| Preface |
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xvii | |
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1 Introduction and Overview to School Finance |
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1 | (18) |
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1 The Scope of Education Finance in the United States |
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4 | (1) |
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4 | (1) |
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Schools and School Districts |
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4 | (2) |
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6 | (1) |
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School Revenues and Expenditures |
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7 | (3) |
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2 Early Developments in School Finance |
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10 | (1) |
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10 | (1) |
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The Growing Importance of State Governments |
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11 | (1) |
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Evolution of the State Role in Education Finance |
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12 | (1) |
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3 Evolution of the School Finance Problem |
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13 | (1) |
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Traditional Fiscal Disparities |
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13 | (3) |
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The School Finance Problem as Fiscal Adequacy |
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16 | (1) |
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The School Finance Problem as Productivity |
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17 | (2) |
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18 | (1) |
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2 Legal Issues in School Finance |
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19 | (23) |
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1 The Legal Background of School Finance Litigation |
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20 | (1) |
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The Three "Waves" of School Finance Litigation |
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21 | (1) |
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2 The First Wave: Federal Equal Protection Litigation |
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21 | (1) |
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22 | (1) |
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23 | (1) |
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24 | (1) |
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24 | (5) |
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3 The Second Wave: State Law Equity Cases |
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27 | (2) |
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4 The Third Wave: Adequacy |
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29 | (1) |
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Giving Meaning to the Education Clause |
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29 | (2) |
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31 | (1) |
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32 | (1) |
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Conflicts between the Courts and the Legislature |
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33 | (2) |
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Rulings with More Explicit Remedies |
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35 | (3) |
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38 | (1) |
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Does Adequacy Require Equal Outcomes? |
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38 | (1) |
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The Impact of the Recession |
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39 | (3) |
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40 | (1) |
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6 A School Finance Legal Scorecard |
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40 | (2) |
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3 A Framework for Assessing Equity and Adequacy In School Finance |
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42 | (34) |
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43 | (3) |
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2 Equity in School Finance |
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46 | (1) |
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47 | (1) |
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48 | (2) |
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50 | (3) |
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53 | (1) |
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54 | (11) |
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64 | (1) |
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Links to Litigation and School Finance Formulas |
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65 | (1) |
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66 | (1) |
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Setting the Adequacy Spending Level |
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67 | (9) |
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71 | (5) |
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4 Adequate Staffing and Resources for America's Schools |
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76 | (62) |
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1 General Issues for Determining Adequate School Resources |
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77 | (1) |
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77 | (2) |
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Student Count for Calculating State Aid |
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79 | (1) |
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80 | (1) |
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80 | (3) |
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2 Adequate Staffing for the Core Programs in Prototypical Schools |
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83 | (1) |
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83 | (2) |
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Specialist/Elective Teachers and Planning and Preparation Time/Collaborative Professional Development |
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85 | (1) |
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Instructional Facilitators/School-Based Coaches/Mentors |
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86 | (2) |
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3 Staffing for Extra Student Needs |
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87 | (1) |
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88 | (3) |
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English Language learning (ELL) Students |
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91 | (2) |
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93 | (2) |
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95 | (2) |
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97 | (2) |
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Gifted and Talented Students |
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99 | (3) |
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Career and Technical Education |
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102 | (2) |
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4 Additional Staffing and Resource Needs |
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103 | (1) |
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104 | (1) |
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Student Support/Family Outreach |
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104 | (2) |
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106 | (1) |
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106 | (1) |
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106 | (1) |
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School Site Secretarial Staff |
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107 | (1) |
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Intensive Professional Development |
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107 | (4) |
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111 | (2) |
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113 | (5) |
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118 | (4) |
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5 Summary of Staffing and Other Resources for Prototypical Schools |
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118 | (4) |
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122 | (1) |
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122 | (2) |
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Operations and Maintenance |
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124 | (8) |
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7 Appendix A: History of Special Needs Programs |
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132 | (1) |
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132 | (2) |
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134 | (1) |
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135 | (3) |
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5 A Cohesive School Strategy for Improving Student Learning |
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138 | (13) |
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1 Laying A Foundation for Change |
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139 | (3) |
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2 Setting Ambitious Goals |
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142 | (1) |
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3 Adopting Effective Instructional and Curriculum Programs |
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142 | (3) |
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4 Being Strategic about Core and Elective Classes |
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145 | (1) |
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5 Organizing Teachers into Collaborative Groups |
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145 | (1) |
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6 Engaging in Data-Based Decision Making |
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146 | (1) |
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7 Implementing a Systemic Professional Development Program |
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146 | (1) |
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8 Providing Effective Interventions for Struggling Students |
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147 | (1) |
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9 Developing Widespread Instructional Leadership |
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148 | (1) |
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10 Creating an Accountability Culture |
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148 | (1) |
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11 Being Serious about Teacher and Principal Talent |
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149 | (1) |
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149 | (2) |
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6 School Finance Structures: Formula Options |
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151 | (59) |
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1 Intergovernmental Fiscal Relations |
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152 | (1) |
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Advantages of a Federal Approach to Financing Education |
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152 | (2) |
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Intergovernmental Grants and Their Objectives |
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154 | (6) |
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2 School Finance Formulas |
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160 | (1) |
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Equity and Adequacy of the Simulation Sample Districts |
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160 | (4) |
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164 | (7) |
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171 | (10) |
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Guaranteed Tax Base Programs |
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181 | (10) |
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Combination Foundation and Guaranteed Tax Base Programs |
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191 | (7) |
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Full-State-Funding and State-Determined Spending Programs |
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198 | (7) |
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3 Adjustments for Price Differences |
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199 | (2) |
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4 Simulation of Adjustments for Special-Needs Students |
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201 | (4) |
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205 | (1) |
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205 | (2) |
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207 | (1) |
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208 | (2) |
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7 Improving State School Finance Systems |
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210 | (25) |
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1 A Framework for Analysis |
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210 | (2) |
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2 School Finance in Wisconsin |
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212 | (2) |
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The Wisconsin School Finance Problem |
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214 | (4) |
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Improving the Wisconsin School Finance System |
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218 | (4) |
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3 School Finance in Illinois |
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222 | (1) |
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The Illinois School Finance Problem |
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222 | (3) |
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Improving the Illinois School Finance System |
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225 | (4) |
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4 School Finance in Washington |
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228 | (1) |
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The Washington School Finance Problem |
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229 | (2) |
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Improving the Washington School Finance System |
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231 | (4) |
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232 | (3) |
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8 School District Budgeting |
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235 | (27) |
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236 | (2) |
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2 Approaches to Budgeting |
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238 | (2) |
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240 | (1) |
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241 | (3) |
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The District Budget Process |
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244 | (3) |
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247 | (1) |
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Accounting for Expenditures and Revenues |
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248 | (5) |
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Budget Preparation Summary |
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253 | (1) |
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253 | (1) |
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254 | (1) |
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254 | (1) |
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255 | (1) |
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Distribution of Funds to the School Site |
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255 | (2) |
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Allocation of Nonstaff Resources |
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257 | (5) |
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259 | (3) |
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9 A Framework for More Effective Use of the Education Dollar |
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262 | (25) |
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1 Changes in Educational Resources and Their Use over Time |
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263 | (1) |
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Changes in the Level of Resources |
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263 | (1) |
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Educational Expenditures by Function |
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264 | (2) |
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Changes in the Use of Educational Resources over Time |
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266 | (3) |
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A Suspect Proposal for More Effective Use of Educational Resources |
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269 | (1) |
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A Better Way to Track the Use of Education Resources |
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269 | (8) |
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Use of Adequacy-Oriented School Finance Reform Dollars |
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277 | |
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2 The Cost Increase Pressures on Schools |
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279 | |
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2 | (279) |
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281 | (1) |
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282 | (1) |
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Charging Average Rather Than Actual Teacher Salaries |
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283 | (4) |
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284 | (3) |
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10 Strategic Budgeting to Improve Student Learning |
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287 | (21) |
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1 Goals and Principles to Guide Strategic Budgeting |
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288 | (3) |
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2 Engaging in Strategic Budgeting |
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291 | (1) |
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A Well-Funded Middle School in Need of Restructuring |
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291 | (5) |
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A Midwestern District with 3,500 Students |
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296 | (3) |
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An Underfunded District in the West |
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299 | (3) |
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A Middle School in an Eastern City |
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302 | (2) |
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Value Judgments Part of Strategic Budgeting |
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304 | (1) |
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Additional Budget Cutting Efforts |
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305 | (3) |
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306 | (2) |
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11 Redesigning Teacher Salary Structures |
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308 | (35) |
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1 Changing the Way Teachers Are Paid |
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309 | (1) |
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Why Change the Teacher Salary Schedule? |
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309 | (2) |
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Linking Teacher Pay Changes to Core Educational Goals |
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311 | (1) |
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Setting New Goals and Objectives for Teacher Compensation |
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311 | (5) |
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2 The Elements of Teacher Salary Structures |
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313 | (2) |
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3 Determining Adequate Beginning and Average Teacher Pay Levels |
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315 | (1) |
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Competition in the Education Labor Market |
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316 | (1) |
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Competition in the Broader Labor Market |
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316 | (1) |
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Beginning Salary Benchmarks |
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316 | (1) |
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Average Salary Benchmarks |
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317 | (1) |
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317 | (1) |
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318 | (1) |
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When Are Wage Premiums Necessary? |
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318 | (1) |
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How Large Should Wage Premiums Be? |
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319 | (1) |
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Should the Wage Premium Be Coupled with an Effectiveness Criterion? |
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320 | (1) |
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Are Wage Premiums Needed Based on District Characteristics as Well? |
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321 | (1) |
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5 Base Pay Progression Elements Linked to Teacher Effectiveness |
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321 | (1) |
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Examples of Changes in the Salary Schedule |
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322 | (11) |
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6 Structuring Bonuses Based on Improvements in Student Learning |
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332 | (1) |
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333 | (1) |
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333 | (1) |
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Performance Improvement Targets |
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334 | (2) |
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Bonus Payout Structures: Balanced Scorecards |
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336 | (2) |
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Individual versus Whole-School Bonuses |
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338 | (1) |
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Cost Estimates and Overruns |
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339 | (4) |
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7 Effective Processes for Designing and Implementing Teacher Pay Changes |
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340 | (1) |
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341 | (2) |
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12 The Public Finance Context |
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343 | (44) |
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346 | (1) |
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Trends in Federal, State, and Local Taxation |
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346 | (1) |
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Changes in Tax Structures |
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347 | (2) |
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2 Assessing and Understanding Taxation |
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348 | (1) |
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Public Finance Criteria for Evaluating Taxes |
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349 | (8) |
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3 Analysis of Individual Taxes |
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357 | (1) |
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357 | (7) |
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364 | (6) |
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370 | (12) |
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382 | (5) |
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384 | (3) |
| Appendix: Using the Simulation |
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387 | (5) |
| Glossary |
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392 | (6) |
| References |
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398 | (33) |
| Name Index |
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431 | (7) |
| Subject Index |
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438 | |
