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|
239 | (1) |
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Suggested further reading |
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|
239 | (1) |
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|
240 | (1) |
|
32 Measurement and validity |
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|
241 | (10) |
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|
241 | (1) |
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Approaches to collecting data |
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|
241 | (2) |
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|
243 | (1) |
|
Criterion-referenced vs. norm-referenced measurement |
|
|
244 | (1) |
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|
244 | (1) |
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|
245 | (1) |
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|
246 | (1) |
|
Questions for further investigation |
|
|
246 | (1) |
|
Suggested further reading |
|
|
246 | (1) |
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|
246 | (5) |
|
Dimension 3 Analysis Methods |
|
|
|
33 Software and qualitative data analysis |
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|
251 | (8) |
|
|
|
252 | (1) |
|
Setting up the project in NVivo |
|
|
252 | (1) |
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|
253 | (1) |
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|
253 | (1) |
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|
254 | (1) |
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|
255 | (1) |
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|
255 | (1) |
|
Searching for coded text and attributes |
|
|
256 | (1) |
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|
256 | (1) |
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|
257 | (1) |
|
Questions for further investigation |
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|
257 | (1) |
|
Suggested further reading |
|
|
257 | (1) |
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|
258 | (1) |
|
34 Statistical analysis tools |
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|
259 | (13) |
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|
|
259 | (1) |
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|
259 | (2) |
|
Statistical analysis with Excel |
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|
261 | (2) |
|
Statistical analysis with SPSS |
|
|
263 | (3) |
|
Statistical analysis in Stata |
|
|
266 | (2) |
|
Statistical analysis with MLwiN |
|
|
268 | (1) |
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|
269 | (1) |
|
Questions for further investigation |
|
|
270 | (1) |
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|
270 | (1) |
|
Suggested further reading |
|
|
270 | (1) |
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|
270 | (2) |
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|
272 | (11) |
|
|
|
272 | (1) |
|
Approaches to discourse analysis |
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|
272 | (6) |
|
Discourse analysis and teacher language: data and analysis |
|
|
278 | (2) |
|
Questions for further investigation |
|
|
280 | (1) |
|
Suggested further reading |
|
|
280 | (1) |
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|
281 | (2) |
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|
283 | (7) |
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|
|
283 | (1) |
|
Conducting media analysis |
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|
283 | (4) |
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|
287 | (1) |
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|
288 | (1) |
|
Questions for further investigation |
|
|
288 | (1) |
|
Suggested further reading |
|
|
289 | (1) |
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|
289 | (1) |
|
37 Visual methodologies and social change |
|
|
290 | (7) |
|
|
Introduction: visual methodologies |
|
|
290 | (1) |
|
Mapping the terrain of visual methodologies |
|
|
291 | (2) |
|
Applying the methods: a case for photovoice --- the Friday Absenteeism Project |
|
|
293 | (1) |
|
|
294 | (1) |
|
Questions for further investigation |
|
|
294 | (1) |
|
Suggested further reading |
|
|
295 | (1) |
|
|
295 | (2) |
|
|
297 | (12) |
|
|
|
297 | (1) |
|
(Re)interpretations of grounded theory |
|
|
297 | (1) |
|
Locating yourself as a grounded theorist |
|
|
298 | (1) |
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|
298 | (2) |
|
The helix model: a framework for enquiry |
|
|
300 | (1) |
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|
300 | (1) |
|
The heart of the matter --- coding |
|
|
301 | (4) |
|
Writing a grounded theory |
|
|
305 | (1) |
|
Criticisms of grounded theory |
|
|
305 | (1) |
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|
306 | (1) |
|
Questions for further investigation |
|
|
306 | (1) |
|
Suggested further reading |
|
|
306 | (1) |
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|
307 | (2) |
|
39 Ethnography as epistemology |
|
|
309 | (13) |
|
|
|
|
Introduction to educational ethnography |
|
|
309 | (1) |
|
On ethnography as a logic-in-use |
|
|
309 | (2) |
|
Exemplars of educational issues, topics and directions |
|
|
311 | (1) |
|
Principles of operation guiding the actions of the ethnographer |
|
|
312 | (4) |
|
A telling case of a logic-in-use |
|
|
316 | (2) |
|
|
318 | (1) |
|
Questions for further investigation |
|
|
319 | (1) |
|
Suggested further reading |
|
|
319 | (1) |
|
|
319 | (3) |
|
40 Biographical research methods |
|
|
322 | (8) |
|
|
|
322 | (1) |
|
The appeal of biographical research |
|
|
323 | (1) |
|
Conducting biographical research |
|
|
324 | (1) |
|
Analysing and writing up biographical research |
|
|
325 | (1) |
|
|
326 | (1) |
|
|
327 | (1) |
|
Questions for further investigation |
|
|
328 | (1) |
|
Suggested further reading |
|
|
328 | (1) |
|
|
328 | (2) |
|
41 Statistical hypothesis tests |
|
|
330 | (8) |
|
|
|
330 | (1) |
|
|
330 | (1) |
|
|
330 | (2) |
|
NHST: the wrong framework for educational research |
|
|
332 | (1) |
|
|
333 | (1) |
|
Effect size estimation addresses the question of interest |
|
|
333 | (1) |
|
NHST lends itself to mistakes of interpretation |
|
|
334 | (1) |
|
|
335 | (1) |
|
|
335 | (1) |
|
Effect sizes and research synthesis |
|
|
335 | (1) |
|
|
336 | (1) |
|
|
336 | (1) |
|
Questions for further investigation |
|
|
336 | (1) |
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Suggested further reading |
|
|
337 | (1) |
|
|
337 | (1) |
|
42 Analysis of variance (ANOVA) |
|
|
338 | (10) |
|
|
|
|
338 | (1) |
|
|
338 | (1) |
|
Considerations in applying ANOVA |
|
|
339 | (1) |
|
|
339 | (4) |
|
|
343 | (1) |
|
Robust analogues to ANOVA F-tests |
|
|
344 | (1) |
|
Assessing ANOVA results reported in empirical research |
|
|
345 | (1) |
|
|
346 | (1) |
|
Questions for further investigation |
|
|
346 | (1) |
|
Suggested further reading |
|
|
347 | (1) |
|
|
347 | (1) |
|
43 Multiple linear regression |
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|
348 | (8) |
|
|
|
348 | (1) |
|
Correlation and simple regression |
|
|
348 | (3) |
|
|
351 | (1) |
|
|
352 | (1) |
|
Cautions and interpretations |
|
|
353 | (1) |
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|
354 | (1) |
|
Questions for further investigation |
|
|
354 | (1) |
|
Suggested further reading |
|
|
355 | (1) |
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|
355 | (1) |
|
|
356 | (12) |
|
|
|
|
356 | (1) |
|
An illustration of multilevel modelling via analysis of the data from a multi-site evaluation of the transition mathematics curriculum |
|
|
357 | (8) |
|
Additional applications and examples |
|
|
365 | (1) |
|
|
366 | (1) |
|
Questions for further investigation |
|
|
366 | (1) |
|
|
366 | (1) |
|
Suggested further reading |
|
|
366 | (1) |
|
|
367 | (1) |
|
|
368 | (10) |
|
|
|
368 | (1) |
|
Why do we need `effect size'? |
|
|
368 | (1) |
|
|
369 | (2) |
|
How can effect sizes be interpreted? |
|
|
371 | (2) |
|
What is the margin for error in estimation effect sizes? |
|
|
373 | (1) |
|
What other factors can influence effect size? |
|
|
373 | (2) |
|
Are there alternative measures of effect size? |
|
|
375 | (1) |
|
|
375 | (1) |
|
Questions for further investigation |
|
|
376 | (1) |
|
|
376 | (1) |
|
Suggested further reading |
|
|
376 | (1) |
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|
376 | (2) |
|
|
378 | (7) |
|
|
|
378 | (1) |
|
Why is meta-analysis necessary? |
|
|
378 | (1) |
|
|
379 | (1) |
|
Procedures in meta-analysis |
|
|
380 | (1) |
|
Combining effect size estimates across studies |
|
|
380 | (1) |
|
|
381 | (1) |
|
Fixed versus random effects |
|
|
381 | (1) |
|
Analysis of variance and regression analysis in meta-analysis |
|
|
382 | (1) |
|
|
382 | (1) |
|
|
383 | (1) |
|
|
383 | (1) |
|
Questions for further investigation |
|
|
383 | (1) |
|
Suggested further reading |
|
|
384 | (1) |
|
|
384 | (1) |
Index |
|
385 | |