Preface |
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xi | |
Study Tips |
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xv | |
Acknowledgments |
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xvii | |
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PART I Overview of the Research Process |
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1 | (96) |
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1 Introduction to Research in Physical Activity |
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3 | (24) |
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3 | (7) |
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Unscientific Versus Scientific Methods of Problem-Solving |
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10 | (4) |
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Alternative Models of Research |
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14 | (3) |
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17 | (5) |
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Overview of the Research Process |
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22 | (1) |
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Parts of a Thesis: A Reflection on the Steps in the Research Process |
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23 | (1) |
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24 | (3) |
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2 Developing the Problem and Using the Literature |
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27 | (26) |
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Identifying the Research Problem |
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27 | (4) |
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Purpose of the Literature Review |
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31 | (2) |
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Basic Literature Search Strategies |
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33 | (1) |
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Steps in the Literature Search |
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34 | (16) |
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50 | (3) |
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53 | (14) |
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53 | (2) |
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Developing the Introduction: Background and Justification |
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55 | (2) |
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Stating the Research Purpose |
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57 | (2) |
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Presenting the Research Hypothesis |
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59 | (1) |
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Operationally Defining Terms |
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60 | (1) |
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Basic Assumptions, Delimitations, and Limitations |
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61 | (3) |
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Presenting the Significance of the Study in a Thesis or Dissertation |
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64 | (1) |
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Differences Between the Thesis and the Journal Article |
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64 | (1) |
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65 | (2) |
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67 | (12) |
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68 | (1) |
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Why Planning the Methods Is Important |
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68 | (1) |
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Two Principles for Planning Experiments |
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69 | (1) |
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69 | (2) |
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Selecting and Describing Instruments |
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71 | (2) |
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73 | (1) |
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Describing Design and Analysis |
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74 | (2) |
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Establishing Cause and Effect |
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76 | (2) |
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Interaction of Participants, Measurements, and Treatments |
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78 | (1) |
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78 | (1) |
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5 Ethical Issues in Research and Scholarship |
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79 | (18) |
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Seven Areas of Research Misconduct |
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79 | (5) |
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Ethical Issues Regarding Copyright |
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84 | (1) |
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Model for Considering Scientific Misconduct |
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85 | (3) |
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88 | (1) |
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Protecting Human Participants |
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89 | (3) |
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Protecting Animal Subjects |
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92 | (1) |
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93 | (4) |
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PART II Statistical and Measurement Concepts in Research |
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97 | (130) |
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6 Becoming Acquainted With Statistical Concepts |
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99 | (20) |
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99 | (2) |
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Use of Computers in Statistical Analysis |
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101 | (1) |
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Description and Inference Are Not Statistical Techniques |
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102 | (1) |
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102 | (2) |
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Ways to Assign Participants to Groups |
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104 | (1) |
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105 | (1) |
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Difficulty of Random Sampling and Assignment: Good Enough? |
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105 | (1) |
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Measures of Central Tendency and Variability |
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106 | (5) |
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Basic Concepts of Statistical Techniques |
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111 | (3) |
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Data for Use in the Remaining Statistical Chapters |
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114 | (2) |
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116 | (3) |
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7 Statistical Issues in Research Planning and Evaluation |
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119 | (12) |
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119 | (1) |
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120 | (3) |
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Meaningfulness (Effect Size) |
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123 | (1) |
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123 | (4) |
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Using Information in the Context of the Study |
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127 | (3) |
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130 | (1) |
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8 Relationships of Variables |
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131 | (26) |
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What Correlational Research Investigates |
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131 | (1) |
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Understanding the Nature of Correlation |
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132 | (6) |
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What the Coefficient of Correlation Means |
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138 | (4) |
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Using Correlation for Prediction |
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142 | (3) |
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145 | (1) |
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146 | (1) |
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Procedures for Multiple Regression |
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147 | (3) |
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150 | (1) |
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Discriminant Function Analysis |
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150 | (1) |
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151 | (1) |
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Multivariate Forms of Correlation |
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151 | (3) |
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154 | (3) |
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9 Differences Between Groups |
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157 | (34) |
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How Statistics Test Differences |
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157 | (1) |
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158 | (7) |
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165 | (3) |
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168 | (2) |
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170 | (13) |
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183 | (1) |
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Experiment-Wise Error Rate |
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184 | (1) |
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Understanding Multivariate Techniques |
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185 | (4) |
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189 | (2) |
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10 Nonparametric Techniques |
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191 | (14) |
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Chi Square: Testing the Observed Versus the Expected |
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193 | (4) |
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Procedures for Rank-Order Data |
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197 | (1) |
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198 | (2) |
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Differences Between Groups |
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200 | (3) |
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203 | (2) |
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11 Measuring Research Variables |
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205 | (22) |
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205 | (5) |
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210 | (3) |
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Methods of Establishing Reliability |
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213 | (2) |
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Intertester Reliability (Objectivity) |
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215 | (1) |
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Standard Error of Measurement |
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216 | (1) |
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Using Standard Scores to Compare Performance |
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217 | (1) |
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218 | (1) |
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Measuring Written Responses |
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219 | (1) |
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Measuring Affective Behavior |
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219 | (1) |
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220 | (3) |
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223 | (1) |
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224 | (1) |
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225 | (2) |
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PART III Type of Research |
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227 | (170) |
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Sociohistorical Process in Sport Studies |
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229 | (1) |
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Development of the Discipline |
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230 | (1) |
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231 | (1) |
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Relationship Between Theory and Method |
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232 | (5) |
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237 | (1) |
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238 | (1) |
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239 | (1) |
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Data Analysis and Interpretation |
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240 | (3) |
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243 | (1) |
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Exemplary Studies in Sport History |
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244 | (1) |
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245 | (2) |
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13 Philosophical Research in Physical Activity |
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247 | (26) |
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Identifying the Purposes of Philosophical Research |
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250 | (4) |
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Philosophical Inquiry Continuum |
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254 | (5) |
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Locating a Research Problem |
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259 | (3) |
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Analyzing a Research Problem |
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262 | (7) |
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269 | (4) |
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273 | (16) |
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Purpose of Research Synthesis |
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274 | (8) |
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Using Systematic Review for Research Synthesis |
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282 | (5) |
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287 | (2) |
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289 | (18) |
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289 | (11) |
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Additional Considerations for Online Surveys |
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300 | (2) |
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302 | (1) |
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302 | (3) |
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305 | (1) |
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306 | (1) |
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16 Other Descriptive Research Methods |
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307 | (14) |
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307 | (3) |
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310 | (3) |
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313 | (4) |
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Unobtrusive Research Techniques |
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317 | (1) |
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317 | (2) |
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319 | (2) |
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17 Physical Activity Epidemiology Research |
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321 | (26) |
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U.S. National Physical Activity Guidelines and Plan |
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321 | (3) |
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Observational Versus Experimental Research |
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324 | (1) |
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What Is Physical Activity Epidemiology? |
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324 | (3) |
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Definitions of Physical Activity and Its Components |
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327 | (2) |
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Assessment of Physical Activity |
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329 | (4) |
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Epidemiological Study Designs |
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333 | (10) |
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Reading and Interpreting a Physical Activity Epidemiological Study |
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343 | (3) |
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346 | (1) |
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18 Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Research |
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347 | (26) |
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348 | (1) |
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Threats to Internal Validity |
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349 | (4) |
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Threats to External Validity |
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353 | (1) |
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Controlling Threats to Internal Validity |
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354 | (2) |
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Controlling Threats to External Validity |
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356 | (1) |
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357 | (13) |
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370 | (3) |
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373 | (18) |
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Procedures in Qualitative Research |
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374 | (6) |
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380 | (9) |
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389 | (1) |
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389 | (2) |
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20 Mixed-Methods Research |
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391 | (6) |
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Combining Quantitative and Qualitative Methods |
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392 | (1) |
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Designing Mixed-Methods Research |
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393 | (1) |
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Issues in Mixed-Methods Research |
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394 | (1) |
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Examples of Mixed-Methods Research |
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394 | (2) |
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396 | (1) |
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PART IV Writing the Research Report |
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397 | (48) |
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21 Completing the Research Process |
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399 | (26) |
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399 | (1) |
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Thesis and Dissertation Proposals |
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399 | (1) |
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Advisor and Dissertation Committee |
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400 | (1) |
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The Good Scholar Must Research and Write |
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400 | (1) |
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400 | (1) |
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First Things Are Sometimes Best Done Last |
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401 | (1) |
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Developing a Good Introduction |
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402 | (2) |
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404 | (1) |
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404 | (4) |
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Preparing and Presenting Qualitative Research Proposals |
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408 | (1) |
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Writing Proposals for Granting Agencies |
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408 | (1) |
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Submitting Internal Proposals |
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409 | (1) |
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Completing Your Thesis or Dissertation |
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410 | (1) |
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410 | (4) |
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Handling Multiple Experiments in a Single Report |
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414 | (1) |
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414 | (8) |
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422 | (3) |
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22 Ways of Reporting Research |
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425 | (20) |
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425 | (1) |
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A Brief Word About Acknowledgments |
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426 | (1) |
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Thesis and Dissertation Format: Traditional Versus Journal |
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426 | (7) |
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Helpful Hints for Successful Journal Writing |
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433 | (2) |
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435 | (2) |
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437 | (3) |
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Making Oral and Poster Presentations |
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440 | (3) |
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443 | (2) |
Appendix |
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445 | (12) |
References |
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457 | (16) |
Author Index |
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473 | (4) |
Subject Index |
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477 | (8) |
About the Authors |
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485 | |