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Reverse Osmosis: A Guide for the Nonengineering Professional [Kõva köide]

(Spellman Environmental Consultants, Norfolk, Virginia, USA)
  • Formaat: Hardback, 324 pages, kõrgus x laius: 234x156 mm, kaal: 589 g
  • Ilmumisaeg: 05-Aug-2015
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 1498727506
  • ISBN-13: 9781498727501
  • Formaat: Hardback, 324 pages, kõrgus x laius: 234x156 mm, kaal: 589 g
  • Ilmumisaeg: 05-Aug-2015
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 1498727506
  • ISBN-13: 9781498727501
For the Nonengineering ProfessionalPerfect for anyone without a background in science or engineering who wants to take a closer look at how water is processed and treated,Reverse Osmosis: A Guide for the Nonengineering Professional relates reverse osmosis in its most basic form and addresses growing concerns about the quality of tap water. What is reverse osmosis? Not to be confused with filtration—which involves straining or size exclusion—reverse osmosis involves a diffusive mechanism and separation process that is dependent on solute concentration, pressure, and the water flux rate. This book describes all of the basic processes involved in reverse osmosis operations. Presented in a conversational style—using jargon-free language—it discusses in detail the drinking water purification, wastewater reuse, desalination processes, and other freshwater applications used to ensure the safe consumption of water.The book also places special emphasis on pharmaceuticals and personal care product (PPCP) contaminants, which are not typically removed from wastewater by conventional treatment processes, however, they can be removed by processes using sophisticated membrane filtration. The author provides a basic understanding of membrane technology, and explains the membrane treatment process. He details how the processes fit together within a drinking water or wastewater treatment system and presents concepts that make up water and wastewater treatment processes as a whole. He also highlights advances in reverse osmosis technology and discusses relevant applications.Presents a comprehensive coverage of reverse osmosisDiscusses fundamental processes and equipment used in reverse osmosisProvides technical terminology in simplified formReverse Osmosis: A Guide for the Nonengineering Professional explains how reverse osmosis is used in drinking water purification and provides readers with step-by-step instruction on the pretreatment, treatment, and post-treatment technology used in the purification of drinking water.

Arvustused

"... a very interesting book that talks about the RO technology and its application in water treatment... brilliant... highly readable..." -Xue Jin, University Of Glasgow, Scotland "The book contains basic information about RO system and defines a number of acronyms which are essential for non-engineering professional. It also contains general information about wastewater and water quality but I believe they are suitable for people who are working in industries but from non-engineering backgrounds." -Professor Adel Sharif, Qatar Environment and Energy Research Institute, Qatar Foundation

Preface xi
Author xiii
Acronyms xv
Chapter 1 Introduction 1(4)
Why a Book about Reverse Osmosis?
1(2)
Recommended Reading
3(2)
Chapter 2 Reverse Osmosis: The Nuts and Bolts 5(20)
Essential and Practical Details
5(1)
Concepts
5(7)
Miscibility and Solubility
5(1)
Suspension, Sediment, Biosolids, and Particles
6(1)
Emulsions
6(1)
Ions
6(1)
Concentration
6(1)
Permeate
7(1)
Concentrate, Reject, Retentate, Brine, or Residual Stream
7(1)
Tonicity
7(1)
Osmosis
7(1)
Osmotic Pressure
7(1)
Osmotic Gradient
8(1)
Membrane
8(1)
Semipermeable Membrane
8(1)
RO System Flow Rating
8(1)
Recovery Conversion
8(1)
Concentration Factor
8(1)
Rejection
9(1)
Flux
10(1)
Specific Flux (Permeability)
10(1)
Concentration Polarization
10(1)
Membrane Fouling
10(1)
Membrane Scaling
11(1)
Silt Density Index
12(1)
Langelier Saturation Index
12(1)
Antiscalants
12(1)
Basic Terms and Definitions
12(2)
Gas Laws
14(2)
Boyle's Law
14(1)
Charles's Law
15(1)
Ideal Gas Law
15(1)
Solutions
16(6)
Basic Solution Calculations
17(2)
Concentrations
19(1)
Moles
20(1)
Predicting Solubility
21(1)
Colligative Properties
22(1)
References and Recommended Reading
22(3)
Chapter 3 Reverse Osmosis and Filtration Spectrum 25(8)
Osmosis
25(1)
Osmotic Pressure
25(1)
Reverse Osmosis Process
25(5)
Filtration Spectrum
30(1)
References and Recommended Reading
31(2)
Chapter 4 Reverse Osmosis Equipment and System Configuration 33(10)
Membrane Materials
33(1)
Membrane Modules
34(5)
Plate-and-Frame Modules
34(1)
Spiral-Wound Modules
35(2)
Hollow-Fiber Modules
37(1)
Tubular Modules
38(1)
System Configuration
39(2)
References and Recommended Reading
41(2)
Chapter 5 Water Contaminants 43(36)
Are We to Wait Until All Frogs "Croak"?
43(1)
Water Constituents
44(7)
A Recent Rabbit and Grasshopper Conversation
45(1)
Solids
46(1)
Dissolved Oxygen
47(1)
Metals
48(1)
Organic Matter
48(1)
Inorganic Matter
48(2)
Alkalinity
50(1)
Hardness
50(1)
Important Properties of Water
51(1)
Solubility
51(1)
Surface Tension
51(1)
Density
51(1)
Boiling Point
51(1)
Heat Capacity
51(1)
Heat of Vaporization
51(1)
Latent Heat of Fusion
52(1)
Phase Transitions of Water
52(1)
Water Microbiology
52(1)
Microbiology: What Is It?
52(1)
Water and Wastewater Microorganisms
52(2)
Key Terms
53(1)
Microorganism Classification and Differentiation
54(23)
Classification
54(2)
Differentiation
56(1)
Bacteria
57(2)
Protozoa
59(3)
Pathogenic Protozoa
62(13)
Viruses
75(1)
Fungi
76(1)
References and Recommended Reading
77(2)
Chapter 6 Water Quality Standards 79(6)
Introduction
79(1)
Clean Water Act
79(1)
Safe Drinking Water Act
80(2)
References and Recommended Reading
82(3)
Chapter 7 Conventional Water and Wastewater Treatment 85(124)
Shutting Down the Pump
86(3)
Dr. John Snow
86(1)
Cholera
86(1)
Flashback to 1854 London
87(1)
From Pump Handle Removal to Water Treatment (Disinfection)
88(1)
Conventional Water Treatment
89(30)
Purpose of Water Treatment
90(1)
Stages of Water Treatment
90(29)
Wastewater Treatment
119(5)
Wastewater Treatment Process Model
119(1)
Wastewater Terminology and Definitions
120(4)
Measuring Wastewater Plant Performance
124(1)
Hydraulic Detention Time
124(1)
Wastewater Sources and Characteristics
124(6)
Wastewater Sources
125(1)
Wastewater Characteristics
126(4)
Wastewater Collection Systems
130(2)
Gravity Collection System
130(1)
Force Main Collection System
130(1)
Vacuum System
130(1)
Pumping Stations
130(2)
Preliminary Wastewater Treatment
132(4)
Screening
132(1)
Shredding
133(1)
Grit Removal
134(1)
Preaeration
135(1)
Chemical Addition
135(1)
Equalization
135(1)
Aerated Systems
136(1)
Cyclone Degritter
136(1)
Primary Wastewater Treatment (Sedimentation)
136(3)
Overview of Primary Treatment
137(2)
Secondary Wastewater Treatment
139(21)
Treatment Ponds
140(14)
Trickling Filters
154(4)
Rotating Biological Contactors
158(2)
Activated Sludge
160(12)
Activated Sludge Terminology
161(3)
Activated Sludge Process Equipment
164(1)
Overview of Activated Sludge Process
165(1)
Oxidation Ditches
166(3)
Activated Sludge Process Control Parameters
169(3)
Disinfection of Wastewater
172(5)
Chlorine Disinfection
172(1)
Chlorination Equipment
173(1)
Ultraviolet Irradiation
174(2)
Ozonation
176(1)
Bromine Chloride
176(1)
No Disinfection
177(1)
Advanced Wastewater Treatment
177(7)
Microscreening
178(1)
Filtration
179(1)
Membrane Filtration
179(1)
Biological Nitrification
180(1)
Biological Denitrification
181(1)
Carbon Adsorption
181(1)
Land Application
182(1)
Biological Nutrient Removal
183(1)
Enhanced Biological Nutrient Removal
184(1)
Solids (Sludge/Biosolids) Handling
184(17)
Background Information on Sludge/Biosolids
185(4)
Sludge Thickening
189(2)
Sludge Stabilization
191(1)
Other Sludge Stabilization Processes
192(6)
Sludge Dewatering
198(3)
Land Application of Biosolids
201(1)
References and Recommended Reading
201(8)
Chapter 8 RO Applications and Concentrate Disposal 209(72)
Sick Water
209(3)
Drinking Water Purification
212(4)
Endocrine Disruptors
216(2)
Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products
218(8)
Pharmaceuticals in the Environment
220(3)
PPCPs and Wastewater Treatment Plants
223(3)
PPCPs in Drinking Water
226(1)
Wastewater Reuse: Toilet to Tap
226(11)
Water Reuse Terminology
227(5)
Motivation for Reuse
232(3)
Wastewater Quality
235(1)
Replacing the Yuck Factor
236(1)
Desalination
237(1)
Miscellaneous RO Applications
238(2)
Food Industry
239(1)
Maple Syrup Production
239(1)
Hydrogen Production
239(1)
Reef Aquariums
239(1)
Water-Fed Pole Window Washing
239(1)
Membrane Concentrate Disposal
240(25)
Mass Balance
240(1)
Surface Water and Sewer Disposal
241(2)
Deep Well Disposal
243(1)
Evaporation Pond Disposal
244(8)
Spray Irrigation Disposal
252(6)
Zero Liquid Discharge Disposal
258(7)
References and Recommended Reading
265(16)
Glossary 281(14)
Index 295
Frank R. Spellman, PhD, is a retired assistant professor of environmental health at Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia. The author of more than 90 books covering topics ranging from concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) to all areas of environmental science and occupational health, he has been cited in more than 450 publications and is a co-author to well-recognized experts in various scientific fields. For example, he is a contributing author of The Engineering Handbook, 2nd ed. Spellman holds a BA in public administration, a BS in business management, an MBA, and both an MS and a PhD in environmental engineering.