| Preface |
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vii | |
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1 | (88) |
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1.1 Fundamentals of Continuum Mechanics |
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1 | (22) |
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1 | (4) |
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5 | (3) |
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1.1.3 The Conservation Laws |
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8 | (1) |
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1.1.3.1 Conservation of Mass |
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8 | (3) |
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1.1.3.2 Conservation of Momentum |
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11 | (5) |
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1.1.3.3 Conservation of Energy |
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16 | (5) |
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1.1.4 Constitutive Equations |
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21 | (1) |
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1.1.5 The Basic Problem of Fluid Mechanics |
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22 | (1) |
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23 | (32) |
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1.2.1 The Concept of Viscosity |
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23 | (2) |
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1.2.2 Newtonian and Non-Newtonian Fluids |
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25 | (3) |
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1.2.3 Viscosity of Polymers |
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28 | (7) |
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1.2.3.1 Effect of Temperature on Viscosity |
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35 | (2) |
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1.2.3.2 Effect of Pressure on Viscosity |
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37 | (1) |
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1.2.3.3 Effect of Molecular Weight on Viscosity |
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38 | (1) |
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1.2.3.4 Effect of Time of Deformation on Viscosity |
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39 | (1) |
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1.2.3.5 Effect of Crosslinking on Viscosity |
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40 | (1) |
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1.2.4 Rheological Models of Viscous Fluids |
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40 | (1) |
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40 | (7) |
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1.2.4.2 Generalized Newtonian Fluids |
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47 | (6) |
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1.2.5 Multiphase Systems of Polymers |
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53 | (2) |
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55 | (34) |
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1.3.1 The Concept of Viscoelasticity |
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55 | (2) |
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1.3.2 Characteristic Phenomena of Viscoelasticity |
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57 | (2) |
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1.3.3 Linear Viscoelasticity |
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59 | (1) |
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1.3.3.1 The Concept of Linear Viscoelasticity |
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59 | (2) |
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1.3.3.2 Mechanical Rheological Models |
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61 | (5) |
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1.3.3.3 Time Effects of Viscoelasticity |
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66 | (9) |
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1.3.3.4 The General Differential Model of Linear Viscoelasticity |
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75 | (1) |
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1.3.4 Nonlinear Viscoelasticity |
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76 | (1) |
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1.3.4.1 The Concept of Nonlinear Viscoelasticity |
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76 | (1) |
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1.3.4.2 Normal Stress Differences |
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77 | (2) |
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1.3.4.3 Normal Stress Effects |
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79 | (4) |
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1.3.5 Rheological Models of Viscoelastic Liquids |
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83 | (1) |
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1.3.5.1 The Rivlin-Ericksen Model of Second Order |
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84 | (2) |
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1.3.5.2 The Criminale-Ericksen-Filbey Model |
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86 | (1) |
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1.3.5.3 The Maxwell Convective Model |
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86 | (1) |
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1.3.5.4 The White-Metzner Model |
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86 | (3) |
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89 | (40) |
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2.1 The Concept of Rheometry |
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89 | (1) |
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2.2 Classification of Rheometric Methods |
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90 | (5) |
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95 | (4) |
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95 | (3) |
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2.3.2 The Single-Point Method of Determination of Viscosity Curve |
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98 | (1) |
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99 | (18) |
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2.4.1 Principle of Operation |
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99 | (1) |
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99 | (7) |
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2.4.3 Errors of Capillary Rheometry |
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106 | (6) |
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2.4.4 Determination of Viscosity |
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112 | (3) |
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2.4.5 Determination of Extensional Viscosity |
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115 | (1) |
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2.4.6 Determination of Normal Stresses |
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116 | (1) |
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2.5 Cone-Plate Rheometers |
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117 | (6) |
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2.5.1 Principle of Operation |
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117 | (1) |
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118 | (5) |
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2.6 Extensional Rheometers |
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123 | (6) |
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2.6.1 Principle of Operation |
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123 | (1) |
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124 | (5) |
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129 | (42) |
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129 | (20) |
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129 | (4) |
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3.1.2 Single Screw Extrusion |
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133 | (5) |
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3.1.3 Twin Screw Extrusion |
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138 | (1) |
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3.1.3.1 Co-Rotating Twin Screw Extrusion |
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139 | (1) |
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3.1.3.2 Counter-Rotating Twin Screw Extrusion |
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140 | (2) |
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142 | (7) |
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149 | (8) |
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149 | (1) |
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3.2.2 Injection Molding Process |
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150 | (3) |
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153 | (3) |
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3.2.4 Special Injection Molding Processes |
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156 | (1) |
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157 | (4) |
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157 | (1) |
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158 | (1) |
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3.3.3 Extrusion Blow Molding |
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159 | (1) |
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3.3.4 Injection Blow Molding |
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160 | (1) |
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161 | (3) |
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161 | (1) |
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3.4.2 Negative Thermoforming |
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162 | (1) |
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3.4.3 Positive Thermoforming |
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163 | (1) |
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164 | (2) |
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166 | (5) |
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171 | (52) |
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171 | (1) |
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172 | (42) |
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172 | (1) |
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4.2.1.1 Flow between Parallel Plates |
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173 | (11) |
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4.2.1.2 Flow through a Circular Tube |
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184 | (8) |
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4.2.1.3 Flow through a Tapered Channel |
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192 | (1) |
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4.2.1.4 Flow through a Cone |
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193 | (1) |
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4.2.1.5 Flow through an Annulus |
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194 | (5) |
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199 | (5) |
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204 | (3) |
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207 | (1) |
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4.2.2.1 Isothermal Flow between Parallel Plates |
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208 | (2) |
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4.2.2.2 Non-Isothermal Flow between Parallel Plates |
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210 | (2) |
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4.2.3 Pressure-Drag Flow between Parallel Plates |
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212 | (2) |
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214 | (9) |
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214 | (1) |
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4.3.2 Finite Difference Method |
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215 | (1) |
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4.3.2.1 Basic Formulations |
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215 | (2) |
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4.3.2.2 Example of Computations |
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217 | (6) |
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223 | (72) |
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223 | (1) |
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5.2 Single Screw Extrusion |
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224 | (41) |
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5.2.1 Physical Model of Extrusion |
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224 | (1) |
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5.2.2 Basic Assumptions of Extrusion Theory |
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225 | (3) |
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228 | (1) |
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5.2.3.1 Solid Conveying Mechanism |
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228 | (2) |
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230 | (1) |
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5.2.3.3 Pressure Development |
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231 | (3) |
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234 | (1) |
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234 | (2) |
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236 | (9) |
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5.2.5 Melt Conveying in Conventional Screws |
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245 | (1) |
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5.2.5.1 Classification of Models |
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245 | (1) |
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246 | (9) |
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5.2.5.3 Non-Newtonian Model |
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255 | (2) |
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5.2.6 Melt Conveying in Non-Conventional Screws |
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257 | (1) |
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5.2.6.1 Dispersive Mixing Elements |
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257 | (3) |
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5.2.6.2 Distributive Mixing Elements |
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260 | (2) |
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5.2.7 Characteristics of Extruder Operation |
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262 | (3) |
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265 | (27) |
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5.3.1 Classification of Dies |
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265 | (1) |
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5.3.2 Methodology of Modeling |
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266 | (1) |
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5.3.2.1 General Assumptions |
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266 | (2) |
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268 | (2) |
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5.3.2.3 Non-Newtonian Model |
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270 | (1) |
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5.3.2.4 The Concept of Representative Viscosity -- |
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271 | (2) |
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273 | (1) |
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273 | (5) |
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278 | (1) |
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5.3.5.1 Center Fed Mandrel Dies |
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279 | (1) |
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5.3.5.2 Side Fed Mandrel Dies |
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279 | (7) |
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286 | (1) |
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5.3.6.1 Computation by Cross-Section Division |
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286 | (3) |
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5.3.6.2 Computation by Shape Correction |
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289 | (3) |
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292 | (3) |
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6 Computer Modeling for Polymer Processing |
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295 | (78) |
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6.1 Overview of Computer Modeling Software |
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295 | (2) |
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297 | (51) |
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6.2.1 ANSYS Polyflow - Program Overview |
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297 | (1) |
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298 | (2) |
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6.2.3 Examples of Modeling |
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300 | (1) |
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300 | (17) |
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317 | (4) |
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6.2.3.3 Extrudate Swell Inverse Problem |
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321 | (4) |
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6.2.3.4 Single Screw Extrusion |
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325 | (7) |
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6.2.3.5 Co-Rotating Twin Screw Extrusion |
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332 | (7) |
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6.2.3.6 Counter-Rotating Twin Screw Extrusion |
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339 | (9) |
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348 | (11) |
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6.3.1 Autodesk Moldflow - Program Overview |
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348 | (1) |
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349 | (1) |
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6.3.3 Examples of Modeling |
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350 | (1) |
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350 | (1) |
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351 | (1) |
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352 | (2) |
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354 | (5) |
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359 | (14) |
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6.4.1 MULTI-SCREW System - Program Overview |
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359 | (2) |
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361 | (1) |
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6.4.3 Examples of Modeling |
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361 | (1) |
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6.4.3.1 Single Screw Extrusion |
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361 | (7) |
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6.4.3.2 Twin Screw Extrusion |
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368 | (5) |
| Index |
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373 | |